Complete works of robert browning vol 05

Portrait of Robert Browning by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1855 ‘Unrinnt TQndings Annotnfionr EDITORIAL BOARD ROMA A KING, JACK JR General Editor W HERRING PARK HONAN ARTHUR N ALLAN C DOOLEY Volume OHIO KINCAID V IJNIVERSITY PRESS ATHENS, BAYLOR WACO, OHIO LJNIVERSITY TEXAS 1981 P Members of the Editorial Staff who have assisted in the preparation Volume V: John Berkey Ashby Bland Crowder, Jr Susan Crow1 Ray Fitch Nathaniel Hart Copyright@ Library 1981 by Ohio University of Congress Catalog Press and Baylor Card Number: ISBN 0-8214-0220-X All rights reserved Printed in the United States University 68-18389 of America of CONTENTS Page Number PREFACE vii TABLES xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A SOUL’S xxiv TRAGEDY 25 Act I Act II POEMS (1849) Title Page Prefatory Note Contents CHRISTMAS-EVE AND Christmas-Eve Easter-Day ESSAY ON SHELLEY 43 45 41 EASTER-DAY 49 53 97 135 MEN AND WOMEN, VOLIJME I Love Among the Ruins A Lovers’ Quarrel Evelyn Hope Up at a Villa-Down in the City A Woman’s Last Word Fra Lippo Lippi A Toccata of Galuppi’s By the Firc-Side Any Wife to Any Husband An Epistle Containing the Strange Medical Experience of I&shish, the Arab Physician Mesmerism A Serenade at the Villa My Star Instans Tyrdnnus A Pretty Woman “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came” Respectability A Light Woman The Statue and the Bust Love in a Life Life in a Love How It Strikes a Contemporary The Last Ride Together The Patriot Master Hugues of Saxe-Gotha Bishop BIougram'S Apology Memorabilia EDITORIAL NOTES A Soul’s Tragedy Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day Essay on Shelley Men and Women, Volume I CUMULATIVE INDEX OF TITLES CUMIILATIVE INDEX OF FIRST 1.53 163 167 174 177 181 183 197 200 213 219 230 237 240 241 244 248 257 238 261 272 273 274 278 283 285 293 331 333 339 350 355 391 LINES 394 PREFACE I CONTENTS This edition of the works of Robert Browning is intended to be complete It will comprise at least fourteen volumes and will contain: The entire contents of the first editions of Browning’s works, arranged in their chronological order of publication (The poems included in Dramatic Lyrics, Dramatic Romances and Lyrics, and Men and Women, for example, appear in the order of their first publication rather than in the order in which Browning rearranged them for later publication.) All prefaces and dedications which Browning is known to have written for his own works and for those of Elizabeth Barrett Browning The two prose essays that Browning is known to have published: the review of a book on Tasso, generally referred to as the and the preface for a collection of letters “Essay on Chatterton,” supposed to have been written by Percy Bysshe Shelley, generally referred to as the “Essay on Shelley.” The front matter and the table of contents of each of thecollected editions(l849,1863,1865,1868, 1888-1889) which Browning himself saw through the press Poems published during Browning’s lifetime but not collected by him Poems not published during Browning’s lifetime which have come to light since his death to which John Forster’s Thomas Wentworth Earl ojstrajjord, Browning contributed significantly, though the precise extent of his contribution has not been determined Variants appearing in primary and secondary materials as defined in Section II below Textual emendations 10 Informational and explanatory notes for each work 11 PRIMARYANDSECONDARY MATERIALS Aside from a handful of uncollected short works, all of Browning’s works but Asolando (1889) went through two or more editions during vii his lifetime Except for Pauline (1833), Strafford (1837), and Sordello (1840), all the works published before 1849 were revised and corrected for the 1849 collection S&afford and Sordello were revised and corrected for the collection of 1863, as were all the other works in that edition Though no further poems were added in the collection of 1865, all the works were once again corrected and revised The 1868 collection added a revised Pauline and Drama&is Personae (1864) to the other works, which were themselves again revised and corrected The printing of the last edition of the Poetical Works over which Browning exercised control began in 1888, and the first eight volumes are dated thus on their title-pages Volumes through 16 of this first impression aredated 1889, and we have designated them 1889a to distinguish them from the second impression of all 16 volumes, which was begun and completed in 1889 Some of the earlier volumes of the first impression sold out almost immediately, and in preparation for a second impression, Browning revised and corrected the first ten volumes before he left for Italy in late August, 1889 The second impression, in which all sixteen volumes bear the date 1889 on their title-pages, consisted of a revised and corrected second impression of volumes l- 10, plus a second impression of volumes 11-16 altered by Browning in one instance This impression we term 1889 (see section III below) Existing manuscripts andeditions are classified as either primary or secondary material The primary materials include the following: The manuscript of a work when such is known to exist Proof sheets, when known to exist, that contain authorial corrections and revisions The first and subsequent editions of a work that preserve evidence of Browning’s intentions and were under his control The collected editions over which Browning exercised control: 1849-Poems Two Volumes London: Chapman and Hall 1863-The Poetical Works Three Volumes London: Chapman and Hall 1865-The Poetical Works Three Volumes London: Chapman and Hall 1868-The Poetical Works Six Volumes London: Smith, Elder and Company Reissued in stereotype impressions with varying title pages 1888-1889-The Poetical Works Sixteen Volumes London: Smith, Elder and Company Exists in numerous stereotype impressions, of which two are primary material: 1888-1889a-The first impression, in which volumes l-8 are dated 1888 and volumes 9-16 are dated 1889 1889-The corrected second impression of volumes l-10 and a second impression of volumes 11-16 altered by Browning vu1 only as stated in section III below; all dated 1889 on the title pages The corrections in Browning’s hand in the Dykes Campbell copy of 1888-1889a, and the manuscript list of corrections to that impression in the Brown University Library (see section III below) Other materials (including some in the poet’s handwriting) that affected the text are secondary Examples are: the copy of the first edition of Paulfne which contains annotations by Browning and John Stuart Mill; the copies of the first edition of Paracehs which contain corrections in Browning’s hand; a very early manuscript of A Blot in the ‘Scutcheon which Browning presented to William Macready but not the one from which the first edition was printed; informal lists of corrections that Browning included in letters to friends, such as the corrections to Men and Women he sent to D G Rossetti; Elizabeth Barrett’s suggestions for revisions in A Soul’s Tragedy and certain poems in Dramatic Romances and Lyrics; and the edition of S&afford by Emily Hickey for which Browning made suggestions The text and variant readings of this edition derive from collation of primary materials as defined above Secondary materials are discussed in the notes and sometimes play a part when emendation is required 111 COPY-TEXT The copy-text for this edition is Browning’s final text: the first ten volumes of 1889 and the last six volumes of 1888-1889a, as described above For this choice we offer the following explanation Manuscripts used as printer’s copy for twenty of Browning’s thirtyfour book publications are known to exist; others may yet become available These manuscripts, or, in their absence, the first editions of the works, might be considered as the most desirable copy-text And this would be the case for an author who exercised little control over his text after the manuscript or first edition stage, or whose text clearly became corrupted in a succession of editions To preserve the intention of such an author, one would have to choose an early text and emend it as evidence and judgment demanded With Browning, however, the situation is different, and our copytext choice results from that difference Throughout his life Browning continually revised his poetry He did more than correct printer’s errors and clarify previously intended meanings; his texts themselves remained fluid, subject to continuous alteration, As the manuscript which he submitted to his publisher was no doubt already a product of revision, so each subsequent edition under his control reflects the results of an ongoing process of creating, revising, and correcting If we were to ix Notes to Pages 293-294 [194’7], 109599) Byron’s comment Don Juan, st 10 BlSHOP BLOUGRAM’S on Milton appears in the dedication of APOLOGY Date] Certainly after 1850, when Wiseman was made Bishop of Westminster (see Sources n.), and probably somewhat later Topical references in the poem (see 11.54, 108-9, 377,411,704 and nn.) suggest that the poem was not completed until 1854 Sources] According to B, Blougram was based on Nicholas P S Cardinal Wiseman (1802-65), whose appointment in 1850 as Bishop of Westminster marked the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England In 1881 B wrote: “The most curious notice I ever had was from Cardinal Wiseman on Blougram-i.e himself” (Hood, L&s., 195 The “notice,” an anonymous review in the January 1856 issueof the Rambler, has been shown to be not by Wiseman but by Richard Simpson See Esther Rhoades Houghton, “Reviewer of Browning’s Men and Women in the Rambler Identified,” VN 33 119681, 46) The poem is not a portrait of Wiseman, however; at various points Blougram sounds like John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890), and the whole of “Bishop Blougram’s Apology” exists in the context of the Oxford Movement and the Roman Catholic revival of the 1840s and 50s (On Newman and Bishop Blougram, see C R Tracy, “Bishop Blougram,” MLR 34 [1939], 422-25.) Title] Apology is used in the sense of “explanation” or “defense,” as Cardinal Newman later used it in his autobiographical Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864) 31 OUT Abbey When Wiseman was made Archbishop of Westminster, the Anglican clergy (and some of the public) feared that he would claim authority over Westminster Abbey In his Appeal to the Reason and Good Feeling of the English People (1850; first published as a pamphlet and reprinted in the Times, 20 November 1850, 5-6), Wiseman assured his readers that he made no such claim and that the Church of England should fear no “aggression.” 5-61 doing duty Pugin’s The English architect A W N Pugin (181252) led the Gothic revival in building design A convert to Roman Catholicism, Pugin designed many churches, including five cathedrals Wiseman and Pugin frequently quarrelled, but at the opening of Pugin’s Cathedral of St George in Southwark (4 July 1848) Wiseman preached the first sermon 7-81 chalk stucco-twiddlings To Pugin’s great dissatisfaction, his designs were often spoiled by short-cutting and inferior materials 341 CO~@LSChristi Day A Christian festival which falls on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday (the first Sunday after Pentecost) The festival celebrates the presence of the body of Christ in the elements of the Eucharist 451 the the An Italian phrase meaning literally “what, what”; idiomatically, an interjection meaning “no, no” or “certainly not.” 521 GoeUze Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), cited here as the example of supreme intellectual achievement, since he was not only the greatest writer in German literature, but a philosopher and scientist as well 531 Buonaparle The allusion is as much to Napoleon’s legend as to his life: his meteoric rise to power; his conquering of Europe in a series of battles won through brilliant military tactics; the establishment of the French Empire (1804); his abdication (1814) and triumphal return to power (1815); his creation of the Code Napoleon, the Barque de France, and an effective administrative system; and the sheer romance of his career 541 Count D’Orsay Alfred de Grimod, Comte D’Orsay (1801-52), a French dandy and socialite, was briefly director of fine arts under Napoleon III When D’Orsay was godfather (along with Alfred Tennyson) to one of Charles Dickens’ children, B wrote to EBB: “You observe, ‘Alfred’ is common to both the godfather and the-devilfather, as I take the Gaunt to be” (RB-EBB, ed Kintner, 685) 61-621 say they make me Pope/ (They can’t Though no regulation prohibits anvone from being elected pope, the only English pope was Adrian IV (N’icholas Breakspear, d 1159), and the last non-Italian pope before the Polish John Paul II was Adrian VI, a Dutchman who was pope from 1522 to 1523 67-691 Dea.th the world This representation of the figure of death is common in emblem books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; it also appears in Milton’s Paradise Lost, 2, 666-73 Not only a stock expression for happiness based on 961 Fool’s-paradise ilIusions, but also a specific theoIogira1 concept in medieval philosophy As a region of the cosmos, Fool’s Paradise appears in Paradise Lost, 3,495-96 screen Indian furniture became popular in England after the 1061 India Great Exhibition of 1851 The screens were usually ornately carved teak (called “Bombay furniture”) or red lacquered sandalwood 108-91 Balzac’snouels long There were many editions of the works of Wonori de Balzac (1799-1850) before 1855, but none approached fifty volumes Since Balzac was one of B’s favorite authors, he may have known in advance of the OEuures ComplZtes de Honort de Balzac (55 ~01s.: Paris, 1856-67) llO-111 Greek books Leipsic A number of German publishers based in Leipzig, among them Teubner, Engelmann, Fleischer, and Tauchnitz, specialized in editions of the Greek and Latin classics The German editions used a more stylized, script-like type face for Greek than their English counterparu The reference is to an altarpiece of 113-171 Parma’s pride Modenese the Virgin with St Jerome by Antonio Allegri (c, 1489-1534) Allegri is called Correggio after the Italian town where he was born, 12 mi NW of Modena in northern Italy The painting, in the city gallery of Parma (32 mi NW of Modena), is sometimes called “The Day” to contrast it with Correggio’s 383 Notes to Pages 297-307 altarpiece of the Nativity, called “The Night” (now in Dresden, East Germany) 1251 overhauls Unloads or sends back; B extends the nautical meaning of overhaul, “slacken ropes” or “release lifting tackle.” 1841 chorus-ending from Euripides Probably B refers to the lines with which Euripides (c 484-406 B.C.) closed five of his plays-The Bacchae, Helen, Andromache, Medea, and Alcestis-and which B himself renderedas “Manifold are thy shapings, Providence1 / Many a hopeless matter Gods arrange / What we expected never came to pass: / What we did not expect, Gods brought to bear; / So have things gone, this whole experience through!” (Balaustion’s Adventure [ 187 11, 2392-96) 1901 grand Perhaps A reference to the purported last words of Franqois Rabelais (1495-1553), French physician and writer: “Je m’en vais chercher un grand peut-cue” (“I am going to search for a grand perhaps”) The remark is attributed to Rabelais by Peter Motteux (1663-1718) in the preface to his translation of Rabelais 1971 “The Way Life?” John 14:6 2941 can’t wed twice Until the English divorce court was established in 1857, Parliament had to rule on each case, making divorce (and hence legal re-marriage) impossible for all but the very rich and powerful 3151 Bid be bread In Matt 4:3-4, Jesus refuses Satan’s challenge to transform stones into loaves of bread 3161 Peter’s Hildebrund’s St Peter was the first pope;.his creed would therefore be that of the Roman Catholic Church Saint Gregory VII (c 102585) was named Hildebrand before he became pope in 1073 Gregory VII reformed and strengthened the papacy by centralizing authority in Rome and by insisting that spiritual and ecclesiastical matters were more important than political or temporal concerns 3771 the lust winking Virgin In an exchange of letters with the Bishop of Norwich, published in the Morning Chronicle on 21 October 1851 and reprinted in the Times the following day, Cardinal Newman reaffirmed his acceptance of the genuineness of the liquifaction of the bloodof St Januarius (see 728n.) and of the movement of the eyes of painted Madonnas Newman’s views first appeared in his Lectures on Catholicism in England (1851) The word “winking” undoubtedly was suggested by a letter in the Times on 24 October 185 1, which sneered at Newman’s belief and asked him to have chemists examine the blood of St Januarius and to have a neutral party investigate “the next performance of a winking or bleeding statue or picture ” 3811 Verdi Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), Italian composer of operas and choral works, the most famous perhaps being Rigoletto (1851), La Truviata (1853), Zl Trouutore (1853), Don Carlos (1867), Aida (1871), and Otello (1887) 381-821 his worst Florence The only Verdi opera produced in Florence before 1855 was Macbeth, which premiered there on 14 March 1847 384 Notes to Pages 307-312 Macbeth is usually regarded as one of Verdi’s less successful works 3841 salt-box, tongs and bones A specification of the crudeness of Verdi’s orchestra: “In burlesque music, the salt-box has been used like the marrowbones and cleaver, tongs and poker, etc.” (OED) 3861 Rossini Gioacchino Antonio Rossini ( 1792-1868), the Italian composer of The Barber of Seuille (1816), Moses in Egypt (1818), and William Tell (1829), was Verdi’s predecessor in opera Though Rossini lived in Florence from 1848 to 1855, there is no evidence that he attended a performance of Macbeth 4061 diamond weights Diamonds and other precious stones are weighed in carats; one carat is equal to about 007 ounces 4071 Your picked twelve See 375 41 l] Schelling’s way Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling( 1775-1854), German philosopher who worked his way from Romantic naturephilosophy through neo-Platonic idealism to a rather unorthodox Christianity 4251 Peter’s chains St Peter was enchained while imprisoned by Herod Agrippa I (see Acts 12:3-l 1); thus the chains have become emblematic of the persecution of Christians in non-Christian countries 4261 Noodledom A slang term meaning “folly” or “fools.” 4361 Napoleon See 53n 4541 take away Certain kinds of madness were once treated by putting the patient in a darkened room; see As You Like It, 3.2.400-401 4661 “The state, that’s I,” English version of French “L’etat, c’est moi,” a remark usually attributed to Louis XIV It is questionable whether Louis XIV actually said it, but Napoleon came close In his remarks to a deputation of the Corps ligislatif (senate) on 30 December 1813, Napoleon observed”Le tr&re lui-mi?me, qu’est-ce? Quatre morceaux de bois don?, recouverts de velours? Non, le tr6ne c’est un homme et cet homme c’est moi” (“The throne itself, what is it? Four bits of gilded wood, covered with velvet? No, the throne is a man, and that man is I”) 4721 an Austrian marriage In 1810 Napoleon divorced the Empress Josephine and married Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria 4751 Austerlitz In one of his most memorable battles, Napoleon employed daring and subtle tactics to lead the French army to victory over the Russian and Austrian armies at Austerlitz, in central Czechoslovakia (December 1805) 4811 arch-duchess See 472n 4821 divers names When Napoleon rose to power, he was given the title of First Consul After he became emperor, he created new titles for his ministers, such as Grand Elector and Arch-Chancellor 511 ff.] his life Shakespearean biography was a matter of public interest throughout the 1840s and ’50s Charles Knight produced a bardolatrous (and sometimes fanciful) life of Shakespeare (1843) which achieved immense 385 popularity; this was followed in 1848 by the masterful scholarly biography by J Halliwell-Phillips On the more sensational side, John Payne Collier’s numerous “discovcrics” about Shakespeare’s life and works were exposed as fraudulent by Halliwcll-Phillips, S W Singer, and others, in 1853 It is noteworthy also that the Bs’ friend Anna Brownell Jameson (see ~\Ien rind IYomrn, Sources, above) had published a highly romanticized treatment of Shakespeare’s life in her Memoirs of the Loves of the Poets (1829) 5131 towers and gorgeous palaces See The Tempest, 4.1.152 514-151 To build things Most of the surviving records of Shakespeare’s life show him in later years as a prosperous citizenof Stratford-upon Avon Through investments and farming, hc built the money he had made in London into a sizable estate In 1597 he purchased New Place, the second largest house in Stratford, and procecdcd to make it into a fine home 5161 Gmlio Komano’spi~ture.rGiulio Romano(c 1499-1546) studiedwith Raphael and completed some of his master’s works He is praised as a sculptor in The Winter’s Tale, 5.2.102-10 5161 Dowland’s lu&e The playing of John Dowland (1563-1626), English composer and lutanist, is praised in poem VIII of The Passionate Pilgrim (1599), a volume of poetry attributed on its title page to Shakespeare In fact, only five of the twenty poems are clearly Shakcspcare’s, and poem VIII is by Richard Barnfield (1574- 1627) 5191 “l’andulph cardinal.” King John, 3.1.138 Blougram would presumably find this scene memorable, since in it Pandulph demonstrates papal authority by excommunicating King John and thus turning France against England 5321 (he paever did) Because the first publication of his plays as a *group came with the First Folio (1623), seven yrars after Shakespeare died 5331 Terni A town in [Jmbria, about 60 mi NNE of Rome The main attraction of ‘rcrni is the Cascate dcllr Mar-more, a 650 ft waterfall; the BS visited ‘I’crni and its falls on their way from Florence to Rome in November 1853 5331 Naples’ bay B landed at the brautiful bay of Naples on his second visit to Italy in the fall of 1844 5331 &thnrd’s top The St Gothard pass through the Swiss alps affords magnificent views of the mountains; B crossed it several times 5501 Stmtfurd house See Il 514-15 n 5501 coat CJ~ arms ‘I‘he Shakespeare family was granted a coat of arms in 1596, probably at William’s request A description of the crest was first published in Alexander Pope’s 1725 edition of Shakespeare 55 1] Successjul wool Shakespeare used the barns at New Place (see 11 514-1.5~) to store the grain in which he traded IIe also purchased land and grazing rights for sheep and cattle 5.531 cousin Quee?z ness Queen Elizabeth would have addressed 386 because he would have represented a fellowBlougram as “cousin” sovereign, the pope 5681 Luther Martin Iuthcr (c 1483-1546) criticized papal policy and accused the Roman Catholic hierarchy of corruption After he wasexcommunicated in 1521, Luther became a leader of the Reformation in Germany David Friedrich Strauss (1804-1874), German scholar and 5771 Straws theologian, applied the historian’s tests of plausibility and verification to Biblical narratives Strauss concluded that the scriptures contained more myth than fact, but he argued in ZIas Leben Jesu (The Life of Jesus [ 18351, translated into English in 1846 by George Eliot) that the truths of Christianity lay precisely in those powerful myths Such use of literary and historical approaches in religious matters, termed “Higher Griticism,” was a subject of great controversy in the nineteenth rentury 585-861 It could Saint Paul See Rom 13:8, in which St Paul admonishes, “Owe no man any thing, but to love one another ” Christ,” Matt 22:42 6261 “What Wiseman (see Source n.) was born at Se640-421 born Englishman ville in Spain of Anglo-Irish parents He was educated in England and Rome, and his career as a churchman began with his London lectures in 1835-36 6641 ichors heals The fluid in the veins of the Greek gods was named ichor; in medicine the term is used for the blood serum at a wound B uses it as a verb 6671 snake foot In Rev 12:7-g, the archangel Michael battles and defeats “that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan.” Michael’s conquering of a serpent or dragon is a major motif in the iconography of saints 679-831 blot out Genesis again Discoveries about the nature and history of the universe, the Earth, and man made it extremely difficult to maintain that Biblical narratives consisted of accurate historical truth The apparent conflict between scientific fact and religious dogma became a major concern in the nineteenth century 684-851 a trarleller Ararat Noah’s ark came toreston Mt Ararat as the flood receded (Gen 8:4) Tales of the ark’s discovery appeared in travel books such as Mandeuille’s Tra.z)els (c 1357), which claims that the ark “yet is upon that mountain and men may see it afar in clear weather” (Mandeuille’s Trauels, ed M G Seymour [London, 19681, 115) 6991 Virgin’s winks See .?‘f?‘n 702-31 What are Nezoman asks A somewhat oversimplified version of Newman’s position, which he summarized as follows: “A miracle may be considered as an event inconsistent with the constitution of nature, that is, with the established course of things in which it is found It does not necessarily imply a violation of nature, as some have supposed,-merely the interposition of an external cause, which, we shall hereafter show, can be no other than the agency of the Deity” (Two Essays on Scripture Miracles and 387 [London, 1843 essays on miracles.) on Ecclesiastical 1870],4 ‘I‘his is a rrvisionof Newman’s 182Gand Immaculate Conception ‘This dortrine, which asserts that Mary was freed from original sin at the instant of her conception, was declared Roman Catholic dogma by Pope Pius IX in 1854 7151 King Bomba’s lazzaroniThe nickname “King Bomha” was applied to Ferdinand II (1810-1859), king of the Two Sicilies, after he suppressed the rebellions of 1849 (see “Up at a Villa-Down in the City,” 44n.) by bombarding Sicilian cities The lnzznroni were the beggars and day-laborers who supported Ferdinand II (and thus the pope) during the early years of his reign writes Giacomo Cardinal Antonclli (1806-1876) was secre7161 Antonelli tary of state under Pope Pius IX LJndrr Antonelli’s guidance, the Vatican supported reactionary and tyrannical governments, including that of Ferdinand II (see 715n.) Since Antonelli published nothing until 1861, the reference must be to an imaginary letter to Blougram 7281 Naples liquifaction A vial of the alleged blood of St Januarius (fl c A.D 300) is a holy relic of the cathedral of Naples Eighteen times a year, in connection with certain feasts and anniversaries, the relic is displayed in the presence of the purported head of St Januarius At these times the blood is said to liquify The phenomenon was much discussed in the 1840s and was accepted as genuine by Newman (see 3’7711.) 7321 decrnssify “divest of what is crass, gross, or material” (OED); apparently a B coinage 7441 Fichte’s clever cut The German philosopher Johann Gottlieh Fichte (1762-1814) depersonalized the idea of God by defining Deity as the moral will of the universe In Fichte’s view, individuals exist as manifestations of this moral will 7931 Algiers The rapital city of Algeria, in N Africa An ancient African city on the southern edge of the Sahara 7951 Timbuctoo desert revealed The affinities andconflicts between 819-201 natural relzgion natural religion, which asserts that man can come to a sufficient knowledge of God and morality through the study of nature and the use of reason, and Christianity as revealed to man in the New Testament were staples of Victorian theological debate 8331 a French book Impossible to identify with certainty, hut two candidates are De 1’Amour (1822; reissued 1853), by Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie du Mariage ( 1830) by Balzac (see 11 Henri Beyle, 1783- 1842); and Physiologie 108-9n.) See the letters of C R Tracy and R E N Dodge in TLS 34 (1935), 48 176 “The Lord is your shepherd.” This 8771 “Pastor Dominus.” appears to he B’s adaptation and translation into Latin of the King James version of Ps 23:l 7041 388 Notes to I’ngrs 326- 330 9041 daily bread From the L.ord’s Prayer, Matt 6:ll and L,uke 113 913-151 my articles Greek Wiseman (see Sources 11.) ran the Dublin Review from 1836 to 1862, contributing a great number of articles on a variety of subjects 914-151 vnSe / Found a! Albnno Albano is an ancient Roman town 19 mi SE of Rome along the Appian Way A number of archeological finds were made there, including a remarkablecollection of vases (see Sir William Cell, The Topography of Rome and Its Vicinity [I.ondon, 18341, 68) 9151 Anacreon’s Greek Anacrcon was a Greek lyric poet of the sixth century B.C whose subjects were love and drinking His style was much imitated 9381 stop this war ‘That is, the Crimean War (1854-56), in which England, France, and Turkey were allied against Russia 9451 Blnckwood’s Magazine Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, an immensely popular quarterly, was founded in 1817 by William Blackwood; John Wilson and John Gibson L.orkhart served as editors B read Blackwood’s and felt it had ignored his work (scr DeVane and Knickerbocker, lOO101, 104, 206 and n.) yet After Goethe and Schiller praised 946-471 two points Germans Shakespeare, the German critics of the nineteenth century busily “discovered” him; they wrote volume after volume of close analysis of the plays, particularly Hamlet 949-521 article after dark!” Gigadibs’ title is patterned after the titles of some of Charles Dickens’ London sketches, such as “The Streets at Night,” in Sketches by Boz (completed 1839) and “An Unsettled NeighborWords, 11 November 1854 hood,” in Household The Whitechapel district of London’s East End wasone 9511 Whitechafiel of the very worst slums, largely populated by the destitute and rife with criminals 972-731 in partibus / Episcopus, net nonWhen Wiseman (see Sources n.) was consecrated bishop in 1840, he was given the title “Bishop of in partibus infedelium,” that is, “in the lands of nonMelipotamus, believers.” The Latin fragment here may be translated, “Bishop in regions, and also-” B’s friend Alfred Domett (181 l-87) had gone to 101 l] started for Australia New Zealand in 1842 and begun a new life as a farmer; he rose to the prime ministership of New Zealand in 1862 The discovery of gold in Australia in 1851 brought a rush of immigrants from all over the world; in the 1850s nearly 500,000 people left Britain for Australia 10131 last chapter of St John The allusion is ambiguous It may refer to either John 1, in which Jesus appears to the disciples and tells Peter to “feed my sheep”; or to I John 5, which asserts that faith achieves victory over the world and closes with the admonition, “I.ittle children, keep yourselves from idols.” But the point may be that Gigadibs should read no more St John; that is, he should give up considering theological or religious questions 389 No@ to Pngf 331 MEMOKABILIA Text] A facsimilr of a manuscript of a poem similar in many ways to “Memorabilia” was published in thr Christian Science Monitor on 17 September 1956 Nothing is reported of the history of this MS, which is in neither B’s nor EBB’s hand Dcspitc the speculations in an articleaccompanying the facsimile, the MS has no demonstrated textual significance Date and source] The poem probably dates from late 1851, when B was writing his essay on Shelley DrVanr believes that “Memorabilia” was inspired by a chance meeting brtwecn B and a man who had known Shelley (Hbk, 244) For a discussion of B and Shelley, see the notes to the Essay on Shelley in the present volume 390 (‘l‘itles of long poems or of collections of short poems are capitalized.) Any Wife to Any Husband V, 213 Artemis Prologizes III, 224 Bishop Blougram’s Apology V, 293 Bishop Orders his Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church, The IV, 189 BLOT IN THE ‘SCIJTC;HEON, A IV, Boot and Saddle III, 200 Boy and the Angel, The IV, 239 By the Fire-Side V, 200