Principles of engineering drawing

● [[w MwRmNrR Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools & Colleges BUREAU MANAK OF IN DIAN STANDARDS BHAVAN, BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR NEW DELHI 110002 MARG SP 46:2003 FIRST PUBLISHED FIRST REVISION BUREAU ICS MARCH JULY OF INDIAN 01.100.01; ISBN 81-7061 Price: Rs 1989 2003 STANDARDS 03.180 -019-2 1440.00 Typeset by M/s Paragon Enterprises, New Delhi Printed in India at F%ntograph, 2966/40, Beadonpura, Karol B@, New Delhi-110005 And Published By BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI 110002 Drawing Sectional Committee, BP 24 Organisation In personal capacity [General Manager (Retd.), B.H.E.L., Tiruchirapa[li] Representing DRR VASUDEVAN (Chairman) Bhamt Heavy Electnczds Limited, Bhopal SHRIV W BOKIL SHRIJ JAYASINGHRAJ (Alternate I) SHRIR BHATIA(Alternate 11) Ceumd Manufacturing Technology Institute, Bangalore SHRI S HANUMANTHA RAO SHRIS K MAHAJAN(Alternate) Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur SHRIM K BANERJEE SHRIP K SHANGARI (Alternate) Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai SHRIS G JOSHI SHRIN R SONAR(Alternate) DGE &T, Ministry of L~bour & Rehabilitation, New Delhi SHRIS I SIDDIQUI SHRIN, SRINIVASAN (Alternate) Directorate Geneml of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi SHRIJ K KHANNA SHRIR KARUPPIAH (Alternate) Engineers India Limited, New Delhi Fluid Power Society of’India, Bangalore SHRIG R RAJAGOPALAN HMT Limited, Bangalore SHRIK B RAMAKRISHNA SHRIS L NAHAR(Alternate 1) SHRIN K SRJNIVAS (Alternate II) SHRIM D GAUTAM(Alternate III) Heavy Machine Building Plant, Ranchi SHRIN K SINHA SHRIS M Q ALAM(Alternate I) SHRIDINESHMOHAN(Alternate H) SHRID KRISHNARAO SHRIC GOVINDASAMY (Akernate) SHRIN S CHAUDHARY SHRIJ S SEHMI(Alternate) SHRIT S VENKATESHA MURTHY Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore Instrumen~~tion Limited, Kota Ministry of Defence, CQAE, Pune SHRIA V KETKAR SHRIR A KULKARNI (Alternate) Ministry of Defence, R & D E (Engrs), Pune SHRIM D SAIW SHRIBALBIRSINGH(Alternate) Motor Industries Co Limited, Bangalore SHRIN SRINIVASA MURTHY SHRIS SAMPATH KUMAR(Alternate) SHRIS U NARASIMHA MURTHY SHRIGOPINATH (Alternate) NGEF Limited, Bangalore Oil and Natuml Gas Commission, Dehradun SHRIANJANIKUMAR SHRIR N GUPTA(Alternate) Projects and Development India Limited, Dhanbad SHRIR PRASADSINHA SHRIB K JHA(Alternate) JOINTDIRECTOR WAGON-5 ASSISTANT DESIGNENGIEER.WAGON-4(Alternate) Research Design and Stmdards Organization, Lucknow Ta~dEngineering& Locomotive Co Limited, Jamshedpur SHRIKANHAIYA SINGH SHRIS UMAPATHY (Alternate) The Institution of Engineers (I), Kolkata SHRIW L DHAM University Grdnts Commission, New Delhi BIS Directorate Generdl SHRIRAJENDRA PRAKASH SHRIP D PARASHAR, Director (SG) (BPD) [Representing Director General (Ex-oficio)] Member Secretary SHRIS D DAYANAND Deputy Director (BPD), BIS (iii) Panel for Revision of SP 46 Orga/lizalion In personal capacity [General Manager (Retd.), B.H.E.L, Tirachirapalli] Representatives DR R VASUDEV,AN (Convener) Centrttl Manuf~ctunng Technology Institute, Bangalore Fluid Power Society of India, Bangalorc Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bang~lore HMT Limited, Bangalore Motor Industries Co Limited, Bangalore NGEF Limited, Bangalore SHRIS HANUMANTHA RAO SHRIT S VENKATESHA MURTHY SHRID KRISHNARAO SHRIK B RAMAKRISHNA SHRIN SRINIVASA MURTHY SHRIS U NARASIMHA MURTHY (iv) FOREWORD In all the three types of exchange like exchange of goods, exchange of services and exchange of information, technical drawings form an essential component Exchange of goods of technical nature in national and international trade nearly always need to be accompanied by service diagrams, or other technical drawings illustrating the components, their assembly and their use Exchange of services may involve, for example, consultancy work or the design of an assembly in one unit for construction in another In such cases, the technical drawing is an important way of communicating instructions or advice In exchange of information, especially where different languages are involved, the technical drawings can clarify ambiguities or help to resolve problems in communicating by spoken or written word across languages barriers To achieve these objectives, IS 696 ‘Code of practice for general engineering drawings’ was originally issued in 1955 and revised twice in 1960 and 1972 Since the publication of the said standard, considerable progress has been achieved in the field of standardization of engineering drawing by mutual agreement between various countries and has taken the shape of firm standard The growing international cooperation, introduction of Ioreign technology or export of technology has necessitated to develop internationally unified method and symbols for indicating in engineering drawing To meet the above necessity, the contents of IS 696:1972 ‘Code of practice for general engineering drawings (second revision)’ have been harmonized with the relevant subject matter of 1S0 technical drawings and published a series of standards on technical drawing IS 696 was so long being used by the students of technical institutions as a guide in engineering drawing The technical committee responsible felt the need to bring out a special publication containing relevant information in the field of drawing standard in one document to meet the requirements of the students Accordingly, a special publicrrtion SP 46:1988 ‘Engineering drawing pmctice for schools and colleges’ was brought out in the year 1988 This publication also includes geometrical (olerancing, guide for selection of fits in addition to the general principles and convention of engineering drawing to make the publication more informative Since then, lot c)f changes have taken place in the International and Indian Standards This revised edition incorporates all the changes applicable to Engineering drawings till the beginning of the year 2001 This publication is not intended to be a replacement for the complete standards on technical drawings and any parts omitted from this publication should not be considered as less important to the engineering profession than those included It is expected that educational drawing classes institutions will have complete set of Indian Standards Where there are no corresponding Indian Standards for the International Standards Publication, reference to the relevant International Standards maybe made (v) accessible in technical referred on this Special NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS PUBLICATION Except for the drawings shown in Annex A, the figures used in the document are not intended to be examples of fully dimensioned working drawings They are drawn to show the point explained in the text Examples of both FIRST ANGLE and THIRD ANGLE methods of projections are given (see Projections) As a basic requirement use of FIRST ANGLE METHOD only is to be followed for drawings prepared after 31 December 1991 Values of dimensions and tolerances are typical examples only In view of extensive use of CADD and to unify the practices followed by various engineering disciplines, namely, civil, mechanical, electrical, electronics, etc, the contents of latest versions of International Standards have been incorporated in this version (vi) Page Foreword v Notes on the Use of this Publication vi Section Sizes and Layout of Drawing Sheets Section Item References Section Planning of Assembly Drawings Section Folding of Drawing Prints Section Scales 12 Section Lines 13 Section Letlering 52 Section 8A Projection Methods — Synopsis 57 Section 8B Projection Methods — Orthographic Representations 59 Section 8C Projection Methods — Axonometric Representations 65 Section 8D Projection Section Technical Drawings — Simplified Representation of Pipelines — General Rules, Orthogonal Representation and Isometric Projection 86 Section 10 Sections and Other Conventions 98 on Drawings and Item Lists 70 Methods — Central Projection Section 1A Conventional Representation General Conventions of Screw Threads and Threaded Parts — 07 Section 1B Conventional Representation Simplified Representation of Screw Tfn-cads and Threaded Parts — 11 Section lC Conventional Representation of Springs — Simplified Representation 13 Section 1lD Conventional Representation of Gears on Technical Drawings 118 122 Section 12 General Principles of Dimensioning on Technical Drawings Section 13 Indication of Linear and Angular Tolerances Section 14 Dimensioning Section 15 Indication Section 16 Simplified Representation of the Assembly of Parts with Fasteners 149 Section 17 Simplified Representation of Bars and Profile Sections 152 Section 18 Welded, Brazed and Soldered Joints -— Symbolic Representation Section 19 Examples of Indication and Interpretation and Characteristics Section 20 Abbreviations 181 Annex A Typical Examples 183 Annex B Systems of Limits and Fits 185 Annex C Guide for Selection of Fits 189 Annex D General Tolerances 195 Annex E List of Referred and Other Relevant Indian Standards and International Alphabetical Index 134 on Technical Drawings 137 of Cones 139 of Surface Texture in Technical Product Documentation of Geometrical on Drawings Tolerancing Symbols for Linear and Angular Dimensions Standards 156 179 197 201 (vii) SECTION SIZES AND LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEETS [Based on IS 10711: 1983/1S0 5457:1980 andIS11665: 1.1 Scope 1985/1S0 7200: 1984] 1.2.2 The forms are similar to one another and hence the equation x: y = 1: ~ is obtained for the two sides x and y of a format (see Fig 1.2), consequently the ratio between both sides is the same as that of the sides of a square to its diagonal (see Fig 1.3) This section specifies sizes of blank and pre-printed drawing sheets for use with all technical drawings in any field of engineering 1.2 Basic Principles The basic principles involved in arriving at the sizes are: a)x:y=l:ti b) xy=l where x and y are the sides and having a surface area of lm2so that x = 0.t341mandy =l.189m 1.2.1 Two series of successive format sizes are obtained by halving along the length or doubling along the width The areas of the two sizes are in the ratio 1: 2(see Fig 1.1) FIG 1.2 SIMILARITYOF FORMATS FIG 1.3 RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN Two SIDES 1.3 Designation of Sizes 1.3.1 Sizes Series lSO-A (First Choice) The preferred sizes of the trimmed sheets as selected from the main ISO-A Series are given in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Sizes Series ISO-A (Clauses 1.3.1 and 1.4) Designation AO Al A2 A3 A4 FIG 1.1 Dimensions, mm 841 594 420 297 210 X X X X X 1189 841 594 420 297 SP 46:2003 1.3.2 Special Elongated Sizes (Second Choice) of the title block containing the identification of the drawing (registration number, title, origin, etc) is situated in the bottom right-hand comer of the drawing space, both for sheets positioned horizontally (Type X) (see Fig 1.4) or vertically (Type Y ) (see Fig 1.5) The direction of the viewing of the title block should correspond, in general, with that of the drawing When a sheet of greater length is needed, one of the sizes in Table 1.2 should be used These sizes are obtained by extending the shorter sides of a format of the LSO-A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter sides of the chosen basic format Table 1.2 Special Elongated Sizes (Clauses 1.3.2 and 1.4) Designation Dimensions, mm A3x3 A3x4 A4x3 A4x4 A4x5 1.3.3 Exceptional 420 420 297 297 297 X 891 X 189 X 630 X 841 X 1051 FIG 1.4 SHEET TYPE X—HORIZONTAL a Elongated Sizes (Third Choice) When a very large or extra elongated sheet is essential, one of the size in Table 1.3 should be used These sizes are obtained by extending the shorter sides of a format of the ISO-A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter sides of the chosen basic format Table 1.3 Exceptional Elongated Sizes (Clauses 1.3.3 and 1.4) Designation Dimensions, mm AOX2’) 1189 X 1682 AOX3 A1x3 AIx4 A2x3 A2x4 A2x5 1189 841 841 594 594 594 X FIG 1.5 SHEET TYPE Y—VERTICAL 1.5.1.2 Title block should preferably consist of one or more adjoining rectangles These may be sub-divided into boxes for the insertion of specific information (see Fig 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9) 5232) X 1783 X 3782) X X 1261 1.6 Borders 1682 and Frames Borders enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame limiting the drawing space shall be provided with all ,sizes It is recommended that these borders have the minimum width of 20 mm for sizes AO and Al, and a minimum width of 10 mm for size A2, A3 and A4 (see Fig 1.6) x 2102 A3x5 420 X 1486 A3x6 420 X 1783 420 X 2080 A3x7 A4x6 297 X I 261 A4x7 297 X 1471 A4x8 297 X 1682 297 X 1892 A4x9 I)~hl~ siZeis equal to A Oof the ISO-Aseries 1.7 Centring Marks Four centring marks shall be provided on all drawings in order to facilitate the positioning of the drawing when reproduced or microfilmed z)~o~p~~ctic~l~ea~on5,the Useof thesesizesk not ~dvisable 1.4 Selection of Sizes 1.8 Orientation The original drawing should be made on the smallest sheet permitting the necessary clarity and resolution The choice of sizes of the original drawing and its reproduction shall be made from the series shown in Tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in that order Drawing sheets may be used with their longer sides positioned either horizontally (see Fig 1.4) or vertically (see Fig 1.5) The general features of a drawing sheet is as shown in Fig 1.6 Marks Two orientation marks may be provided to indicate the orientation of the drawing sheet on the drawing board These marks consist of arrows (see Fig 1.10) and should be placed across the frame, one at a shorter side and one at a longer side, coinciding with the centring marks on those sides, so that one of the orientation marks always points to the Wughtsroan 1.9 Metric 1.5 Title Biock Reference Graduation It is recommended to provide on all drawings a figureless metric reference graduation with a minimum length of 100 remand divided into 10 mm intervals (see Fig 1.11 ) 1.5.1 Position 1.5.1,1 The position of the title block should be within (he drawing space (see Fig 1.6) such that the portion — — 1! 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+T5 -m ~——— -21 –62o -!91 P61n ——— +? _- — +! - e7 s41* +;4 :: +6 -6 -too -128 -103 -1: + -! — -s60 -’71’56 -110 I 646 —— +1: -23 -320 _ -83 -ss -2m 01 — ~[ -230 -43 -63 448 — -120 — -14 -22 441 J*7 -2s0 -m -240 -163 -2m -420 — -24 K7 -400 -170 -143 -320 -170 -2s0 –34 N7 -4 — -MO –57 —1— -s -fs - 1- — o — 450 500 -2s0 — –52 -32 -la -28 -430,-46,-4, -51 -17 -32 -160 -!10 -ss — — +14: -4 +22 +4 +86 +20 -130 -10! -s30 -am — P1 —-6 E -It] I +28 +98 +108 -74 — –2! -33 -236 0( — +166 +126 — -a -22 ‘R; -120 -11 -23 -1s -27 —— -Al -s02 -220 -40 -160 ‘ R7 -10 -30 — o -10 –1! +S I !32 _ 400 454 +s4 -9s +Z +23 — +126 +94 _ 35$ 400 -42 -!20 -MO -30 -170 -s -no -646 -23 — -140 -11s S1 -14 -Z4 -74 -142 - — -7 ●il — -270 -2s0 - -% -w — —— +4s +%+11 r 11– ,— +03 +64 +159 +138 —— 315 355 -2 — - Over u“ to -f -16 — +125 +100 +108 250 280 +21 +20 — Ov?r up to — Ow , up to — o o — +2s +22 +76 +64 101 +72 +ftl +s2 12Q $40 Over Up 10 over UP 10 —— —la -16 -f40 -200 btl d —— -60 -120 — :: ~-17 ~ -34 -110 -25 -47 -1$ —n -6 -42 x +30 — 140 160 over up to — +f6 — 4.72 _ Over Upto — -4 o — +68 +22 Over Up to [ — -lo -22 -4 -m —— -s -14 —— — —— +42 —_ Over up to — — -1 -11 -3’s +W so Upto — Over up 10 — -: -20 -43 I Ovw Over up to , _— +m - d, :— -6 o — - l-.—i HI +t6 -: + 5s 47v4r Up W up io L +45 -+s :~o fl 1.2 — -14 -2 -22 -8 -16 -20 -22 -A — “-— — — Ll + IT +fs’ +3 -12’ -1r 11 10 as — Ml -4 —-: -: — C-z ITOLE*A24CZ ZONES AN= 2,12327w - D2MS4S10NS lW M j S1> 46:2003 TABLE c- RECOh2WNDS0 F2TS (CLEARANCE AND IN7’~RENCE FITS ~321uENS10Nfi IN pm — — R7 h6 S7 h6 H7 80 H7 p6 over l up to Over up 10 over -4 -26 -8 –24 -;; -;; — to up to fo 34 over up to 14 13 -–- –16 - 16.3.2 machining, 19,1 Table front, 8B.3.7.1 interrupted, 10.3.6 local, 8B.3.1O principal, 8A.2.4 special, 8B.3.8 symmetrical parts, 10.3.5 screw threads, 1lA.2.2.1 true, 8A.2.2 15.3.2 Fig, 8B.4 & 8B,7 rIvc[s, Tables 16,1 & 16.3 radius, 12.3.4.4 spherical diameter, 12.3.4.4 spherical radius, 12.3.4.4 square 12.3.4.4 taper, 14.3 weld, Section 18 (sc>eC(lSOweld symbols) p![,jecllon iyskm, w Weld, Section 18 complementary indications, 18.6 dimensioning, 18.5 positions, 18.4 arrow line, 18.4.3 reference line, 18.4.4 T Table 17.2 l-section, Taper, 14.2 T;tpcr standard, 14.4.3 Teeth of gear, llD.2.4 Terminations, 12.3.3 arruw heads, 12.3.3.4, 12.3.3.5 leader lines, 12.3.2 sizes of, 12.3.3,2 Thin sections, 10.2.3 Third angle projection, 8B.3.2 symbol, Fig 8B,7 Ti[le block, 1.5 position, 1.5.1 Tolerance recnmmcndation for se]e~tion, c.5 symbols, 13.3.l(b) Tolerance for angular deviation, Annex D linear deviation, Annex D Tolerance on angular deviations, 13.6 Tolem!lcc 0!’parts, B-3 Torsion spring, lC.5 Told run-out, T~ble 19,1 Transition fit, Fig B-3, C-3.1.2 Transparent ‘1’r]an:ular object, 10,3.II snlid scc[ion, Table symbol with regard to reference line, 18.4.5 symbols, 18.3 combinations, 18.3.2 elementary, 18.3.1 supplementary, 18.3.3 Weld symbols, 18.3, Table 18.1 backing run; back or backing weld (USA), Table 18.1 butt weld, Table 18.1 combination of, 18.3.2, Table 18.2 concave fillet weld, Table 18.4 convex double — V butt weld, Table 18.4 edge weld, Table 18.1 elementary, 18.3.1, Table 18.1 fillet weld, Table 18,1 flat (flux) single V butt weld, Table 18.4 flat (flux) single V butt weld with flat (flush) backing run, Table 18.4 fold joint, Table 18.1 inclined joint, Table 18,1 method of representation, Fig 18.1 plug weld, plug or slot weld (USA), Table 18.1 position, 18.4 relation between the arrow line and the joint, 18.4.2 seam weld, Table 18.1 single bevel butt weld, Table 18.1 single bevel butt weld with broad root face, Table 18,1 single J-blutt weld, Table 18.1 single U-butt weld (parallel or sloping sides), Table 18, I single V-butt weld, Table 18.1 single V-butt weld with broad root face, Table 18,1 steep-flanked single V-butt weld, Table 18.1 steep-flanked single-bevel butt weld, Table 18.1 spoL weld, Table 18,1 square butt weld, Table 18,1 supplementary, 18.3.3, Table 18.4 surface joint, Table 18.1 surfacing, Table 18.1 17.1 ‘1’mc inlcrscclions, 10.3.2.1 Types of drawings w,embly, 3.2 individual, 3.3 Types of lines,6.3, Table6.1 u Units, 12.2.2.4,13.2 Usc of colour, 10.3.1O v ofde\ia[ions, 13.3.1.1 V’dues by digits, 13.5.2 Vertical views and sections, 12.6.2.3 Values z VICW5 Z-section, Table 17.2 Zeroline, B-6, Fig B-1, B-2 and B-5 8B.3.7 exploded, 8A.2.3 choice of, 205 ... all the three types of exchange like exchange of goods, exchange of services and exchange of information, technical drawings form an essential component Exchange of goods of technical nature... 2.1 3.3 A method, applicable to general engineering drawings and also structural drawings is to include on each individual drawing sheet of a series of drawings, a small key plan or elevation... for general engineering drawings (second revision)’ have been harmonized with the relevant subject matter of 1S0 technical drawings and published a series of standards on technical drawing IS