THUẬT NGỮ bất ĐỘNG sản

Tài liệu tổng hợp tất tần tật các thuật ngữ thông dụng trong lĩnh vực bất động sản được dịch trực tiếp từng từ từ Anh sang Việt. Đồng thời, từng thuật ngữ được giải thích một cách rõ ràng, xúc tích bằng ngôn ngữ tiếng Việt giúp bạn có thể hiểu chúng một cách rõ ràng. Tài liệu vô cùng hữu dụng cho những ai đang chập chững bước vào nghề bất động sản, hoặc đang gặp khó khăn trong việc dùng và hiểu các thuật ngữ bất động sản chuyên ngành tại các công ty việt Nam hoặc nước ngoài. Và giúp các bạn, anhchị có hiểu sâu và dùng chính xác thuật ngữ BĐS tiếng anh cũng như tiếng việt trong quá trình biên dịch tài liệu liên quan đến BĐS.

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THUẬT NGỮ BẤT ĐỘNG SẢN

Adjustment date: ngày điều chỉnh

Ngày mà mức lãi suất của một khế ước thế chấp lãi suất linh động được sẽ thay đổi

Amortization schedule: lịch trả dứt, tiêu hủy nợ

Một biểu (bảng kê) cho thấy mỗi lần trả nợ bao nhiêu sẽ đi vào gốc và bao nhiêu

sẽ đi vào lãi trong suốt thời gian vay Biểu này cũng chỉ ra sự giảm dần của số

dư nợ cho đến khi số dư bằng không

Amortization: thời gian trả dứt nợ, tiêu hủy nợ

Khoản tiền trả nợ có một phần là để trả số lãi tích lũy (tăng dần) trên một món

nợ, phần còn lại để trả vào khoản gốc nợ (principal) Theo thời gian, phần để trả lãi sẽ giảm đi khi số dư nợ (loan balance) giảm đi, và phần để trả gốc tăng lên giúp cho món nợ được trả dứt (paid off hay amortized) trong một thời gian nhất định

Annual percentage rate – APR: tỷ lệ phần trăm hàng năm

Đây không phải là lãi suất trên khoản vay (note rate) của quí vị Nó là một trị số được lập theo một công thức của chính phủ nhằm phản ánh trị giá thật của việc vay nợ, trình dày dưới dạng một tỷ lệ Cách tính toán như thế này, nhưng không hoàn toàn là chính xác, cho nên chỉ xem đây là một hướng dẫn: trừ các chi phí

để kết thúc việc mua nhà (closing costs) ra khỏi khoản tiền vay rồi dùng số tiền chính xác phải trả nợ mà tính xem sẽ ra lãi suất nào trên khoản tiền này thay vì trên số nợ thực sự Kết quả sẽ được một con số gần bằng số APR Vì quí vị dùng cùng một khoản trả cho một món tiền nhỏ hơn, số APR sẽ luôn luôn cao hơn con

số của lãi suất trên món tiền vay của quí vị

Ý kiến về giá trị đúng theo thị trường của một bất động sản, căn cứ trên kiến thức, kinh nghiệm của người định giá và sự phân tích bất động sản đó Vì sự định giá được căn cứ chính vào những cuộc mua bán tương đương và lần mua bán sau cùng chính là bất động sản đang được xem xét, giá trị được định thường là giá mua bất động sản đó

Appraiser: định giá viên

Một người đủ năng lực qua học thức, huấn luyện và kinh nghiệm để ứơc tính giá trị của một bất động sản và tài sản cá nhân Có một số định giá viên làm việc cho các nơi cho vay thế chấp, nhưng phần lớn các định giá viên làm việc độc lập

Appreciation: sự tăng giá

Sự gia tăng giá trị của một bất động sản do sự thay đổi của các điều kiện của thị trường, lạm phát hay những nguyên nhân khác

Assessed value: giá trị để chịu thuế

Giá trị được một nhân viên giám định thuế ấn định cho một bất động sản để dựa vào đó mà đánh thuế

Assessment: giám định thuế

Việc xác định giá trị của một tài sản để dựa vào đó mà đánh thuế

Assessor: giám định viên thuế

Một viên chức chính quyền có nhiệm vụ định giá một tài sản để đánh thuế

Asset: tích sản/tài sản

Những thứ có giá trị mà một cá nhân sở hữu Những tài sản có thể nhanh chóng chuyển thành tiền mặt được gọi là “tài sản lưu hoạt” (liquid asset) Những thứ này gồm có tài khoản ngân hàng, cổ phiếu, trái phiếu, quỹ hỗ tương, v v… các loại tài sản khác gồm bất động sản, tài sản cá nhân và các món người khác nợ người đó

Assignment: chuyển nhượng

Khi chủ quyền của thế chấp được chuyển từ một công ty hay một cá nhân sang cho một công ty hay cá nhân khác thì việc này được gọi là chuyển nhượng

Assumable mortgage: thế chấp nhận gánh được

một loại thế chấp có thể được người mua gánh nhận khi căn nhà được bán đi Thường thì người mượn phải “hội đủ điều kiện” (qualify) để gánh nhận thế chấp này

Assumption: gánh nhận

Chữ dùng khi người mua gánh nhận thế chấp của người bán

A mortgage with level monthly payments over a stated term, but which requires

a lump sum payment in full due at the end of an earlier specified term

Balloon payment

The final lump sum payment that is made at the maturity date of a balloon

mortgage, which is larger than preceding regular payments

Bankruptcy

A legal proceeding in a federal court in which a debtor who owes more than the total of his or her assets can surrender those assets to the Bankruptcy Court, thereby being relieved of the future obligation to repay his or her unsecured debts; a Trustee in

Bargain and sale deed

A deed that carries with it no warranties against liens or other encumbrances, but which implies that the grantor has the right to convey title

A financial offer to purchase a property

Binder

A preliminary agreement for the purchase of real estate, secured by the payment

of an earnest money deposit which evidences the purchaser's good faith and intent to complete the purchase

Blanket loan

A mortgage covering more than one parcel of real estate, which provides for each individual parcel's partial release from the mortgage upon repayment of a portion of the debt

Broker

An intermediary who assists in negotiating contracts between two or more

parties, for a fee; in real estate, a broker is licensed to assist in the purchase, selling, rental or managing of real estate; the broker's services will vary,

depending on whether

Building code

An ordinance that specifies minimal standards for construction, alteration, or demolition of a building, set for the sake of safety

Building Restriction Line (or "Set-back")

The minimal distance from the road where a building may be positioned, which appears in the original plat of subdivision, restrictive covenants, or in zoning ordinances and building codes

Bureau of Land Management

The branch of government responsible for the surveying and management of public lands

Buy-back agreement

A written agreement which specifies the conditions under which the seller is allowed to repurchase the property, usually restricted to a certain period of time and to a price stated in the agreement

Buydown

When the lender or home builder lowers the interest rate on initial payments on

a loan, often for the first few years, allowing a borrower whose income is

expected to increase in subsequent years to qualify for a loan they otherwise are currently not qual

C

Call option

A provision of a mortgage that allows the mortgagee, or lender, to require the mortgage

to be due and payable for any reason at the end of a specified period of time

A mathematical formula that estimates the value of a property, utilizing the rate of return

on the investment and the annual net operating income expected

Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions; or the rights and obligations of individual owners

of real property within a subdivision (or other tract of land where there is more than one owner of property) in relation to other owners, or to the organized assoc

Certificate of deposit

A document provided by a bank or financial institution that is proof of a deposit of funds with that bank or institution, also promising to return the deposit plus earnings at a specified interest rate within a specified time period

Certificate of Reasonable Value (CRV)

A document issued by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) establishing the maximum loan amount for a VA mortgage

Chain

A unit for measuring land equaling 66 feet in length

Chain of Title

The series of all historical title documents showing the succession of owners of a

property, as evidenced in the land records, whereby it is proven that the present owner

of that property in fact holds the title

Closing costs

Expenses over and above the price of the property that are incurred by the buyers and sellers in transferring ownership of property, usually including property insurance, taxes, attorney's fees, an origination fee, an amount placed in escrow, title insura

Closing statement

A summary financial accounting of a real estate transaction disclosing all cash incoming, outgoing, and any charges or credits made

Clouded Title, or Cloud on Title

Any conditions revealed by a title search, usually during the sale of the property, that make the title to a piece of real estate controversial; can only be removed by a quitclaim deed, release, or court action

Coinsurance

A sharing of insurance risk between the insurer and the insured, and it depends on the amount of the policy and the actual value of the property insured at the time of the loss

A formal document issued by the lender, stating the terms under which the lender agrees

to lend money to a homebuyer

Common area assessments

Fees levied against individual unit owners in a condominium or planned unit development project to generate additional capital to defray homeowners' association expenses, and to pay for repairs, maintenance and improvements to the common areas of the proj

Common Interest Community (CIC)

An arrangement among property owners whereby they have mutual ownership of

common areas of a property (e.g., condominiums, townhouses and planned unit

developments) often through membership in an association

Common law

An unwritten body of law or ethical agreements, originating from general customs in England

Community Land Trust Mortgage Option

A financing option that enables lower or moderate-income buyers to purchase housing that has been improved by a nonprofit Community Land Trust, as well as to lease the land on which the property stands

Community property

In some US states, a recognized right of ownership, that any property acquired during a marriage as being jointly owned by both spouses, except that acquired as specifically personal for either individual

Comparables, or Comparable Properties

Properties that are similar in size, style, location and amenities to the property under consideration in an appraisal, which are used in the appraisal process to help determine the approximate fair market value of the subject property

Comparative market analysis (CMA)

A comparison of the sale prices of similar properties (e.g., size, style, location, amenities)

in a given area, for the purpose of determining the fair market value of a property

Condominium

A system of individual ownership of units within a multi-unit structure, as well as joint ownership of certain common areas; each individual may sell or encumber his own unit within the structure

An oral or written, often legally-binding, agreement between two parties

Contract for Deed, or Land Contract

A method of financing whereby the ownership of a piece of property or real estate

remains in the seller's name as security until the buyer pays the purchase price in full

Conventional loan, or Conventional mortgage

A real estate loan or mortgage that is not insured or guaranteed by a government

agency, such as the VA or FHA

Convertibility clause

A provision offered in some adjustable-rate mortgages giving the borrower the option to change the ARM to a fixed-rate mortgage at a specified point in time after the loan originated

given the right to occupy a specific unit pursuant to a lease

Cost approach

A method used by appraisers to estimate the value of a property, in which the appraiser's estimate of the replacement cost of the building is added to the estimated land value, minus the depreciation

Cost of funds index (COFI)

An index used to determine changes in the interest rate for certain adjustable-rate

mortgage plans, determined by the weighted-average cost of savings, borrowings, and advances of the 11th District members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco

Credit history, or Credit report

A record, prepared by an independent source, of an individual's debts and status of their payment, useful to a lender in qualifying a potential borrower for a loan

Credit life insurance

A type of insurance that can be purchased by mortgagors that will guarantee payment of the mortgage if the mortgagor dies while holding the policy

Deed-in-lieu, or Deed-in-lieu of foreclosure

A deed given by a mortgagor to the mortgagee when the mortgage is in default, to avoid foreclosure

Default

The failure to meet the legal obligations in a contract; in real estate, failure to pay mortgage payments as scheduled or to comply with other stipulations of the mortgage

Deferred interest

Interest on a mortgage which is delayed because the monthly payment of the mortgage

is not large enough to cover the entire principal and interest due, and therefore is added

to the loan balance See "negative amortization"

Deficiency judgment

A claim made by the holder of a note against the maker, in the event that a foreclosure sale does not bring in enough proceeds to fully cover the note and the costs of sale, for the difference

Delivery

The final, unconditional and absolute transfer of a Deed from seller to buyer, such that the seller cannot revoke the transfer of ownership; the Deed itself does not pass title until the seller delivers it to the buyer

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)

A federal agency that insures residential mortgages made to eligible military veterans, which thereby encourages loans being made to veterans

Due-on-sale clause

A provision in a mortgage allowing the lender to demand payment of the entire balance

of the note if the mortgagor sells or otherwise transfers the property

E

Earnest money

A deposit made of a portion of the purchase price by the buyer to demonstrate his or her serious intent to purchase the property, usually accompanied by an agreement outlining the terms and conditions of the sale

Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)

A federal law that requires lenders and other creditors to make credit equally available without discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, age, sex, marital status, or receipt of income from public assistance programs

Escrow account

An account established by an escrow agent to hold funds for the agent's principal until the consummation of the transaction

Escrow instructions

A document that outlines the duties of the escrow agent and the obligations of the parties involved in an escrow transaction

Escrow payment; also "impounds" or "reserves" in some states

The portion of a mortgagor's monthly payment that is retained by the escrow agent to cover the costs of taxes, hazard or mortgage insurance, lease payments, and other costs incurred in the course of the transaction

Estate

An individual's possessions and property, relevant particularly at the time of death

Eviction

The legally directed removal of an occupant from real property

Exclusive listing, or Exclusive agency listing, or Exclusive right-to-sell listing

A written contract giving a licensed real estate broker the exclusive right to sell a

property for a designated period of time, on terms stated by the owner, for a fee, while also reserving the owner's right to sell the property himself, without paying an

F

Fair Credit Reporting Act

A federal law that regulates the disclosure of consumer credit reports by consumer/credit reporting agencies, and establishes procedures for rectifying errors on individuals' credit records

Fair Housing Act

A federal law which prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status and national origin

Fair market value

The highest price that a buyer, who is willing but not required to buy, would pay for a piece of property or home, and the lowest price that a seller, who is willing but not required to sell, would accept

Fannie Mae

The Federal National Mortgage Association (also FNMA), a private corporation which is federally chartered to provide financial products and services that increase the availability and affordability of housing, by purchasing mortgages from banks and other

Farmer's Home Administration (FmHA)

A federal agency that provides credit assistance to farmers and other individuals residing

in rural areas of the U.S

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

An independent federal agency that insures the deposits in commercial banks

Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC)

A corporation established to purchase primarily conventional mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

An agency of the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), whose function is the insuring of residential mortgage loans made by private lenders; while setting standards for construction and underwriting, the FHA itself does not lend money,

o

Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)

A governmental agency established to purchase any kind of mortgage loans in the

secondary mortgage market from the primary lenders

A loan insured by the Federal Housing Administration, and made by an approved lender

in accordance with the FHA's regulations

Fully amortized ARM

An adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) with a monthly payment that is sufficient to pay off the remaining balance at the interest accrual rate over the amortization term

Fully indexed note rate

Te index value at the time of application for an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) plus the gross margin stated in the note

G

General warranty deed

A deed in which the grantor warrants title against all claims, offering the greatest

guarantee of protection of any type of deed, and which is used in most real estate deed transfers of title

Ginnie Mae

The Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), a United States corporation that guarantees privately issued securities backed by pools of mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration, the Farmers Home Administration, or the Veterans Admin

Graduated-payment mortgage (GPM)

A flexible-payment mortgage with monthly principal and interest payments that increase

by a certain percentage each year for a certain number of years, and then level off for the remainder of the term

The most common of residential leases, whereby the landlord pays for all property

expenses incurred through ownership, such as taxes, insurance, repairs, etc

Growing-equity mortgage (GEM)

A fixed-rate loan for which the monthly payments increase over a designated period of time, with the increased amount of the monthly payment being applied directly to the principal balance, thereby shortening the term of the loan

Guarantee mortgage, or Insured mortgage

A mortgage that is guaranteed against default by a third party (such as the FHA), and for which the borrower must pay an insurance premium

Guardian

An individual designated by the Court to protect and preserve the property of someone who is not able to manage his or her own affairs

Home equity line of credit, or Home equity loan

A mortgage loan (usually not the primary mortgage) or line of credit which gives the property owner the option to obtain cash advances from the loan proceeds, using his or her residence as collateral, but which is not to exceed a pre-arranged amount of th

Homeowners' association

A nonprofit association of individual owners of units in a multi-unit structure (either a planned unit development, or a condominium) that manages the common areas of that structure In a planned unit development (PUD) project, the association holds title

Housing ratio, or Debt-to-income ratio

The percentage that results from dividing a borrower's housing expenses by his/her gross monthly income, used by the lender to evaluate an applicant's qualification for a loan

HUD-1 statement

The document used in closing a real estate transaction (also known as a "closing

statement" or a "settlement sheet") which itemizes the funds that are payable at closing, including broker commissions, loan costs, and escrow amounts, and which provides a s

adjustable-Ingress

The right to enter on or over a piece of property

Installment contract, or Contract for deed

A contract for the sale of real estate whereby the buyer is in possession of the property while paying off the purchase price in periodic installments, despite the title being

retained by the seller until the future date of final payment

Insurable Title

A property title which an insurance company is willing to insure against possible claim

Insured closing letter

An indemnity provided by a title insurance company to a lender, whereby the title

insurance company assumes responsibility in the case that the closing agent does not fulfill the terms of the loan, or misappropriates the loan proceeds

Insured mortgage

A mortgage that is protected by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or by private mortgage insurance (MI) so that if the borrower defaults on the loan, the insurer

compensates the lender the lesser of the loss incurred or the actual insured amount

Interest rate buydown plan

An arrangement made for the initial years of a mortgage whereby the seller (or any other party) deposits money into an account that is then released toward the monthly

payments on the mortgage, thereby bringing the mortgagor's interest rate down below

the

Interest rate ceiling

The maximum interest rate for an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), as specified in the mortgage note

Interest rate floor

The minimum interest rate for an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), as specified in the mortgage note