Reformation and development in the muslim world islamicity indices as benchmark (political economy of islam)

Hossein Askari, Hossein Mohammadkhan, and Liza Mydin POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ISL AM REFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MUSLIM WORLD Islamicity Indices as Benchmark Political Economy of Islam Series editors Hossein Askari George Washington University Washington DC, USA Dariush Zahedi University of California, Berkeley, USA All Middle Eastern countries, with the exception of Israel and Lebanon, profess Islam as their state religion Islam, whether simply in words or in fact, is woven into the fabric of these societies, affecting everything from the political system, to the social, financial and economic system Islam is a rules-based system, with the collection of rules constituting its institutions in the quest to establish societies that are just Allah Commands mankind to behave in a fair and just manner to protect the rights of others, to be fair and just with people, to be just in business dealings, to honor agreements and contracts, to help and be fair with the needy and orphans, and to be just even in dealing with enemies Allah Commands humans to establish just societies, rulers to be just and people to stand up for the oppressed against their oppressors It is for these reasons that it said that justice is at the heart of Islam In the same vein, the state (policies) must step in to restore justice whenever and wherever individuals fail to comply with divine rules; government intervention must enhance justice This series brings together scholarship from around the world focusing on global implications of the intersections between Islam, government, and the economy in Islamic countries More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14544 Hossein Askari · Hossein Mohammadkhan Liza Mydin Reformation and Development in the Muslim World Islamicity Indices as Benchmark Hossein Askari International Business Department George Washington University Washington DC USA Liza Mydin Mont Kiara Malaysia Hossein Mohammadkhan Astegic Inc McLean VA, USA Political Economy of Islam ISBN 978-3-319-56025-0 ISBN 978-3-319-56026-7  (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936922 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © robertharding/Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To all those striving to build effective Islamic institutions, especially to uphold freedom, justice, and the rule of law Preface In 2015, we published a book—Islamicity Indices: The Seed for Change— and now barely two years later we are following it up with another book with Islamicity Indices again in the title! Why? These indices continue to receive widespread attention in Muslim countries, especially among Muslim youth who are crying out for political, social, and economic reforms in their quest for more freedom, social progress, and economic prosperity To be most helpful, these indices require continuous improvement and updating Indices are work in progress The indices reported in our earlier book are for one year, 2015, affording no historical perspective on how countries have performed over time and limited indication on which policies are helpful and which are harmful to progress In this book, we provide historical trends dating back to 2000 Additionally, we hope that this volume provides an improved and better benchmark for Muslims to assess their individual performance and that of their communities, to hold their governments accountable, and to peacefully work for institutions that would serve as the foundation for thriving Muslim communities In light of conditions in many Muslim countries—dictatorial and autocratic governance, little or no personal freedoms, massive abuse of human rights, sub-par economic performance, social and cultural stagnation, economic and social injustice, and virulent rhetoric of a few thousand Muslim extremists—there can be no doubt Muslim countries need reform A standard Muslim excuse for past failures is foreign exploitation and foreign support for illegitimate rulers While foreigners have, in vii viii  Preface part, contributed to the current state of many Muslim countries through intervention and support for autocratic rulers, Muslims must acknowledge that they have the principal role in the evolution of their communities and their shortcomings At the same time, while placing the major responsibility of failed Muslim societies and Muslim extremism on Muslims could be understandable, its extension to Islam and its teachings by Islamophobic observers has no basis whatsoever and poisons better inter-faith relations There are a few Muslims who are terrorists and they could be called Muslim terrorists or Muslim extremists, but Islam is a religion and there are no Islamic terrorists or Islamists Westerners not refer to other atrocities by the presumed religion of their perpetrators, so why so in the case of Muslims? Why disparage a religion and 1.7 billion Muslims? Western politicians and their advisors only show their ignorance and stoke fires for political advantage when they make the connection to Islam or label Islam as a “dark” religion It was in this setting that we started to develop Islamicity Indices—to assess which societies reflected the teachings of the Qur’an and to gauge their performance relative to this benchmark In other words, which societies practiced what Islam preached in the Holy Qur’an and through the practice of the Prophet? The Prophet is reputed to have said, “Faith without commensurate action is like a body without a head.” Thus we wanted to know to what extent Islamic teachings were practiced and prevalent in Muslim societies; in other words, “how Islamic were individual Muslim countries?” Our goal was not to determine if Muslims pray five times a day or if they attend Friday sermons, but to provide a benchmark to assess whether societies adhere to the political, social, and economic teachings of Islam, such as providing a scaffolding of justice and affording individuals freedom and equal opportunities to develop, and to suggest institutional reforms and policies that would enhance their political, social, and economic performance Be this as it may, some observers may be unhappy with our results because we not give weight to the Five Pillars of Islam and to other factors that they might deem as important We appreciate any and all comments and in response would make a number of comments and suggestions Such indices can always be improved and must be updated to be relevant, so we invite all helpful comments and suggestions We believe that we have captured most of the important teachings of Islam that affect the well-being Preface   ix of a community, but again we are always open to helpful suggestions We have done our best to find data and indicators that represent these teachings and again recognize that improvements will come with time However, there is one inescapable fact—the Muslim World is not flourishing and the problem is not with Islam but with Muslims who are not practicing the guidelines of the Holy Qur’an and the interpretations of the Prophet (sawa) We have been heartened by the publicity and the many comments we have received While the publicity has been global, from Muslim and non-Muslim affiliated sources and from all forms of media—television, radio, print, and numerous social media outlets—the individual comments have come from Muslims These diverse comments have confirmed the need to continue our work At one extreme, where we have received the overwhelming majority of reactions and feedback, Muslims have said that while they appreciate the details of our work, its message and how it might be used to achieve reforms, the broad results have been long obvious to them They see much more freedom, justice, and equality of opportunities to develop—the hallmarks of what Islam preaches—in much of the West than in any Muslim country A few Muslims have also added that our message cannot be even discussed in the Muslim majority country where they live At the other extreme, a few Muslims have dismissed our work precisely because we not give weight to the Five Pillars of Islam To our mind, there is so much more to Islam—in the Holy Qur’an and the practices of the Prophet—than the Five Pillars It is these teachings, their indicated actions, and their impact on a Muslim community that we have tried to capture in these indices In between these two extremes, some Muslims have raised words of caution While they agree that Muslim countries need foundational reforms, they feel that reforms will entail upheaval and instability as witnessed during the Arab Spring Although they want change, they not want their country transformed into another Syria! They want the turmoil phase circumvented We totally understand and sympathize with these concerns and can offer only limited words of comfort Yes, most oppressive rulers will not go away peacefully Yes, effective opposition forces have been so decimated in Muslim countries that even if rulers would peacefully step aside there would be a vacuum of governance Yes, foreign powers will continue to espouse human rights and democracy but meddle and support dictators who invariably make matters worse x  Preface Yes, the status of Muslim countries is a product of decades and centuries of path-dependent abusive policies and practices that cannot be reversed quickly There is hope If these indices, or some variant thereof, become widely debated and accepted by Muslims the world over, they would unite reform-minded Muslims across the world They would provide an international benchmark and standard, supported by an international community of Muslims who know no national boundaries Such a movement and recognized benchmark would be difficult for a tyrant in any Muslim country to dismiss and would provide the foundation for meaningful reforms At the same time, it would become much harder and risky for foreign powers to intervene and derail effective transformation of Muslim countries because of the wider impact on their national interest A credible, peaceful, and recognized international movement for reform would be established with the goal of reformation and development of Muslim communities These indices could then provide a framework and benchmark for reform, with a transparent and realistic timetable for reforms that should be customized to each Muslim country’s history, culture, and special circumstances In this way, it may be possible to avoid much of the turbulent upheavals that have been a byproduct of the Arab Spring But we must emphasize something that we will repeat many times in this volume—all reforms begin with Muslims Muslims must take back their religion from self-interested rulers and clerics They have to study and debate the Qur’an and the practice of the Prophet to determine their application to their time and circumstance To be successful in understanding the Holy Qur’an, the practice of the Prophet and their implementation in their times, Muslims must enjoy Allah’s gift of freedom that no man can take away They must develop the self as recommended in Islam Positive change can only come about when Muslims study their religion and accept its responsibilities In the peaceful pursuit for reforms, this volume represents our improved and updated results with scores and ranking of countries dating back to 2000 We hope that this work affords the useful benchmark, approach, and policies for Muslims to begin peacefully reforming their countries We have a website that reports ongoing activities (http://islamicity-index.org/wp/) We plan to enhance our website to allow interactive access to all information (including the data used for 178  APPENDIX A: ISLAMICITY INDICES—THE ELEMENTS, INDICATORS … 17 Civil and Political Rights 17.1 Civil Liberties Indicator Freedom House 17.2 Political Rights Indicator Freedom House 18 Women’s Rights 18.1 Gender Inequality: Gender Inequality, United Nation Human Development Report 18.2 Proportion of Seats Held by Women in the National Parliament: United Nation Human Development Report 18.3 Ratio of women to men: HDI—United Nation Human Development Report 19 Access to Education 19.1 Education Indicator United Nation Human Development Report 19.2 Education Prosperity Legatum Prosperity Index 19.3 Education Equality Indicator Inequality-adjusted education index—United Nation Human Development Report 19.4 Education Effectiveness Population with at least some secondary education (% aged 25 and above), UNHDI, WDI 20 Access to Healthcare 20.1 Life Expectancy at Birth United Nation Human Development Report 20.2 Health Quality United Nation Human Development Report 20.3 Health Prosperity Legatum Prosperity Index 20.4 Mortality Rate Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births), UNHDI 21 Democracy 21.1  Global Democracy index The Democracy Ranking Association, GDI APPENDIX A: ISLAMICITY INDICES—THE ELEMENTS, INDICATORS … International Relations Islamicity Index 22 Globalization Index The KOF Index of Globalization 23 Military/Wars Global Militarization Index   179 Appendix B: Number of Data and Indicators Available and Required for Countries © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 H Askari et al., Reformation and Development in the Muslim World, Political Economy of Islam, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7 181 Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Congo, Dem Rep Overall Economics Legal Human International 47 44 37 45 47 45 44 45 43 47 44 46 43 46 47 38 47 47 47 43 36 43 46 46 43 47 47 47 35 46 44 43 46 46 47 45 43 42 46 42 47 43 45 48 33 48 48 47 40 43 42 46 45 43 48 48 48 41 48 48 48 44 45 45 46 47 44 48 48 48 45 48 45 46 46 48 46 45 46 44 48 44 46 43 47 48 39 48 48 48 46 44 45 45 47 44 48 48 48 45 48 44 45 45 48 46 45 47 43 48 45 46 43 46 48 40 22 22 22 20 20 19 22 22 21 22 22 22 19 22 20 20 20 21 22 20 21 20 22 21 22 21 21 22 17 21 21 21 20 13 19 21 21 20 21 21 21 12 21 19 14 19 21 20 19 21 18 21 21 21 20 20 21 18 22 22 22 21 21 20 21 22 21 22 22 22 21 22 20 22 20 22 21 20 22 19 22 21 21 21 21 22 19 22 22 22 20 19 20 20 22 19 22 22 22 20 22 19 21 20 22 21 20 22 17 22 21 21 20 20 22 19 7 5 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 17 17 16 13 16 16 15 15 15 17 17 17 14 16 16 15 17 17 17 17 14 15 16 13 17 16 16 17 10 17 17 17 15 16 16 16 17 15 17 17 17 16 17 16 15 17 17 17 17 15 17 17 15 17 16 17 17 12 17 17 17 15 16 16 16 17 15 17 17 17 16 17 16 15 17 17 17 17 15 17 17 15 17 16 17 17 12 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 17 16 17 17 17 16 17 16 15 16 17 17 17 16 17 17 16 17 16 17 17 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (continued) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 182  APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS … Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Dominican, Rep Denmark Czech, Rep Congo, Rep Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Overall Economics Legal Human International 47 46 45 47 44 45 45 43 46 45 46 45 47 39 42 37 47 33 47 43 47 45 48 44 47 47 43 43 47 45 46 46 39 42 36 46 36 47 46 47 45 46 44 47 45 47 45 46 48 48 46 48 43 48 45 48 47 46 46 48 45 45 46 43 47 46 47 46 48 39 43 38 48 34 48 45 48 48 46 45 47 45 48 46 48 46 47 46 48 45 45 46 44 46 46 47 46 48 42 43 39 48 36 48 45 48 47 47 45 48 46 47 45 48 46 47 20 22 21 22 22 21 21 22 21 22 22 19 20 18 22 18 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 20 22 22 22 22 21 19 21 20 20 20 19 21 20 20 20 21 18 19 17 21 17 21 20 21 21 21 21 21 19 21 20 21 20 20 20 22 21 20 21 19 22 21 21 21 22 18 20 18 22 18 22 21 22 22 22 21 22 20 22 21 22 21 21 20 22 20 20 21 20 21 21 21 21 22 18 18 18 22 17 22 21 22 21 22 20 22 20 21 20 22 21 21 7 6 5 6 4 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 5 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 16 17 15 17 17 15 15 17 15 16 16 14 16 11 16 11 16 16 16 17 17 16 17 14 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 15 17 17 16 16 17 17 17 17 15 16 13 17 11 17 16 17 17 17 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 17 17 16 16 17 17 17 17 15 16 13 17 11 17 16 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 17 16 16 17 17 17 17 16 17 13 17 12 17 16 17 17 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (continued) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS …   183 47 42 36 46 46 46 47 46 46 45 47 44 45 45 41 46 45 45 34 38 47 43 42 43 44 47 43 43 43 45 47 42 39 47 47 47 47 47 47 44 48 45 46 Kyrgyz, Rep 45 Lao PDR 40 Latvia 48 Lebanon 41 Lesotho 43 Liberia 32 Libya 37 Lithuania 46 Luxembourg 45 Macedonia 31 Madagascar 43 Malawi 44 Malaysia 48 Mali 43 Malta 42 Mauritania 42 Mauritius 45 Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep Kuwait Overall Economics Legal Human International 37 46 47 47 48 47 47 46 48 45 46 46 42 47 46 46 41 38 48 44 43 44 45 48 44 44 45 46 48 43 40 46 47 47 47 47 47 45 48 46 46 47 41 46 47 47 43 39 47 44 44 45 47 48 45 44 45 47 48 44 17 22 22 22 22 22 22 20 22 21 21 21 19 22 19 20 11 17 22 21 14 21 21 22 20 20 20 21 22 19 13 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 20 19 21 19 20 20 20 12 16 21 19 20 20 20 21 19 19 20 20 21 19 14 21 22 22 22 22 22 21 22 21 20 22 20 21 21 21 18 16 22 20 21 21 21 22 20 20 21 21 22 20 16 21 22 22 21 22 22 20 22 21 20 22 19 20 21 21 18 17 21 20 21 20 21 22 19 20 20 21 22 20 6 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 15 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 15 17 16 15 17 14 17 16 15 16 16 11 15 15 17 16 15 16 16 16 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 16 15 17 16 17 16 17 17 16 13 15 16 17 16 16 16 17 17 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 16 15 17 16 17 16 17 17 16 13 15 16 17 16 16 16 17 17 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 16 14 17 17 17 17 16 17 16 14 16 17 17 17 16 16 17 17 15 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (continued) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 184  APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS … Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Overall Economics Legal Human International 47 46 47 29 47 47 47 46 46 44 47 43 45 45 42 46 45 30 46 47 47 47 45 42 47 46 45 43 46 48 44 44 26 48 46 47 46 47 46 46 43 44 47 39 44 45 37 46 46 48 48 46 39 46 48 45 41 47 46 44 47 48 48 48 47 46 45 48 47 48 47 48 43 47 48 48 47 47 45 48 43 46 45 43 47 46 38 47 44 47 48 48 48 47 46 44 48 48 48 47 48 45 47 48 47 46 46 45 48 45 46 45 44 47 47 39 22 20 21 21 22 22 22 21 18 22 22 22 21 21 11 22 21 21 21 22 21 22 20 21 22 19 21 21 19 21 18 20 20 21 21 21 20 19 21 21 21 21 21 12 21 21 21 20 21 19 21 19 20 20 18 20 20 12 22 19 21 22 22 22 21 21 20 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 22 22 21 22 20 22 20 21 20 19 21 21 19 22 19 21 22 22 22 21 21 19 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 22 21 20 21 20 22 19 21 20 19 21 21 18 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 16 14 17 17 15 17 17 17 14 15 17 17 15 16 10 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 14 17 12 15 16 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 17 17 17 16 17 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 15 17 17 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 17 17 16 17 14 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 16 17 15 17 17 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 17 17 16 17 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 16 17 17 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (continued) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS …   185 Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Syrian, Arab Rep Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Overall Economics Legal Human International 45 45 47 44 23 46 45 30 45 47 42 46 45 47 45 47 47 46 47 35 38 42 45 46 34 34 43 45 45 43 44 48 44 23 46 46 29 46 47 42 46 48 47 44 37 35 40 47 47 34 32 42 46 46 46 47 46 46 48 46 32 47 46 32 45 48 43 47 48 46 48 34 39 43 45 47 35 46 44 46 45 47 47 45 46 47 45 31 47 46 32 47 48 43 47 48 46 47 39 43 42 45 47 34 47 45 46 46 22 22 20 21 22 20 21 21 14 22 22 18 22 22 22 21 16 18 19 22 22 15 14 20 21 22 21 21 20 20 21 19 20 20 14 21 21 17 21 21 21 21 12 17 19 20 21 14 14 19 19 21 22 22 21 21 22 20 15 21 21 14 22 22 18 21 22 21 22 12 19 20 20 22 15 22 20 20 21 22 22 20 21 22 19 14 21 20 14 22 22 18 21 22 21 21 15 19 19 20 22 13 22 19 20 21 6 7 7 7 6 3 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 15 17 16 14 17 16 12 16 16 16 16 16 15 17 17 15 14 12 16 17 17 12 12 15 16 15 17 17 16 16 17 17 12 17 17 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 16 15 16 17 17 13 13 16 17 16 17 17 16 16 17 17 12 17 17 11 15 17 16 17 17 17 17 16 15 16 17 17 13 15 16 17 16 17 17 16 16 16 17 12 17 17 11 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 17 17 13 16 17 17 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (continued) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 186  APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS … Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela, RB Vietnam Yemen, Rep Zambia Zimbabwe Total Number Required Overall Economics Legal Human International 47 32 45 45 42 47 45 48 47 33 45 44 43 47 44 47 33 46 45 44 48 43 48 33 46 46 43 48 44 22 15 22 22 19 22 21 22 21 15 21 21 19 21 19 22 15 22 22 20 22 18 22 15 21 22 18 22 19 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 17 10 14 15 16 16 15 17 17 11 16 15 16 17 16 17 11 16 15 16 17 16 17 11 16 15 16 17 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 2000 2005 2010 2016 APPENDIX B: NUMBER OF DATA AND INDICATORS …   187 Bibliography Askari, Hossein 2006 The Middle East Oil Exporters: What Happened to Economic Development? Foreword by Robert M Solow Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Askari, Hossein 2013 Conflicts in the Persian Gulf: Origins and Evolution, Foreword by Ahmad Ghoreishi New York: Palgrave Macmillan Askari, Hossein, and Abbas Mirakhor 2015 The Next Financial Crisis and How to Save Capitalism, Foreword by Vittorio Corbo New York: Palgrave Macmillan Askari, Hossein, and Noureddine Krichene 2014 The Gold Standard Anchored in Islamic Finance New York: Palgrave Macmillan Askari, Hossein, Zamir Iqbal, Noureddine Krichene, and Abbas Mirakhor 2011 Risk Sharing in Finance: The Islamic Finance Alternative Singapore: Wiley Askari, Hossein, Zamir Iqbal, and Abbas Mirakhor 2014 Challenges in Economic and Financial Policy Formulation: An Islamic Perspective Singapore: Wiley Barrera, A 2005 God and the Evil of Scarcity Notre-Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Kister, M.J 1965 The Market of the Prophet Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient: 272–276 Marglin, Stephen 1998 How the Economy is Constructed: On Scarcity and Desire In Ann Arbor, ed Social Inequality, and Andres Solimano Michigan: The University of Michigan Press Metz, A 1967 Islamic Civilization in the Fourth Century of Hijrah, trans M Abdil Hadi Beirut: Dar al-Kutub Mirakhor, Abbas 2003 The General Characteristics of an Islamic Economic System New York: Global Scholarly Publication © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 H Askari et al., Reformation and Development in the Muslim World, Political Economy of Islam, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7 189 190  Bibliography Mirakhor, Abbas 2007 A Note on Islamic Economics, Islamic Research and Training Institute, IDB Lecture Series No 20, Islamic Development Bank North, D.C 1995 Five Propositions About Institutional Change In Explaining Social Institutions, ed J Knight, and I Sened, 15–26 Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press North, D.C 1989 Institutions and Economic Growth: An Historical Introduction World Development 17 (9): 1314–1332 Shihata, H.H 1997 Market Competition in Light of Islamic Sharia Cairo, Department of Commerce, Al-Azhar University Solow, Robert M 1974 Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources Review of Economic Studies 41: 29–45 Qutb, Seyed 1953 Social Justice in Islam, trans J.B Hardie Lahore: American Council of Learned Societies Williamson, Oliver E 1999 The Mechanisms of Governance New York: Oxford University Press Zaman, A 2005 The Ethical and Political Foundations of Scarcity Draft Paper, International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University: Islamabad Zaman, A 2005 Toward A New Paradigm for Economics Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics 18 (2): 49–59 Index A Afghanistan, 6, 8, 10, 143, 146, 149, 151 al-Assad, Bashar, 2, 152 Albania, 6, 8, 10, 55, 57, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 168 Algeria, 6, 8, 10, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91 Al Jazeeera, 16 Allah, 2, 4, 14, 15, 20, 22, 24, 28, 33–35, 37, 129, 132, 134 Arab Spring, 2, 119–121, 152 Askari, Hossein, 14, 41 Azerbaijan, 6, 8, 10, 54, 55, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88 B Bahrain, 2, 6, 8–10, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 145, 146, 152 Bangladesh, 6, 8, 10, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 83, 84, 86, 89, 91–93 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, Benin, 6, 8, 10, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74 Brunei, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 Burkina-Faso, 6, 8, 10, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 182 C Cameroon, 6, 8, 10, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74 Chad, 6, 8, 10, 54, 55, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89 Christians, 2, 161 Clerics, 3, 20, 138, 148, 150, 151, 161, 162, 164, 169, 170 Comoros, 6, 8, 10 Control of Corruption, 12, 13 Cote d’Ivoire, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74 D Dark Ages, Djibouti, 6, 8, 10 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 H Askari et al., Reformation and Development in the Muslim World, Political Economy of Islam, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7 191 192  Index E Egypt, 6, 8, 10, 55, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 93–95, 131, 143, 152 Egyptian, Ekmeleddin, Ihsanoglu, G GDP, 6–9, 12, 13, 97, 101, 105, 108, 110, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123 Gabon, 6, 8, 10, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75 Gadhafi, Muammar, Gambia, 6, 8, 10 Golden Ages, Guinea, 6, 8, 10, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 83, 85, 86, 89 Guinea-Bissau, 6, 8, 10 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 12, 146, 149–151 Gulf War, 12, 13, 146, 150, 155 Guyana, 6, 8, 10, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75 H Human Development Index (HDI), 9, 10 I Indonesia, 6, 8, 10, 55, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 95, 96 International Energy Agency, 16 Iran, 6, 8, 10, 12, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 97–99, 101, 131, 145–153, 155 Iran-Iraq War, 12, 146, 148, 150, 155 Iraq, 13, 99–101, 146, 150–152, 155, 157 Iraqi, 13, 150 Islam, 1–6, 14–16, 19, 20, 22–25, 27, 28, 30, 33–38, 56, 77, 78, 116, 134, 136–138, 141, 144, 152, 158–166, 169–172 Islamic Development Bank, 50 Islamicity Indices, 16, 39, 53, 91, 121, 130, 133, 159, 164, 165, 170, 172 Islamophobia, 2, 56 Islamophobic, 19 Isti’mar, 14, 22 J Jihad, 2, 165 Jihadists, Jordan, 6, 8, 10, 54, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 K Kazakhstan, 6, 8, 10, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75 Khalifas, 2, 146, 153 Khazanah Nasional Berhad, xiii Kuwait, 6, 8–10, 13, 16, 54, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 101–103, 123, 130, 131, 145, 149, 150, 153, 167 Kuwaiti, 13 Kyrgyzstan, 16 L Lebanon, 6, 8, 10, 55, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 148 Libya, 3, 6, 8, 10, 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 152 Libyan, M Malaysia, 6, 8, 10, 54, 55, 57, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 103–105, 130, 131, 166, 167 Index Maldives, 6, 8, 10 Mali, 6, 8, 10, 55, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 82, 85, 86, 88, 105, 106, 112, 131, 132 Mauritania, 6, 8, 10, 55, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89 Mohammadkhan, Hossein, 39, 41 Mohammad, Prophet, 1, 2, 4, 14–16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 132, 135, 138, 141, 160, 161, 163–166, 169, 170 Morgan, 16 Morocco, 6, 8, 10, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 107, 108, 131 Mozambique, 6, 8, 10, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76 Mubarak, Hosni, Muslim, 1–6, 12–16, 19, 20, 26, 30, 33, 39, 53–57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77–82, 84–124, 128–132, 134–138, 141–145, 148, 149, 151, 154, 157–173 Mydin, Liza, xiii N Niger, 6, 8, 10, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 108–110 Nigeria, 6, 8, 10, 57, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 110, 111 North America, 1, 53, 160 North, Douglass, 5, 15, 36, 133, 138, 141, 166 O OIC, 5–13, 15, 132 Oman, 6, 8, 11, 54, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 118, 119, 145 Omidi, Mostafa, xiii   193 P Pakistan, 6, 8, 11, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 111–113, 131, 132 Palestinian, Political Stability, 10, 12, 13 Q Qatar, 6, 8, 9, 11–13, 54, 57, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 113 Qur’an, 1–4, 14–16, 20–23, 25–30, 33–35, 39, 78, 129, 132, 138, 141, 159–161, 163–166, 169, 170 R Rehman, Scheherazade, 52 Rule of Law, 4, 10, 12, 13, 16, 24, 55, 56, 78, 134, 138, 144, 168, 170–172 Rushd, 14, 22 S Saudi Arabia, 6, 8, 9, 11, 54, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 114–116, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153 Senegal, 6, 9, 11, 57, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 116, 117 SESRIC, 16 Shahadah, 3, 43 Sierra Leone, 9, 11, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89 Smith, Adam, 5, 15, 38, 138, 166, 170 Somalia, 6, 9, 11 Sudan, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 76, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89 Suriname, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77 194  Index Syria, 2, 3, 6, 55, 98, 143, 148, 152, 157 Syrians, 2, 152 T Tajikistan, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89 Togo, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77 Tunisia, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 119–121, 152 Tunisian, Turkey, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 121, 122 Turkmenistan, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89 U Uganda, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77 United Arab Emirates, 6, 9, 11, 13, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 122 United Nations, 6, United States, 13, 38, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 142–155, 157, 158, 166, 172 Uzbekistan, 6, 9, 11, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89 V Voice and Accountability, 12, 13 W Westerners, 2, 19, 158 World Bank, 11, 12 Y Yemen, 6, 9, 11, 55, 57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89, 116, 148, 153, 168 ... between the teachings of the Qur’an (and its interpretation by the Prophet) and its practice by Muslims in the Muslim World The character and state of the Muslim World of the twenty-first century has... support the struggle of Palestinians including helping them regain their rights, and in general create a suitable atmosphere to maintain the dignity and independent rights of Muslims The member... Development in the Muslim World Islamicity Indices as Benchmark Hossein Askari International Business Department George Washington University Washington DC USA Liza Mydin Mont Kiara Malaysia Hossein Mohammadkhan