Turkic oral epic poetry tradition

TURKIC ORAL EPIC POETRY THE ALBERT BATES LORD STUDIES IN ORAL TRADffiON (VOL 7) GARLAND REFERENCE LffiRARY OF THE HUMANITIES (VOL.1247) THE ALBERT BATES LORD STUDIES IN ORAL TRADITION John Miles Foley General Editor ORAL TRADITION IN JUDAISM: The Case of the Mishnah by Jacob Neusner SHAMANISM AND OLD ENGLISH POETRY by Stephen Glosecki HISPANIC BALLADRY TODAY by Ruth H Webber COUNT CLAROS: Study of a Ballad Tradition by Judith Seeger MEMORIZATION IN THE TRANSMISSION OF THE MIDDLE ENGLISH ROMANCES by Murray McGillivray THE ORAL STYLE, by Marcel Jousse translated by Edgard Sienaert and Richard Whitaker TURKIC ORAL EPIC POETRY: Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure by Karl Reichl BEOWULF AND THE BEAR'S SON: Epic, Saga, and Fairytale in Northern GerfTUlnic Tradition by J Michael Stitt EWE COMIC HEROES: Trickster Tales in Togo by Zinta Conrad 10 HEROES' NAMES, HOMERIC IDENTITIES by Carolyn Higbie 11 DE GUSTffiUS: Essays for Alain Renoir edited by John Miles Foley Cenler ror Studies In Oral Tndillon English Dep1rtment University or Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65211 TURKIC ORAL EPIC POETRY Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure Karl Reichl GARLAND PUBLISHING, INC NEW YORK & LONDON 1992 â 1992 Karl Reichl All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reichl, Karl Turkic oral epic poetry : tradition, forms, poetic structure I Karl Reichl p em - (The Albert Bates Lord studies in oral tradition ; val 7) (Garland reference library of the humanities; vol 1247) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8240-7210-3 (alk paper) Epic poetry, Turkic-Asia, Central-History and criticism I Title IT Series Ill Series: Garland reference library of the humanities; vol 1247 PL28.2.R45 1992 894'.3 dc20 92-16726 CIP Printed on acid-free, 250-year-life paper Manufactured in the United States of America General Editor's Foreword The purpose of the Albert Bates Lord Studies in Oral Tradition, as of its companion the journal Oral Tradition, is to bring before an interdisciplinary constituency essays, monographs, and collections that, in focusing on one or more oral or oral-derived traditions, offer insights that can be useful for investigators in many of the more than one hundred language areas now influenced by this field Thus the first six volumes have treated, in order, orality and the Hebrew Mishnah (Jacob Neusner), Beowulf and shamanism (Stephen Glosecki), the Hispanic ballad (Ruth Webber, editor), the ballad tradition of"Count Claros" (Judith Seeger), memorization and the Middle English romances (Murray McGillivray), and Marcel Jousse's The Oral Style (Edgard Sienaert and Richard Whitaker, translators) Future books in this series will include studies of Beowulf and the Bear's Son folktale, Mrican trickster tales from Togo, modes of identification in Homeric epic, and a collection of articles on a variety of areas for Alain Renoir The overall aim is to initiate and to sustain conversations among scholars who, because of the categories according to which we are segregated in modem academia, seldom if ever have a chance to talk to one another With this goal in mind, we extend a warm invitation to new voices to join the conversation-both as readers of these and other volumes and, hopefully, as authors with contributions to the ongoing discourse This seventh volume in the Lord series, Karl Reichl's Turkic Oral Epic Poetry, answers a longstanding need by providing an expert introduction to the oral epic traditions of the Turkic peoples of central Asia It was in fact this set of traditions, particularly the Kirghiz, in which Milman Parry was initially interested as he contemplated extending his theory of traditional oral composition from its textual base in Homer to a fieldwork demonstration of how actual epic bards compose orally Since General Editor's Foreword political complications prevented Parry and Albert Lord from pursuing central Asian traditions, following in the footsteps of Wilhelm Radloff/ they journeyed instead to the former Yugoslavia (a historical irony of considerable proportions) to investigate the unlettered tradition of SerboCroatian epic This change in plans was of enormous import for the comparative study of oral traditions, since it would now be the South Slavic, and not the central Asian, epos that would serve as the model for a far-reaching new theory that over the next fifty to sixty years would have a significant and permanent impact on so many different language areas In the meantime, as Reichl points out, the Turkic traditions did not receive the comparative, international attention for which Radloff had argued, and which Parry had planned to devote to their study The present volume seeks to remedy the problem of non-specialists' lack of access to information on the Turkic traditions, and in the process to provide scholars in various disciplines with material for comparative investigation Professor Reichl's credentials for the undertaking are distinguished and unique: first trained as a medievalist with primary interest in Old English, he has done extensive fieldwork in Turkicspeaking areas of the former Soviet Union and China and is also a member of the same Bonn Seminar on Central Asia founded by Radloff He focuses on the "central traditions" of this region, specifically those of the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, and Kirghiz, with some attention as well to the epic poetry of the Turkmens, Azerbaijanians, Turks (of Turkey), Altaians, Tuvinians, Yakuts, and Bashkirs Reichl's account is chiefly descriptive, proceeding through a historical and linguistic background to a survey of the earliest documents, portraits of the singers and of performance, considerations of genre, story-patterns, and formulaic diction, and discussions of "composition in performance," memory, rhetoric, and diffusion The result is a thorough and splendidly organized tour through some of the world's most important, but least understood, oral epic traditions, one for which scholars in many fields will be grateful I might close this preface on a personal note When in 1986 I first told the late Albert Lord of the pending inauguration of a series in his honor and asked whether he had any thoughts concerning possible directions or contributions, the very first project he mentioned was a book on Turkic oral epic by Karl Reichl Now, some six years later, that suggestion takes tangible shape as the seventh volume in his series, and I know he would be very pleased indeed John Miles Foley Center for Studies in Oral Tradition University of Missouri-Columbia General Editor's Foreword Notes Especially important for Parry was Radloff's Proben der Volkslitteratur der nordlichen tiJ.rkischen Stiimme, vol 5: Der Dialect der Kara- Kirgisen (St Petersburg: Commissiorulre der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1885) An English translation of the preface is available in Oral Tradition, (1990): 73-90 On Radlov's influence on Parry,seeJohnMilesFoley,TheTheoryofOraiComposition:Historyand Methodology (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), pp 10-13 Contents Preface ix Introduction A Note on Transcription and Pronunciation The Turkic Peoples: Backgrounds and Contexts Beginnings The World of the Nomad The Turkic Peoples of Central Asia The Turkic Langu.ages 13 14 16 19 24 Turkic Epic Poetry: The Earliest Documents Oguz Qagan D'ivan lugat at-Turk The Book of Dede Qorqut 33 33 40 The Singer: Shaman, Minstrel, Poet Epic Singer and Shaman Terms for Singers The Karakalpak Z'iraw and Baqs'i The Uzbek Baxsi The Kazakh Aq'in The Kirghiz Manasc 'i Meddah and Q'issa-xan 57 57 62 66 69 75 82 87 43 Performance Ritualistic Aspects and Ceremonial Structure Performance and Recitation: Musical Aspects Singer and Audience 93 93 100 113 Genre Epic Verse and Prose Romance Heroic Lay and Heroic Tale 119 119 vii 126 130 133 viii Contents Story-Patterns Qambar and The Making of a Hero Koroglu/Gorogl'i and The Winning of a Bride AlpamU and The Return of the Hero 143 144 151 The Varieties of Formulaic Diction Formula, Meter, Parallelism Formula and Formulaic System Thematic Patterning 171 171 182 160 201 219 219 235 Composition in Performance and the Art of Memory "Improvisation" and Composition in Performance Variation and Stability The Art of Memory 261 Rhetoric, Style, Narrative Technique "Formulaic Rhetoric" Characters Composition and Narrative Technique 271 271 282 301 10 Transformations in Space and Time Koroglu/Gorogl'i: Variation and Diffusion AlpamU: Variation and Chronology 317 318 333 Bibliography 355 Glossary of Terms 385 Index 389 Preface Although a book on Turkic oral epic poetry needs no apology, such a book coming from a medievalist calls at least for an explanation While still a student in Munich I bought a book with the title Der Sanger erziihlt: Wie ein Epos entsteht It was A B Lord's The Singer of Tales, which had only just come out in a German translation It made fascinating reading and first revealed to me the relevance of living oral epic poetry for the study of medieval epic poetry, in particular of works such as Beowulf or the Chanson de Roland, epics which have come down to us in written form but betray their origin in an oral milieu The path to Central Asia was opened for me only later when I discovered that the Bavarian State Library possessed a complete set of Radloffs Proben der Volkslitteratur der turkischen Stiimme Radloff's translations, in their charming, antiquated German, introduced me to a world of heroism and passion, romance and adventure, marvel and magic, which has held me spellbound ever since The parallels to medieval narrative were obvious and seemed worthy of further exploration It has been a long way since then, and on the way I met fellow-travelers, medievalists like me who had already studied Turkic oral epic poetry from a comparative point of view and on whose work I could build, standing, in the words of Bernard of Chartres, like a dwarf on the shoulders of giants Although, in the end, I did not write a comparative study ofTurkic oral epic poetry, the medievalist perspective will nevertheless be clear to the reader, in the types of questions asked as well as the general methodological orientation of the book In the course of doing research for this book I have become indebted to many people and institutions The German Research Foundation (DFG) gave me grants for a number of extended research trips to Central Asia, both in the former Soviet Union and in China The German Academic Exchange Organization (DAAD) sponsored a visiting professorship at the University of Nukus in Karakalpakistan I have ix 380 Bibliography Tekin, T (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic Ural and Altaic Ser., 69 Bloomington, IN, The Hague TeniAev, E, R., et al., eds (1984), Sravnitel'no-istori~eskqja grammatika fjurkskix jazykov Fontetika [A comparative·historical grammar of the Turkic languages Phonetics] Moscow Thompson, S (1955·58), Motif-Index of Folk-Literature vols Rev ed Copenhagen, Bloomington, IN Thurneysen, R (1921), Die irische Helden- und Konigssage bis zum siebzehnten Jahrhundert Halle Timofeev·Teplouxov, I G., narrator, V N Vasil'ev, transcriber, E K Pekarskij, G U Ergis, eds., A A Popov, I V Puxov, trans (1985), Stroptivyj Kulun Kullustuur Jakutskoe olonxo ['Obstinate Qulun Qullustuur.' A Yakut epic] With an introductory chapter by I V Puxov and G U Ergis Epos narodov SSSR Moscow Todorov, Tz (1978), Po~tique de la prose (choix), suivi de Nouvelles recherches sur le r~cit Paris Tokarev, S A., et al (1980-82), Mify narodov mira [Myths of the peoples of the world] vols Moscow Trojakov, P A (1969), "Promyslovsja i magil!esksja funkcija skazyvanija skazok u xakasov" [The venatorial and magic function of the telling of tales among the Khakas], Sovetskqja Etnografija, 1969.2, 24·34 Tursunov, E D (1975), "'Jlurko·mongol'skie versii skazanija ob osleplenii ciklopa" [The Turko·Mongolian versions of the tale of the blinding of the Cyclops], Sovetskqja Tjurkologija, 1975.3, 36·43 Uplegger, H (1964), "Das Volksschauspiel," in Deny et al (1959·1964), II, 147·170 Urmanl!eev, F I (1980a), Epi~eskie skazanija tatarskogo naroda Sravnitel'noistori~eskie o~erki [The epic tales of the Tatar people Comparative· historical essays] Kazan Urmanl!eev, F I (1980b), "Legendy o bulgarskix bogatyrjax i skazanie ob AlpamyAe" [The legends on Bulgar heroes and the tale of A.], Sovetskqja Tjurkologija, 1980.2, 30·38 Urmanl!eev, F (1984), Geroi~eskij epos tatarskogo naroda [The heroic epic of the Tatar people] Kazan VsjnAtejn, S I (1976), "Problemy istorii ziliAl!a stepnyx kol!evnykov Evrazii" [Problems in the history of the dwellings of the nomads of the Eurasian steppes], Sovetskqja Etnografija, 1976.4, 42·62 VsjnAtejn [Vainshtein], S (1980), Nomads of South Siberia The Pastoral Economies of Tuva Ed and with an introduction by C Humphrey, trans M Colenso Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, 25 Cambridge Bibliography 381 Vambery, H (1865), Reise in Mittelasien von Teheran durch die Turkmanische Wiiste an der Ostkiiste des Kaspischen Meeres nach Chiwa, Bochara und Samarkand, ausgefiihrt im Jahr 1863 Leipzig Vambery, H., ed and trans (1911), Jusuf und Ahmed Ein iizbegisches Volksepos im Chiwaer Dialekte Budapest Veit, V (1985), "Das Pferd - Alter Ego der Mongolen? Uberlegungen zu einem zentralen Thema der mongolischen Geschichte und Kultur," in Heissig 1985: 58-88 Veliev, K N (1987), "Tradicionnye formuly v tjurkojazyl!nom epose (Opyt lingvopoetil!eskogo analiza)" [Traditional formulas in Turkic epic poetry (An essay in linguistico-poetic analysis)], Sovetskoja Tjurkologija, 1987.3, 88-83 Vertkov, K., G Blagodatov, E Jazovicklija (1963), Atlas muzykal'nyx instrumentov narodov SSSR [An atlas of the musical instruments of the peoples of the Soviet Union] Moscow Veselovskij, A N (1940), Istori~eskoja po~tika [Historical poetics] Ed V M Zirmunskij Leningrad Veselovskij, A N (1940 [1897]), "Epil!eskie povtorenija kak xronologil!eskij moment" [Epic repetition as a chronological element], in Veselovskij 1940: 93-124 Veselovskij, A N (1940 [1898]), "Psixologil!eskij parallelizm i ego formy v otrazenijax poetil!eskogo stilja" [Psychological parallelism and its forms in the reflections of poetic style], in Veselovskij 1940: 125-199 Vinnikov, I N (1969), Jazyk i fol'klor Buxarskix arabov [The language and folklore of the Bukhara Arabs] Moscow Vinogradov, V S (1958), Kirgizskoja nardonoja muzyka [Kirghiz folk music] Frunze Vinogradov, V S (1984), "Napevy 'Manasa"' [The melodies of 'M-'1, in Sadykov et al 1984: 492-509 Voorwinden, N., M de Haan, eds (1979), Oral Poetry Das Problem der Miindlichkeit mittelalterlicher epischer Dichtung Wege der Forschung, 555 Darmstadt Watts, A C (1969), The Lyre and the Harp A Comparative Reconsideration of Oral Tradition in Homer and Old English Epic Poetry Yale Studies in English, 168 New Haven, CT Waxatov, B., etal., eds (1963),Aqindar iiri Qazirgixaliqpoeziyasi [The song of the aqins Contemporary folk poetry] Alma-Ata Wensinck, A J (1978), "Al-Khacj.ir (al-Khicj.r)," The Encyclopaedia of Islam New ed Leiden, IV, 902-905 Whallon, W (1969), Formula, Character, and Context Studies in Homeric, Old English, and Old Testament Poetry Cambridge, MA 382 Bibliography Wingate, R {1930), "Children's Stories from Chinese Turkestan," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 5, 809-822 Winner, T G (1958), The Oral Art and Literature of the Kazakhs of Russian Central Asia Durham, NC Wiinsch, W {1934), Die Geigentechnik der sildslawischen Guslaren Briinn Xamraev, M (1969), Olerki teorii fjurkskogo stixa [Outlines of a theory of Turkic verse] Alma·Ata Yates, F A {1966), The Art of Memory London Yolboldi, N., M Qasim {1987), Diul}gudiki tilrkiy tillar [The Turkic languages of China] Urumchi Yunusaliev [Junusaliev], B M., et al., eds (1958-60), Manas ['M.'] vols Frunze Yunusaliev (Junusaliev ], B M {1961), "Ob opyte sozdanija svobodnogo varianta eposa 'Manas'" [On the attempt to edit a free variant of the epic 'M.'], in Bogdanova, Zirmunskij, Petrosjan 1961: 282-297 Zabaev, Zambi1 (1955), Ul tomd"iq Hgarmalar Uy7UJI"i [Complete works in three volumes] Akademija Nauk Kazaxskoj SSR, Institut Jazyka i Literatury vols Alma-Ata Zarif[Zarifov], H., ed (1939), UzbekskU fol'klor Xrestomatija dlja pedagogileskix institutov [Uzbek folklore An anthology for Pedagogical Institutes] Tashkent Zarif[Zarifov], H [X T.] {1959), "Osnovye motivy eposa 'Alpamyii'" [The basic motifs of the epic 'A'], in Ci~erov, Zarifov 1959: 6-25 Zarif [Zarifov], H., ed (1965), Awaznil] arazi Gulixiraman Dastanlar ['Awaz insulted.' 'G.' Dastans] Ozbek xalq idziidi Tashkent Zarif[Zarifov], H (1970), "Ulkan iiiiir" [A great singer], Ozbek tili wa adabiyati, 1970.5, 38-42 Zarif [Zarifov], H., ed (1971), Ergal Diumanbulbul Ogli Tardiimai hii~ Rawlan, Qunduz bilan Yulduz [Ergaii Dzumanbulbul-ogli 'Autobiography.' 'R.' 'Q and Y.'J Tashkent Zarif[Zarifov], H (1973), "Fiizil iiiiir- maiihur diistiin~i" [Fiizil-iiiiir, a famous singer], in Siiabdurahmiinov, Mzalov, Mirzaev 1973: 5-29 Zarif [Zarifov], H., ed (1981), Xiildiirxan Dastan ['X.' Dastan] Ozbek xalq idZiidi Tashkent Zarif [Zarifov], H., T Mirzaev, eds (1979), Alpiimil Dastiin ['A' Dastan] Ozbek xalq idziidi Tashkent Zataevi~, A V {1971), Kirgizskie instrumental'nye p'esy i napevy [Kirghiz instrumental songs and melodies] Ed V S Vinogradov Moscow Zdanko, T A (1950), Olerki istorileskoj etnografii Karakalpakov Rodoplemennqja struktura i rasselenie v XIX - nalale XX veka [Essays on the historical ethnography of the Karakalpaks Tribal structure and settlement in the 19th and early 20th c.] Akademija Nauk SSSR, Bibliography 383 Trudy Instituta Etnografii im N N Mikluxo-Makleja, Noveja Serija, Moscow, Leningrad Zdanko, T A., S K Kamalov, eds (1980), Etnografija Karakalpakov X1X-na~alo XX veka (Materialy i issledovanija) [The ethnography of the Karakalpaks 19th c to the beginning of the 20th c (Documents and studies)] Tashkent Zemcovskij, I 1., ed (1989), Muzyka ~posa Stat'i i materialy [The music of the epic Essays and documents] Yoshkar-Ola Zenker, J Th (1866), Tarkisch-arabisch-persisches HandwiJrterbuch vols Leipzig Zguta, R (1978), Russian Minstrels A History of the 'Skomorokhi' Oxford Zirmunskij, V M (1960), Skazanie ob Alpamy!e i bogatyrskoja skazka [The tale of 'A.' and the heroic tale] Moscow Zirmunskij [Schirmunski], V [M.] (1961), Vergleichende Epenforschung Berlin Zirmunskij, v M (1961), "Vvedenie v izul!enie eposa 'Manas"' [Introduction to the study of the epic 'M.'], in Bogdanova, Zirmunskij, Petrosjan 1961: 85-196 [repr with abbreviations in Zirmunskij 1974a: 23-116] Zirmunskij, V M (1962), "Istoril!eskie istol!niki skazanija o razgrablenii doma Salor-Kazana" [Historical sources of the tale of the plundering of Salur Qazan's house], in Drevnij mir Sbornik stat~V [The world of antiquity A collection of essays], ed N V Pigulvskeja et al Leningrad, 377-85 Zirmunskij [Zhirmunsky], V M (1967), "The Epic of 'Alpamysh' and the Return of Odysseus," Proceedings of the British Academy, 52, 1966 London, 267-286 Zirmunskij, V M (1974 [1962]), "Oguzskij geroil!eskij epos i 'Kniga Korkuta"' [The Oghuz heroic epic and 'The Book ofQorqut'], in Zirmunskij 1974a: 517-631 [originally published in 1962] Zirmunskij, V M (1974 [1968], "0 tjurkskom narodnom stixe Nekotorye problemy teorii" [On the Turkic popular verse Some theoretical problems], in Zirmunskij 1974a: 644-680 [originally published in 1968] Zirmunskij, V M (1974a), Tjurkskij geroi~eskij ~pos [The Turkic heroic epic] Leningrad Zirmunskij, V M (1974b), "Epil!eskie skazanija o nogejskix bogatyrjax v svete istoril!eskix istol!nikov" [Epic tales about the Noghay heroes in the light of the historical sources], in Zirmunskij 1974a: 387-516 Zirmunskij, V M (1979 [1960]), "Legenda o prizvanii pevca" [The legend of the singer's calling], in Sravnitel'noe literaturovedenie Vostok i zapad [Comparative literary criticism East and West] Leningrad, 397-407 [originally published in 1960] Zirmunskij [Zhirmunsky], V M (1985 [1965]), "Rhythmico-Syntactic Parallelism as the Basis of Old Turkic Folk Epic Verse," in Selected Writings Linguistics, Poetics Moscow, 320-352 [originally published in 1965] 384 Bibliography Zirmunskij, V M., X T Zarifov (1947), Uzbekskij narodnyj geroileskij epos [The Uzbek heroic folk epic] Moscow Zlatkin, I Ja (1983), lstorija diungarskogo xanstva 1635-1758 [A history of the Dzungarian khanate 1635-1758] 2nd ed Moscow Zonis, E (1973), Classical Persian Music An Introduction Cambridge, MA Zunun, S., A Momin, eds (1982), Uytur xalq ti:Uekliri [Uighur folktales] Vol IV Urumchi Glossary of Terms • Aga (Agha) older brother; term of respect Aq saqal lit "white beard"; term of respect Aq i"n singer; poet (Kazakh, Kirghiz) [see p 64] A§ i"q (Turkish A6'k) lit "lover"; minstrel, singer (Turkish, Azer- baijanian [see pp 65f.] Aul (Awi"l) nomadic encampment; village (Kazakh, Karakalpak) Ayti"s song-contest, contest-poem (Kazakh, Karakalpak) [seep 77] Baqsi" singer (Karakalpak); shaman, quack (Kazakh) [seep 65] Bati"r hero Batman (Batman) unit of weight, in Uzbekistan ranging from 30 to 200 kg, in Karakalpakistan from 20 to 40 kg, depending on the region Bax§i singer (Uzbek) [see p 65] Bax§ i" singer (Turkmen); shaman, quack (Kirghiz) [see pp 65] Bay rich man Beg lord; term of respect (also Bek) Bylina Russian oral narrative poem Ciltan Forty Saints (also called qi"rqlar), invisible saints who help those who by their piety deserve their assistance [see p 162] CiJrtiJk tale; heroic tale; epic (Altaian) [see p 138] Diiira a kind of tambourine Dastan general term for longer narrative in verse or in verse and prose (Uzbek, Turkmen, Aserbaijanian, Uighur, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kirghiz) [see pp 124f.] Diw ogre, monster [see p.147] • The glosses on the various terms are merely intended as a help for the reader and not as exhaustive definitions; for more information see the page-references in brackets The meanings and languages specified for a term are those encountered in the book 385 386 Glossary of Terms Dombira (Domb i"ra) plucked lute-type instrument without frets [see p 107] Dutar (Dutar) plucked ·lute-type instrument with frets [see pp 105f.] Diomoq heroic epic (Kirghiz) [see pp 62f.] (li"didiak a type of spike-fiddle [seep 107] Hikfi.ye tale, minstrel tale (Turkish) [see p 125] Hi"zi"r Islamic saint [see p 61] Houri maiden of paradise lrt f singer (Kirghiz) [see p 82] Jalali rebels against the Ottoman sultan and the Persian shah at the end of the 16th century [see p 319] Khodja descendant of the caliphs; Moslem teacher [see p 228] Kose beardless comical figure [see p 288] Kuray a type of flute (Bashkir) [see p 341] Manast i singer, singer of Manas (Kirghiz) [see pp 82ff.] Meddah narrator (Turkish) [see pp 88f.] 0ler}§i singer (Kazakh) [seep 78] Olol]XO epic (Yakut) [see p 62] Olol}xohut singer (Yakut) [see p 62] Orda palace, palace-yurt Ozan singer (in Dede Qorqut) [see p 64] Peri fairy Pilaw rice dish Pir patron saint; leader of a religious order [seep 157] Qagan ruler, khan Qayt i singer (Altaian) [see pp 62f.] Qimiz fermented mare's milk [seep 17] Qissa story, narrative [seep 89] Qissa-xiin storyteller, narrator [seep 89] Qob iz horsehair fiddle (Karakalpak, Kazakh) [see p 104] Qomuz plucked lute-type instrument without frets (Kirghiz) [see p 103] Qopuz plucked lute-type instrument (in Dede Qorqut) [see pp 103f.] Sadie rhymed prose [seep 129] Sair singer, poet (Uzbek) [see p.64] Saz lute-type instrument (Turkish) Semeteyti singer of Semetey (Kirghiz) [see pp 81f.] Sufi Islamic mystic Glossary of Terms 387 Tanbur a type of lute [seep 107] Terma improvised poem, shorter poem (Uzbek) [seep 78] Terme improvised poem, shorter poem (Kazakh, Karakalpak) [seep 78] Tolgaw a type of poem (Karakalpak, Kazakh) [see p 100] Tool tale, heroic tale, epic (Tuvinian) [see p 62; 138] TooliJu narrator, singer (Tuvinian) [seep 62] Top§uur two-stringed plucked instrument (Altaian) [seep 63] Toy feast Tulpar winged horse Ustaz (Ustiiz, Ustiid) master Xissa narrative poem (from qissa) (Kazakh) [seep 125] Ziraw singer (Karakalpak, Kazakh) [see pp 66ff.] Zir§ i singer (Kazakh) [see p 78] Xalat long coat; coat of honor Yurt felt-tent Zakiit alms-tax Zindiin dungeon Index Arzigul (Uzbek) 215 A§ i"q Garib (Turkish, Uzbek, Karakalpak etc.) 68, 106, 133, 135, 169 Asuman and Zeydzan (Turkish) 159 Aucassin et Nicolette 127 Awaznil] arazi (Uzbek, KorogluGoroglr-cycle) 69 Awazxan (Uzbek, Koroglu/Goroglfcycle) 70 Ayparta (Uzbek) 215 A!iniyaz (Karakalpak poet) 106 Bahadfr (Karakalpak) 106 Ballad of Hind Horn (English) 169 Bamsi" Beyrek (Dede Qorqut) 51, 152, 164, 338ft'., 342, 351 Barmaq Muqambaev (Kazakh singer) 144, 207 Basat and Tepe-Goz (Dede Qorqut) 53 Bazirgan, Biizirgen (Uzbek, Kara· kalpak, Koroglu/Goroglfcycle) 68, 268 Behcet Mahir (Turkish singer) 308,309,311,321,353 Bekmuriid D!orabay-ogli (Uzbek singer) 69 Bekmurat-baqsi: Zumaniyazov (Karakalpak singer) 157, 249fT Beowulf (Old English) 3, 123, 124, 131, 134, 136, 168, 186, 273, 281,294,312,338 Berdax (Karakalpak poet) 106 Berdi-baxili (Uzbek singer) 75, 334, 335 Bey Boyrek (Turkish) 340 Abbaz Dabilov (Karakalpak poet) 106 Abdray1m Baytursi:nov (Kazakh singer) 335 AbdulHi-ilair (Uzbek singer) 98 Abdurahman Diiney (Kirghiz singer) 86, 103, 223, 229fT Abrlayxan (Kazakh) 107 Abu'l Gazi (Uzbek khan and writer) 21, 36, 337 Atildaw (Uzbek) 80 Aeneid Aldar kose 288 Ali Sir Nava'i (Chaghatay poet) 13,54 Alibek and Balibek (Uzbek) 74 Almambet, Er Kokto and Aq-erket (Manas) 166, 197, 305 Almambetnil] Armanf (Manas) 86 Alpam f § (Uzbek, Kazakh, Karakalpak etc.) 6, 53, 67, 72, 74, 80, 97, 98, 123ft'., 130, 143, 148, 152, 160ft'., 187, 197, 199, 201ft'., 208ft'., 212, 213, 216, 278, 279, 281ft'., 286, 287, 289, 294, 297ft'., 304,307,311,312,313,314, 318, 333ft'., 353 Alquwat (Kazakh singer) 87 Altaney (Tungus) 301 Altay-Buutay (Altaian) 272, 282, 293,298,300,301 Amet-baqsi: Tariyxanov (Karakalpak singer) 157, 260 Arabian Nights 125, 129, 131, 165, 301 Arakel of Tabriz (Armenian historian) 319 Aristotle 121, 122 Arzi:-baqsi: (Karakalpak singer) 68 389 390 Biterolf und Dietleib (Middle High German) 303 Boethius 127 Bogenbay (Kazakh) 107,176,266 Boq-murun (Manas) 234 Boqtu-Kiri§ and Bora-Seeley (Tuvinian) 139 Borin-baxAi (Katta Borin) (Uzbek singer) 74 Borin-Mir (Kii!ik Borin) (Uzbek singer) 74 Brautwerbungsepos 151fT., 167,350 Bugat Khan (Dede Qorqut) 44fT Buqar-ziraw (Kazakh poet) 75 Cll!dmon 61 Cankut-baxAi (Karakalpak singer) 70 Cari-!lair (Uzbek singer) 99, 110, 173 Cattle-Raid of Cooley (Old Irish) 52,294 Chanson de Roland (Old French) 201,277,278,294,311,317 Chapbook 87, 88, 169, 267, 320, 331 Chretien de Troyes 317 Cin Tomar Batur (Uighur) 289 Commedia dell'arte 220, 221 Col)ba!l Narmantay (Kirghiz singer) 83 Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius) 128 Coyuke (Kirghiz singer) 60, 84 CU.chulainn 52, 299 Dalli (Uzbek, Koroglu!Goroglrcycle) 74 Decameron 301 Dede Qorqut (Turkish) 23, 36, 43fT., 64, 100, 103, 126, 151, 152, 154,156,164,198,279,296, 308,309,322,331,338,340, 351 Digenis Akritas (Greek) 210 Drvan lugat at-Turk (Mal)mud of Kashgar) 19, 40fT., 178, 212, Dobrynja and A{io§a (Russian) 148, 168 Dzamantay (Kirghiz singer) 87 Dzambul Dzabaev (Kazakh poet) 79f Index Dzamf at-tawarrx (Ra!lid ad-Din) 36 Dzanibay Kodzekov (Kirghiz singer) 59 DZumanbulbul (Uzbek singer) 72 DZiisiip Mamay (Kirghiz singer) 85,102,223,226ff.,261,263 Edige (Karakalpak) 67, 265, 266 EIJlik-Kebek (Kazakh) 107 Er TiWiik (Kirghiz) 38, 84, 136, 290, 298 Erezip-ziraw (Karakalpak singer) 265 Erga!l DZumanbulbul-ogli (Uzbek singer) 72, 129, 208, 214, 274,323 Erman-ziraw (Karakalpak singer) 67, 247 Emazar-baxAi (Uzbek singer) 97 Erpolat-ziraw (Karakalpak singer) 236,237 E!li!an-baqsi (Karakalpak singer) 106, 260 Esemurat-ziraw Nurabullaev (Karakalpaksinger) 67,237, 263 Fazil Yoldli!l-ogli (Uzbek singer) 72, 80, 98, 123, 124, 126, 143, 161fT., 201, 204, 213, 216,278,286,289,294,297, 299,311,312,334,335,340 Ferdowsi (Persian poet) 89, 124, 290 Fierabras (Old French) 167 Folktale-Types: AaTh 300 The DragonSlayer 148 AaTh 301 The Three Stolen Princesses (Bear's Son) 136, 148 AaTh 314 The Youth Transformed to a Horse 146 AaTh 328 Jack and the Beanstalk 346 AaTh 502 The Wild Man 146 AaTh 519 The Strong Woman as Bride (Brunhilde) 158 Index AaTh 706 The Maiden Without Hands 52 AaTh 707 Calumniated Wife 235 AaTh 712 Crescentia 52 AaTh 780 The Singing Bone 104 391 Ion (Plato) 222 Islam-Mil' Nazar-ogli (Uzbek singer) 75, 175, 215, 332 Karimbay Tinibaev (Karakalpak singer) 107 Karlamagnus saga (Old Norse) 317 AaTh 881 Oft-proved Fidelity 52 AaTh 887 Griselda 52 AaTh 894 The Stone of Pity Kduwbay (Kazakh) 107 Khosrou and Shirin (Persian) 130 King Horn (Middle English) 148, 52 King Rother (Middle High German) Formula, formulaic 40, 44, 50, 57, 103, 114, 135, 139, 150, 171, 172, 179, 182, 184-200, 201, 204,205,206,211,216,217, 219,221,232,234,235,249, 269,270,271,272,278,281, 292, 302fT., 314, 315, 352, 353 Forty Heroes (Kazakh) 76 Fuzuli (Azerbaijanian poet) 54 Gazavat-name (Turkish) 54 Gen!ebay-baqsi (Karakalpak singer) 68,106,266,267 Gorogli, GiJrogli: see KiJroglu/GiJroglr-cycle Gorogli and Bazirgan (Uzbek, KiJroglu/GiJrogli-cycle) 111 Gottfried von StraBburg 352 Ham-BodMio (Fulani) 211 Harman Diili (Turkmen) 156, 250fT., 308 Hasan Devren (Turkish singer) 321 Herodotus 16, 18 Hikmat Riza (Tajik singer) 327 Histories