Warfare in the renaissance world (history of warfare)

ARFARE in the Renaissance World P''awl-^i;1^0imi'r ti?«L: ston Public Library in the /X Renaissance World HISTORY OF WARFARE Fn 111 Brc w e QMS ^^raintree ^^ Steck-vaughN PUBLISHERS A SiecK-Vaugnn Cor^pany Steck-Vaughn First Company published 1999 by Raintrcc StcckAaughn Publishers, an imprint of Steck-Vaughn Company Copyright All rights reserved No part of diis © 1999 Brown Parrworks Limited book may be used or reproduced any manner whatsoever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retriexal system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief in quotations embodied in critical articles and For information, address the publisher: SteckA'aughn, re\ie\\s TX Box 26015, Austm, P.O 78755 Library of Congress Cataloging- in -Publication Data Brewer, Paul Warfare in the cm p Renaissance world / Paul Brewer — (History of warfare) SB BR Includes bibliographical references and index that Summary: Describes occurred in the 200 centur\' J the widespread changes in the conduct ot years between the beginning of the U39 B74 1999 sixteei and the end of the seventeenth century ISBN 0-8172-5444-7 Militarv histor\' Modern 16th centurv Ju\enilc literat Military history Modern 17th century Juvenile literature JO^^^^j^^^y,^^ — — — — Military and science — History — 16th century — Military and science — History — 17th century — Juvenile Military history Modern — I6th century Military Modern — 17th century Military and science — History — 16th century Military and science — History — 17th century.] History of warfare (Austin, Tex U39.B74 1999 355'.009'031 — dc21 art Ju\ literature art literature [1 , history art art Series: 98-3388 CIP AC Printed and the United States in IP 03 02 01 00 99 98 Brown Partworks Limited Managing Editor: Ian Westwell Front cover: The Ottomans besiege Vienna in 1683 (main picture) and King Gustavus Adolphus of Senior Designer: Paul Sweden Picture Researcher: Hditorial Assistant: Ciriffin Wendy Index: Pat \'erren Antony Shaw C^artographers: William le Turkish (inset) The Battle of I.epanto fleets, between 1571 Consultant Kossmann Project Manager: Joyce Spicer Editor: Shirlev Shalii Acknowledgments listed 1998 SOUTH BOSTHfJ 7.- Bih.in, lolin See Rnititrcc Stcck-Vaitjjlm Pnjje Coward Publishing Director: Walter NOV bound R[?/ifi/ru Dr Niall Barr, Senior Lecturer, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Camberle\', Surrcw Fniiland on page 80 constitute part of this copyright page C'hristian and Contents Introduction France and Spain's Wars in Italy France's Wars of Religion 14 The Ottoman Empire 20 The Spanish \rmada 28 The Thirt\- Years The English Ci\'il War War 32 42 France's Struggle for Supremacy 50 Forts and Siege Warfare 56 The \no;lo-Dutch Na\al Wars 58 Sweden's Wars of Expansion 60 The Ottomans 62 in Decline The Manchu Empire 68 The Wars of Safavid 70 Mughal Persia India 72 Japan's Wars of Unification 74 Glossary and Bibliography 78 Index 79 Ackno\\'led2;ments 80 Introduction volume of History of Warfare This looks at the widespread changes in technolog)' and the conduct of war that occurred between the beginning of the 16th century and the end of the 17th cen- known tury, a period to historians as the Renaissance By the late 1600s wars had became usually longer, generals were more —although they remained members of the or upper —and skilled classes nobiiit)' diers were professionals who sol- received pay and training The increasingly dominant weapons on land were early muskets and mobile infantryman's chief defense against cavalry disappeared finally when infantry began to be equipped with the bayonet, weapon more a that could be used to beat off a cavalry attack reliable Muskets themseh'es became and were increasingly cheap due to mass production New recruits enlisted in (or were forced into) standing, regular units varying in strength from approximately 500 to 1,000 men These standing regiments often encouraged better morale and personal pride among the ordinary soldiers, whose brightly colored uniforms often indicated their membership in a particular unit Artillery also became a key weapon Cannon were of three main tvpes The culverin was a hea\y weapon able to fire large cannonballs accurately over relatively long distances with a flat The howitzer was a lighter fire at musket fire Cavalrymen still used s\\'ords, but new t\pes began to be equipped with pistols and short muskets These troops raided little targets hidden trajectory, or path weapon used behind Iiills It to Iiad a protection against enemy supply lines, gathered information on enemy activity or territory, or fought on foot once they were in action Armies were becoming larger tries artillery These changes were gradual Pikes, for example, had been around for many centuries but continued in ever-decreasing use until the end of the 17th century as the They curved, plunging trajectory The mortar was used against fortifications It had a short range and a \'er\' high trajectory Cavalry still charged across battlefields, but gradually lost their armor as it offered became rich enough as to support coun- them of war and peace They also received better support They were accompanied by supply trains carrying food for both in times men and animals and extra ammunition However, most armies needed to be resupplied on a regular basis Towns and cities were turned into supply bases and heaxily fortified By the late 17th century wars often centered around the defense or capture of these fortresses The supremacy of artillery forced a major rethink in siege warfire by attackers and defenders alike underwent huge changes Ship and cannon designs were transformed Warships were able to brave the high seas, operating many hundreds of miles from their home ports Naval battles were no longer decided in hand-to-hand combat, but bv artillery fire Cannon were mounted along the sides of warships and captains used their fire to smash enemy Ncssels at long range These new warships, weapons, and tactics meant that navies were no longer used solely to support land operations Warships could fight and win wars on their own Warfare at sea also France and Spain's Wars in Italy Charles VIII of France was King ruled Naples in the south of a relation of the family that had once Italy In 1494 he decided to reclaim the throne of Naples and invaded Italy The great strength of his army was its artillery In the past guns were mounted on carts that were hard to move or on platforms that had no wheels Because their barrels were made of iron, they were also very heavy Charles, however, had much lighter bronze guns and wheeled gun carriers Gunpowder weapons were becoming decisive Charles's campaign in Italy against Naples began a warfare —one based on firepower and professional nary) infantry The previously much more important humble foot soldier new (oft:en era in merce- was becoming than his country's nobles in battle Armed with either early firearms and pikes (the pikes protected the who could only fire once or twdce a minute and had no bayonet at the time, from cavalry attack), infantry backed by artillery were able to defeat cavalry Cavalrymen began to give up armor to save weight and increase their mobility troops with firearms, Charles VIII of France makes a triumphant entry into the Italian city of Florence in 1494 He had already captured Naples Other European states were so worried about his growing power that they formed an alliance against him Warfare in the Renaissance World At the end of the 15th century Italy was the richest region of Europe But it did not owe its wealth to political stability or unit>' It was di\ided up into man)' states usualh" ruled o\"er b\" the government of a single cm: Some of these states, like Milan or Naples, were large Others, like \'enice and Florence, were rich Smaller states, like Sa\-oy and Siena, survi\ed because a more powerful state supported them against their larger neighbors Many of the Italian states, both large and small, sought the support of more powertiil kingdoms outside Ital\' for help against Gerjvian landsknechts In 1486 the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian kind of gate formed by a pike laid across up a permanent army built The infantrymen were known as landsknechts, a name meaning and gave an oath of was usually applied to all German mercenaries who copied The landsknechts considered soldiers fell in to join to make a fortune through looting The landsknechts were generally excellent soldiers, certainly better and a man waving a banner through who wished Ordinary people, such as bakers and shoemakers, joined the landsknechts chance They recruited by sending a drummer the streets Those obey the because mercenary service gave them the the colorful uniforms of these troops themselves a special society of loyalty to rules of the landsknechts "land knights" that the the top of two poles, then formed a circle than the poorly trained troops they usually faced on the up behind the two and marched to the landsknecht camp They entered through a field of battle Only the Swiss and, later, the Spanish had infantry units equal to those of the landsknechts Landsknechts dressed in their multicolored German costumes landsknechts and Swiss infantry were the best foot soldiers in Europe during the late 15th and early 16th centuries The Wars of Safavid Persia I, the founder of the Safavid dynast}^ in Persia (modern Iran), began by defeating the Ottomans who ruled in western Persia By 1510 Ismail controlled all of Persia and a part of Afghanistan to the east The growth of Persian power alarmed Selim, the Ottoman Turkish ruler The Turks also saw the Persians as heretical Muslims, since they followed the type of Islam known as Shiah The Turks were of the Muslim Sunni faith This friction was a recipe for a bitter and long religious war Ismail A Safavid Persian general from the 17th century Until the arrival of European gunpowder weapons, such mounted warriors dominated Persian armies between Persia and Turkey intensified in 1526 The reco\'ered most of the land tlie Turks had conquered under Selim (see pages 20-21) The response of the ne\\' Ottoman emperor, Suleiman the Magnificent, was to invade The conflict Persians first He first struck north into Azerbaijan When turned south to Mesopotamia, the Persians regained Azerbaijan The Turks were unable to hang on to their conquests because the fighting was at the end of their supph' lines Too little food and weapons were reaching them In 1555 the war was brought to an end Persia again in 1533 he Turkish successes The Turks resumed the war in 1577 This time whenever they captured an important cit)' they fortified it They were now able to keep stockpiles of supplies close to making their armies more successAt the end of the war they controlled most of western Persia In 1587 Shah Abbas I gained the Persian throne He went to war with Persia, ful Turkey in 1602 lost lands b\' He recovered all Persia's 1604 The Turkish counter- attacking arm\' was destroyed at the Battle Sis in 1606 Abbas sent a strong force around the rear of the Turks The Turks thought this was the main arrack and rurncd to face it Abbas now launched his main attack against the Turks from what of 70 The had been their was front It one-tifth ot the total a route — were Some 20,000 Turks A killed in the battle nizing Persia's victory was signed in 1612 —about treat}- The Turks of Safa\id Persia \V.\rs recog- r\\ice tried to avenge their defeats at the hands of Abbas In the second war, fought between 1623 and 1638, they captured Baghdad and kept under the terms of the treat)' that ended the w ar it After Abbas, Safavid Persia declined slowly under a succession of weak in the A re\olt in rulers The 1720s the Afghan provinces led to a civil war two shahs were both tigurehead rulers last Real power was in the hands of Nadir Kuli Beg He The Safavid Persian repeatedly- defeated the Turks In 1736 he was elected shah himself In 1738 Nadir successfully invaded India, after the ruler there Empire flourished had aided from the early 16th an Afghan revolt century until Nadir was a Sunni Muslim He tried to make Shiah Persia abandon the religion he considered a filse one -\s a result he was assassinated by his own men Persia entered a period of destructi\-e ci\il war The Safa\id Empire was no more collapsed due to it religious infighting during the middle of the 18th century THE SAFAVID PERSIAN EMPIRE BLACK SEA Sivas "'-~ Kars \ Baghavand >1735 Sa:a cEr-^p.re 1745X A Erzerum, Sh, ^ "4* '"^A^r*- C-aa-ar cnvan / Baku '5' Battles 300 mi 500 k- c Sis 1606^ "'^ Tabriz A"! 603 AZERBAIJAN \ ' CASPIAN SEA I "^MosL Kar«,jH X AFGHANISTAN KHURASAN Hamadan Kabul Herat ;1733 1' • ^\'(»Ba^Klacl MBSOPOtAlilA I Isfahan PERSIA Kandahar • BALUCHISTAN S^ 71 Mughal India Mughals ruled India for almost two centuries, from 1526 to 1707 The They swept to power in northern India after a series of raids into the region from Afghanistan, their homeland, ended in victory at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 The Mughals, led by Babur, deployed horse-archers and mobile artillery in the battle The enemy, caught between Mughal gunfire and showers of arrows, collapsed This firepower was used to crush resistance elsewhere, making the Mughals masters of all India Mughal elephants and cavalry from the time of the reign of Akbar, in the late 16th century, pursue a defeated enemy Babur was succeeded by his son Huma\an in 1530 Humavan daring campaigns of conquest but was dri\en from India and fled to Persia He began the reconquest of India in 1555 and was succeeded by his son, Akbar In a series of military campaigns the new Mughal emperor extended the empire from the Hindu Kush Mountains in the north to the center of India made some A reliable army To control his empire and military forces \kbar appointed ministers Ci\il and mili- were given a rank that and duties A centralized government controlled the empire, supported by tax money collected from landowners Akbar maintained peace by gaining support from the elite of India's many religious and ethnic groups These tary officers reflected their pay people were permitted to keep their local powers Religious toleration and \kbar's reliable army helped maintain stability' and reduce organized violence After Akbar's death in 1605 the throne passed to his son, Jehangir, who fought a of campaigns against the forces of the state of the Deccan in the south He was succeeded by his son, Shah Jahan, in 1627 Shah Jahan is perhaps best remembered for building the beautiful Taj Mahal, a tomb to house the mortal remains of his series 72 HI/ Mughal \\ife The new emperor was a commander and there was some much-loved capable India THE MUGHAL EMPIRE '-;-3 expansion of the empire Shah Jahan was finally able to ,\ conquer the Deccan But the E-;-e Banies 500 mi finances of the empire began to cause the 800 km : Mughals problems Shah Jahan's son, Aurangzeb, seized BET the throne in 1659, imprisoned his father, and tried to restore order Although the empire reached its ph)'sical limits under Aurangzeb, his Islamic extremism he persecuteci Hindus and fiictions over tax col- ASHA ( ) lection created a weak empire Wars of religion The Moslems of the south of India belonged to the Shiah sect of Islam Aurangzeb was a Sunni Muslim, the larger sect that considered heretics .After the Shiah to be Aurangzeb conquered the southern Shiah provinces he persecuted the people there religion and (Hindus in the He also attacked the Sikh provoked the Marathas Deccan) into war The Mughal army had by no\\' become a large, slow-mo\ing force composed of huge elephant, artillerv, and troop formations This armed mass became especially xTilnerable to the irregular war conducted by the Marathas Their leader, Shivaji, launched lightning raids on the Mughal's xTilnerable supply lines, destroyed crops, and then retreated to strongholds concealed in the mountains of the Deccan region Aurangzeb, with his empire short of money and many of his troops close to mutiny, was able to hold the empire together but only just due to his personal strength as a ruler Howe\er, his successors were by no means as able .\tter the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 the dynast)' fell into decay and the empire broke into separate kingdoms Persians and Afghans invaded India, the Marathas became a powerfijl military force, and new rivals Irom Europe began to establish colonies along the Indian coast Dutch, French, Portuguese, and above all, the English began to carve out rival colonies Irom the ruins of the once-great Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire at the beginning of the 17th century continue to It would expand until the early years of the following century — 73 Japan's Wars of Unification the 15th and early 16th centuries Japan was ruled by a supposedly divine Inemperor, but an hereditary official called a shogun wielded the real politi- power The position of shogun belonged to a single family, the Ashikaga The Ashikaga had divided the country into many provinces, which they placed under the control of warlords These warlords frequently fought one another in small wars Many of them also wanted to become shogun Their rivalries plunged Japan into a series of civil wars cal By 1550 the shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, had no more than the emperor The Ashikaga had become shogun ing on the Japanese ambitions to the warriors charge into controlled three Japanese provinces, decided to after try European knights, they lost their battlefield march- capital, Kyoto Other \\arlords now had same In 1560 Imagawa Yoshimoto, who Japanese samurai battle Like authorin' b\' supremacy gunpowder A daring commander Imagawa's route to Kyoto would hrst take province, ruled by the 34-year-old him through Owari Oda Nobunaga Oda was a weapons were daring commander, however, and took his small army of 2,000 introduced into Japan men to confront Imaoiawa's 25,000 at Dcne;aku-hazama The Japan's terrain favored a surprise attack on the Wars of Unification rear of Imagawa's army Oda used this tactic to win the battle Two of his samurai (aristocratic warriors) killed Imagawa Samurai warfare Oda now began to prepare for his own march on Kyoto In 1567 a refugee from a palace revolution in Kyoto arrived in jousts of medieval knights The best or Owari This refugee, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, front of their respective armies could claim to be shogun Oda decided to use his powerful arm)' to assert this claim In November 1568 he marched began to attack warlords who might def\' his authorit}' In 1570 he fought the Battle of Anegawa against Asai Nagamasa, the \\'arlord of Omi pro\'ince to the north of Kyoto The t\vo armies charged into the Anegawa River and the fighting took place \\'on the battle and come challenged the best opponents to out and in fight Once the two armies charged, battles remained individual struggles However, Now that Oda controlled the capital, he Oda Japanese warfare resembled the most ambitious samurai strode out into Kyoto and made Yoshiaki shogun in the water Early single opponent, provided only a one was crossing swords with the outnumbered man at any one time Tactically, the armies of Europe and the Middle East were much more sophisticated than those of the Japanese The but Asai Nagamasa's army escaped to fight another day The decisive campaigns occurred in 1573 and 1575 In 1573 Oda deposed Yoshiaki from the shogunate, and gave himself the title of "administrator." Then he attacked Omi and defeated Asai, who committed suicide gang up on several samurai could arrival of firearms the samurai It elite's threatened control of warfare allowed the crowds of lowlier soldiers, the ashigaru, to shoot betters, as at down their social the Battle of Nagashino One Japanese leader, who had himself risen from the ranks of the ashigaru, took away the firearms of non-samurai Another imposed a An army of 40,000 system of gun control that ensured In 1575 the warlord of Kai and Shinano only samurai could carry firearms Takeda Katsuyori, struck at Kyoto before Otia could attack him He got as far as Nagashino castle, which delayed his ad\'ance long enough for Oda to assemble an army of nearly 40,000 soldiers At the Batde of Nagashino, one of the most decisive in lapanese history, Takeda Katsuyori gambled that his well-trained army of 15,000 the best samurai in lapan could overwhelm Oda's provinces, — poorer — quality' force Oda had been buy gunpowder weapons from Portuguese traders He had 10,000 soldiers armed with the harquebus He picked his 3,000 best shots and placed them in three ranks behind a fence of wooden stakes When Takeda's army able to 75 Warfare the Renaissance World in charged, the harquebusiers held their TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI until their opponents were Then each rank tired a volley in turn constant barrage of harquebus Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born Owari in him to be a but young Hideyoshi He ran away from the temple and became preferred the life of a soldier an ordinary soldier One day, he some money and bought a suit stole Murdered by Oda Oda was very During the wars of the 1570s and 1580s Toyotomi was one of Oda's most trusted subordinates After killed, Oda was Toyotomi Hideyoshi took on the made him Oda's successor as political ruler After years of fighting Toyotomi's In all natural ten Japan acknowledged rule 1592 he began a six-year war to conquer the neighboring peninsula of Korea The campaign was his last own a failure and the Japanese army evacuated Korea a general years of his life cam- paigning against the Mori tamilv that con- Honshu Island Oda relied heavily on a samurai named Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the fighting in the west In 1582 Oda was killed during an attack on his Kyoto home by one of se\eral generals rebelling against his authority' ^\Tien job of seeking revenge for his master's death, which spent the trolled the western half of Nobunaga's army as a samurai His rise through the ranks Takeda escaped, he never again posed threat to Oda of armor, which allowed him to join fast 20 seconds, broke up the Takeda assault His parents wanted monk The 1,000 balls, The counterattack swept the Takeda army into histor\" Although province, then ruled by the father of Oda Nobunaga e\"er\- tire at close range To\otomi heard the made peace with the Mori He ne\\'s, he defeated Oda's rebellious generals, then beat Oda's subordinates The onlv man opposed to Toyotomi was Tokugawa leyasu, the ruler of Imagawa's old lands In 1584 the two armies maneuvered for adxantage in a campaign that saw their soldiers building defenses rather than fight- The one battle, at Xagakute on May was a \ictor\' for Tokugawa over part 17, of Toyotomi''s army Howexer, the main strength of Toyotomi's army was still more powerful than the Tokugawa army The t\vo decided to combine to conquer the rest of Japan ing A unified nation Tovotomi was the senior partner in this alliance Within three years he had enough strength to invade Kyushu, the southern island of the Japanese group He assembled a huge army of 250,000 men The defenders of Kyushu put up a strong resistance at first but surrendered against the defenders of final stages 76 in June 1587 Toyotomi's nctory Kyushu marked the beginning of the of the unification of Japan Japan's Wars of Unification After Toyotomi's death in 1598 the struggle to control Japan took two years to begin Toyotomi's son and heir was only five so a board of nobles took control This group soon divided between War broke out in the summer of major battle, at Sekigahara, on October 21 Thanks to some of his opponent's troops switching sides, Tokugawa won a great victory He was acclaimed shogun three years later His descendants ruled Japan until 1868 Tokugawa and his opponents 1600 There was only one Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born into a peasant family but rose tlirough the ranks to become the greatest Japanese warrior of the late 16th century He brought a previously unknown measure of unity to Japan 77 Warfare in the Renaissance World GLOSSARY A battalion term of French origin dc\elc)ped sometime in of some 500 and 17th century meaning a unit tiie a number of small guns used soldiers and to kill enenn- sailors soldiers bayonet A knife that a soldier could fix to the end of his musket for hand-to-hand combat Early examples, known as plug bayonets, were simply rammed into the end of the musket's barrel Later versions, known as ring bayonets, fitted around the barrel, thereby allowing the soldier to fire harquebus A t\'pe of handheld gunpowder weapon Developed in the 16th century, it was produced in standardized lengths and calibers logistics need to The supply of all that An army might fight effectively This includes food, clothing, weapons, and so on Also the handling of details involved in a military operation A charge of gunpowder and a musket wrapped in paper, which greatly increased the speed at which soldiers could reload their muskets cartridge ball parallel A siege trench, usually to the walls of an enemy dug "parallel" fortification, from where the attacking artillery was in range to smash the colunela A word of Spanish origin first used fortress's walls in the late 15th centur\' and early 16th centur\' to describe a unit of infantry commanded by a cabo The word remains dc colunela (chief of column) in use today in English in the form of colonel, a A A tA'pe of military engineer The term comes from the term "sap," the narrow, zigzag trench a sapper would clig toward an enemy sapper senior officer galleass regiment A military unit of between 500 and 1,000 men, which evoKcd in the 17th century type of large galley powered b\' sails and oars used by several Mediterranean countries in the fortress 16th and 17th centuries The ships carried soldiers BIBLIOGRAPHY Note: Adult An asterisk ( *) denotes a Tounjj title and Franck, Irene From 100,000 B.C to the Present Little, Brown and Cx)mpany, 1994 Carlton, Charles Cioinjj to the Wars: The *Br()\vnstc)nc, Da\id, Timelines of Warfare E.xpcrience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-165L Rotitledge, 1995 *noffleminer, Trina Timeline for the Retiaissancc and Reformation Greenleaf, 1997 Dupiiy, R Finest and Oupuy, Trevor The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History HaperCollins, 1993 Dupuy, R.H., Johnson, Curt, and Bongard, David L The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biojjraphy HarperCx)llins, 1995 78 *Gaunt, Peter Tlje British Wars, 1637-1651 Routledge, 1997 *Fiall, Bert S Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997 The French WnrsofRelijjion, 1559-1598 Longman, New Vork,^1996 Iviiecht, R.J *Lace, William W Defeat of the Spanish Armada Lucent Books, 1996 Parker, Geoffrey (editor) The Tlnrty Tears' War Routlecjge, 1997 Rodgers, W.L Naval Warfare Under Oars: 4th to 16th Centuries Naval Institute, 1990 Sire, H.J A Tljc Kni^qhts of Malta Yale University Press, 1996 Weigley, Ri'issell F The A^e of Battles: The Qjiest for Decisive to Warfare from Breitenfcld Waterloo Indiana University Press, 1991 THE ReN.\ISS.\NCE WORLD W.\Rf.\RE IN INDEX Numbers in italics reter to illustrarions X Charles of « Sweden 60-61 China Abbas I, 70-71 \nglo-Dutch naval wars, 58-59, 5^, 59 Manchu army 69 Manchu Empire 54 5^? 37 Breitenfeld, 37, Dreux 14, \6 Dunes 51 5i Edgehill, 43 1\T^, 18, 19 Lepanto, i, 43 Lutzen, 39 39 Marston Moor, 44,45 Xasebv, 46, 46, 47, 47 Vi\\i, 10,11, Rocroi, 41, 41 ILU 60-61 England, 31, 42 \\ ars of France's 14—19 War, Thirt\' Years 4, 5, 20, 20, 40, 40, 42, 42,43 German, 40 England ( V 10 11 Germany, 52 Drake Sir Francis, 29, 29, 30 Thirt\' Years 40 War, 32-41 gunpowder Gusta\Tis Adolphus 34-iO, 34 Hapsbm^s, Eg\pt 20-21 England -\nglo-Dutch na\"al 25-27 34 40 62, 64, 65 Henri, Mscount of Turenne, 50-52, 50, 51 Henn" of Navarre wars, 58-59 I naval 59 New Model \rmv 4" 48, Huawenots 14-19 Hunsan 22 25-:" 64, 65, 6" Spanish Armada, 28-31.2^.57 15, 15 of 42—t5 Famese, fortresses, Holy Roman emperor and Charles I of Spain and the Netherlands 10, 12,13, 73,21, , 22-24 Chlries Mil France , 56-5/ France, Anglo-Dutch naval wars, 58-59 59 European 58, supremacy", India 71 German landsknechts, 6, Janissaries 21 62, 63 Spanish Swiss, 6, 10, 12 Thirt\ Years War, 40-11 51-53 50,52 Malta, 21 23-24 62 Manchu Empire, 68-69, 68 Medici, Catherine de 14 16, 17 Mongol Empire, 68,^69 Mughal Empire, / 2-/ o, 2, J musket, 38 38, 42, 4? Naval warfare, Anglo- Dutch naval wars 58-59, 58, 59 Copenhagen, Swedish blockade, 60 28-31, 28 Netheriands, 33, 52, 53, 55 Anglo- Dutch naval wars, 58-59, 58, 59 Denmark, 61, Spanish Netherlands stc also Italy, France and Spain's wars in, 5-13 strussle for, 50-DD of 5, i XI\" Louis Prince of Conde 41, 4i, Spanish Armada, infantr\v 4, Alessandro, Ehike of Parma, 19, 19 Kniahts of St John, 21, 23-24, 25 Henr\" IV, kina of France), 16,^18-19, 18 Fifflitinji Instructions, later 63 w ars of unmcation, 74-77 Louis cavaln" 15 15, Mughals 72-73 47-49 Charles 34 61 49 32,41 I Denmark 42-19 Catholics, Charles Cordoba Gonzalo Fernandez de, Crete, 65 64 Cromwell Oliver 46 4~-i9 49 , 62, Japan, samurai ~4 ~5 Janissaries, 5-13 9, 12 Batde of the Dimes 51 Cix-il War Casimir John, religion L weapons, 5, 25, 26, -)- cavalrx", in Italv Francis d\"nast\', 68,^69 Bo\'ne, 53 5o wars with Spain 68-69 Mine Battles, major, Wars of the Fronde, 50 wars of religion 14-19 James H, 52-54 Jan Sobieski 64—6" 65 Oda Nobunaga, "4-76 Ottoman Empire, decline of, 62-67 expansion of, 20-27 79 Warfare Persia, in the Renaissance World 70 Samurai, 74, 75, 76 Ottoman Empire, Scotlaixi, 42, 44, 45,49 wars with, 20, 22, 25 Selim, sultan of the Ottomans, Safavid Empire, 70-71 Poland, 34 siege warfare, \\ars with, 56-57, S7 Vienna, (1529) 22; 22, (1683) 63, 64-65, 67 Sweden, war with, 66, 66, 67, 67 Spain, 34, 35, 40, 41, 50-52, 55 60-61 Prague, incident (1618), 32, 32 Transvhania 27 61,64,67 65 Spanish Netherlands, 19,28,40,41, 51, 52 Tserclaes, Johan, Count of Tillv 33, 35, 36, 36, 37, 38, 39 Suleiman the 20-21,70 Ottoman Empire, Sobieski, Jan, 64-67, Armada, 28-31 Magnificent, 21-24, 70 Sweden, 60 Denmark, attack on, 61 Polish war, 60-61 War 35^1, 33 Thirt\' Years and' Vauban, Marshal Sebastien, 56-57, 56 William III, 52, 53, 53, 54 Ottoman Empire, Rupert, Prince, conflicts with, 21, 43, 45-48 Russia, 34, 60, 61, di, 63, 64 22,23 ThirtA' Years 32^1, wars with France in Italy, 5-13, 33, War 50 Tovotomi Hidevoshi, 76, 77, 77 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AKG Photo, London Newark's Military Pictures; page Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page AKG Photo, London; page Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page AKG Photo, London; page 10 19 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 20 page 40 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 41 AKG Photo, London; page 42 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 43 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 44 Peter Newark's MilitaryPictures; page 47 Peter Newark's jNIilitary Pictures; page 49 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 50 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 51 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 53 Peter New ark's Military Pictures; page 55 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 56 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 58 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 59 AKG AKG Cover (main picture) (inset), Peter AKG Photo, London; page 13 AKG Photo, London/Joseph Martin; page 14 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page Military Pictures; page 17 15 AKG Peter Newark's Photo, London; page 18 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page page 34 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 35 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 36 Photo, London; page 60 AKG Photo, London; page 61 Peter Newark's Historical Pictures; page 62 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 65 AKG Photo/Eric Lessing; page 66 AKG Photo, LondcMi; page 67 AKG Photo, London; page 68 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 70 Mary Evans Picture Library; page 71 AKG Photo, London; page 74 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 77 Peter AKG Newark's Militarv Pictures Photo, London; page 22 AKG Photo, London; page 24 Hulton Gett\- Collection; page 25 AKG Photo, London; page 27 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 28 Peter Newark's Historical Pictures; page 29 Peter Newark's Historical Pictures, page Military Pictures; page 32 Peter Newark's Photo, London; Photo, London; page 38 Peter Newark's Military Pictures; page 39 80 31 AKG AKG Photo, London; "h WITHDRAWN FOR DlSCARr SOUTH BOSTON BRANCH The History of W.\rf.\re of conflict from earliest times to the present Much more than a blow-by-blow account of wars, it explores all of the world's major conflicts through the centuries The series also describes the great commanders, key weapons, and decisive battles on land, at sea, and in the air that have played important roles in deciding the outcome of major military events All of the factors influencing the conduct of war, series relates the stor\- including terrain, technology', intelligence, generalship, morale analvzed in — and luck— are detail Warfare in the Renaissance World This volume studies the enormous changes that transformed die conduct of warfare from the beginning of the 16th century to the end of the 17th centu- Although mounted soldiers still had an important role to pla\', they Nxere being superseded by foot troops armed with muskets or pikes Artillery became much more mobile and played an increasingly dominant role in battle Armies were more professional, larger, and were able to wage longer campaigns due to improvements in supply systems Ne\\" t\pes of fortifications were built to protect vital hnes of communication and were also used as food storage areas The defense and capture of these became central to the conduct of war Great leaders, men such as S^^eden's GustaMJS Adolphus, also emerged and displayed levels of generalship unknown for centuries War at sea underwent major changes as \\arship design and gunnery benefited from technological developments ry About the Author Paul Brewer has been writing about military history since 1981 His publica- works on seapower during the 16tii and 18th centuries and the impact of technical advances on military and naval tactics tions include Titles in the Series The American Civil War Warfare in the Ancient World Warfare in the 19th Century Warfare in the Medieval World World War I Warfare in the Renaissance World Worid War II Warfare in the 18th Century Warfare in the Modern World Rexolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ISBN 0-8172-544A-7 90000 ^ RAINTREE ^, STECK-VALXaiN PUBLISHERS A Steck Vaughn Company 780817"254445 ... Italy Warfare in the Renaissance World make SPAIN'S MILITARY SYSTEM The Spanish infantry companies that arrived in Italy in 1495 consisted of a a it confusing The stor- true charac- of these... hatred of Protestantism After the death of Charles IX in 1574, the leader of this group was crowned King Henry III In 1576 he negotiated the Peace of Beaulieu with the Huguenots 17 Warfare in the Renaissance. .. Duke of Parma, general was probably the Europe in at the greatest end of the 16th He was a nephew of King Philip of Spain, and was raised at the Spanish court He arrived in the Netherlands in 1577