Communication networks for smart grids

Computer Communications and Networks Kenneth C Budka Jayant G Deshpande Marina Thottan Communication Networks for Smart Grids Making Smart Grid Real Computer Communications and Networks For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4198 The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks, monographs and handbooks It sets out to provide students, researchers and non-specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with comprehensible access to the latest developments in computer communications and networking Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial approach, so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and intelligible manner Kenneth C Budka • Jayant G Deshpande Marina Thottan Communication Networks for Smart Grids Making Smart Grid Real 123 Kenneth C Budka Alcatel-Lucent Murray Hill, NJ USA Jayant G Deshpande Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Murray Hill, NJ USA Marina Thottan Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Murray Hill, NJ USA Series Editor A.J Sammes Centre for Forensic Computing Cranfield University Shrivenham Campus Swindon, UK ISSN 1617-7975 Computer Communications and Networks ISBN 978-1-4471-6301-5 ISBN 978-1-4471-6302-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6302-2 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931422 © Springer-Verlag London 2014 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for 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omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface In its Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology declares that a twenty-first-century clean energy economy demands a twenty-first-century electric grid.1 The start of the twenty-first century marked the acceleration of the Smart Grid evolution The goals of this evolution are broad, including the promotion of widespread and distributed deployment of renewable energy sources, increased energy efficiency, peak power reduction, automated demand response, improved reliability, lower energy delivery costs, and consumer participation in energy management This evolution will touch each and every aspect of the electric power grid, a system that has changed little since its inception at the end of the nineteenth century Realizing the goals of the Smart Grid evolution will require modernization of grid components, introduction of new control and monitoring technologies, and ongoing research and development of new technologies The “intelligence” of the Smart Grid relies upon the real-time exchange of measurement and control data among a vast web of devices installed in homes and businesses, within the distribution and transmission grids, and at substations, control centers, generation stations, and other facilities Thus, a high-performance, reliable, secure, and scalable communication network is an integral part of the Smart Grid evolution However, the communication networks of many utilities today are ill-equipped to meet the challenges created by the Smart Grid evolution These communication networks are largely purpose-built for the support of individual applications: separate networks for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), for video surveillance, for Land Mobile Radio backhaul, and so on These networks rely heavily on circuit-based transport technologies The ever-expanding growth of network endpoints and applications as Smart Grid expands makes these current National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 2.0, NIST Publication 1108R2, U S Department of Commerce, February 2012 v vi Preface practices untenable A new, integrated network architecture is required, one that will carry traffic from all applications while meeting their disparate reliability, security, and performance requirements This book is a contribution to this growing body of knowledge It is based both on our research into Smart Grid communications and on the consulting services we have provided electric power companies on transforming their existing communication networks to meet the challenges of Smart Grid evolution This book will be of interest to those engaged in the planning, deployment, engineering, operation, and regulation of Smart Grids, including strategists, planners, utility practitioners, communication network technology providers, communication network service providers, Smart Grid product vendors, regulators, and academics This book will also be a resource for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses covering Smart Grids We have taken an application-centric approach to the development of the Smart Grid communication architecture and network transformation based on that architecture Therefore, a significant part of this book is devoted to describing the evolving Smart Grid applications such as Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), distribution automation (DA), and traditional utility applications like SCADA We begin in Chap with characterizing the Smart Grid in the broadest sense The electric power grid consists of power plants of bulk electric energy generation connected to a system of high-voltage transmission lines to deliver power to consumers through electric distribution systems Communication networks have been used for grid monitoring in the latter part of the twentieth century but were limited to the substation-based SCADA and teleprotection systems The need for clean energy with large-scale deployment of renewable sources of energy, advantages of peak power reduction for environmental and economic reasons, grid modernization, and consumer participation in energy management are some of the motivations for the evolution of Smart Grid While Smart Grid is a natural evolution of the electric power grid, the evolution has taken a sense of urgency in the last decade Topics in power systems and grid operations relevant to this book are presented in Chap for the benefit of the readers with little background in power systems After presenting the definitions of basic electric quantities like power and energy, a quick overview of alternate current systems and phasors is presented Elements of power generation, transmission, and distribution systems are briefly described to provide background relevant to this book In Chap 3, topics in communication networks relevant to this book are presented for the benefit of the readers with little background in networking After a brief presentation of the data communication network architecture framework of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) architecture, networking layers pertinent to Smart Grid network are presented in more detail Introduction to many wireless and wireline technologies is included Since IP will be the network protocol of choice for the evolving smart networks, relevant IP networking features are described in more detail Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology is also included in this review since MPLS provides many important features needed in the Smart Grid Preface vii communication network, in addition to supporting utility applications that cannot be carried over an IP-only network Before the Smart Grid evolution began, networking for utility operations was generally limited to applications such as SCADA and teleprotection Utility mobile workforce personnel use communication networks for their operations – mostly for push-to-talk voice communications Some utilities have deployed network video surveillance with closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras All these applications will continue to be supported in the Smart Grid network In Chap 4, these applications and their communication network requirements, networking protocols, and networking technologies are presented In Chap 5, we present a comprehensive description of many of the new utility applications that can be attributed to the Smart Grid evolution In addition to presenting their communication network requirements, we briefly discuss network protocols and network technology options for some of these applications Applications included in this chapter are AMI, DA, distributed generation (DG), distributed storage, electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, home area networks, retail energy markets, automated demand response, wide area situational awareness and synchrophasors, flexible AC transmission system, and dynamic line rating (DLR) Contributions of the application of Chaps and to one or more of the four broad characteristics of the Smart Grid are summarized in a table at the end of this chapter In Chap 6, the Smart Grid communication network architecture is developed A core-edge network architecture is well suited for the Smart Grid network with many utility endpoints communicating with the application endpoints located in the utility data and control center (DCC) The concept of the wide area network (WAN) is formalized for the Smart Grid network as an interconnection of aggregation routers – called WAN routers Other utility endpoints connect to the WAN at the WAN routers over access networks – called field area networks (FANs) in the utility community While IP will be the overall network protocol, the architecture will support legacy applications and protocols for a period of time as desired by a utility In addition to the physical network architecture, the logical network architecture is described with the use of many examples At the outset, it is important to understand that the networking requirements for a utility network are different in many aspects compared to those for a network service provider (NSP) network used for data services offered to its customers as well as for data networks in most enterprises The NSP networks are primarily designed to support their customers’ multimedia applications, while the Smart Grid network must support mission-critical applications such as SCADA, teleprotection, DA, and synchrophasors Most enterprise data network requirements on reliability, security, and performance are less stringent than those of Smart Grid networks Therefore, the network design paradigm for Smart Grid networks is different in many respects from that of the more established data network design practices Chapter begins with the characterization of Smart Grid logical connectivity and network traffic that are the inputs to network design Design considerations are provided for the support of the requirements on routing, quality of service (QoS), and network reliability viii Preface While security is briefly included in Chap in the context of network design, network security deserves a detailed treatment Chapter discusses network security for Smart Grid communication networks Cybersecurity of the power grid has become as important as physical security There has been a concerted effort by utilities, regulators, and standards bodies to implement a high level of communication network security that will not only secure the networks but also minimize the possibility of attacks on the grid and help mitigate and eliminate security threats A security architecture with multiple security zones is presented Chapter provides an overview of communication network technologies appropriate for WANs and the FANs For WAN, optical networks are discussed in detail since many utilities already own or plan to deploy significant fiber infrastructure with optical ground wire (OPGW) Both wireline and wireless networking technologies are considered with special emphasis of their use as FANs A more detailed treatment is provided for power line communication (PLC) technology since it is not a very commonly deployed technology in NSP or most enterprise networks Similarly, long-term evolution (LTE) technology is described in detail in this chapter, since LTE has the promise of the most appropriate wireless broadband network technology for Smart Grid endpoints that need to be connected over wireless networks Benefits and drawbacks of all technologies for their use in the FANs are summarized in a table The chapter ends with a discussion on benefits and drawbacks of utility ownership of one or more of these network components in comparison to using carrier data networking services Smart Grid brings with it an enormous growth in data that must be managed for use by an ever-growing number of utility applications Smart Grid data management is discussed in Chap 10 in the context of data collection, storage, and access across the communication network The traditional practice of client-server communication between individual applications and individual data source (such as smart meters, intelligent electronic devices, and synchrophasor) is not scalable Further, this end-to-end communication has inherent security and data privacy risks There have been recent advances in secure data management that are particularly suitable in the Smart Grid data management environment with network-based data storage and the corresponding middleware that affords highly secure and low-delay access to the data In this chapter, a secure data-centric data management architecture is discussed The chapter ends with a brief presentation of the elements of Smart Grid data analytics Chapter 11 brings together the concepts, technologies, and practices in the realization of communication networks for the Smart Grid In this chapter, we present network transformation from the present mode of utility operation – of supporting all utility applications over multiple disparate networks – to an integrated network based on the Smart Grid architecture framework developed in this book The network transformation process must weigh all available alternatives toward optimal network architecture and design that is sustainable for many years (typically between and 20 years depending on a utility’s planning horizon) Planning for long-term network transformation described in this book is based on reasonable assumptions on future developments in new network technologies, Preface ix Chapter 1: Introduction to Smart Grids Chapter 5: Smart Grid Applications Chapter 6: A Communication Network Architecture for the Smart Grid Chapter 7: An Overview of Smart Grid Network Design Process Chapter 8: Network Security Chapter 9: WAN and FAN Technologies for the Smart Grid Chapter 10: Smart Grid Data Management Chapter 11: Communication Network Transformation Chapter 3: Elements of Networking for Power Systems Practitioners Chapter 2:Elements of Power Systems for Networking Practitioners Chapter 4: Conventional Applications in Utility Operations Chapter 12: Future of Smart Grid Communication Networks Interdependence of the book chapters their availability to the utility in its service area, possibilities of using networking services from network service providers, and costs While some of these futuristic elements and traits were considered in earlier chapters, a more focused discussion is presented in Chap 12 Interdependence of chapters of the book are shown in the figure at the top Readers of each chapter will benefit from the material covered in the previous chapters Power system professionals may skip Chap or skim through it Similarly, communication networking professionals may skip Chap or skim through it Readers with a significant background in Smart Grid and communication networking, or with an interest in the specific topics covered, may directly proceed to Chaps 9, 10, or 11 after skimming through earlier chapters Murray Hill, NJ, USA Kenneth C Budka Jayant G Deshpande Marina Thottan Glossary 355 Medium Voltage (MV) Feeder voltages Generally Voltage greater than kV and less than or equal to 35 kV Message See Protocol Data Unit Meter A measurement unit at a consumer location, used for measuring electric quantities at that location Traditional meters generally measure only the electric consumption (kwH) and are manually read once a month Smart meters measure additional quantities such as voltage and power The smart meters are able to communicate with the utility MDMS for sending measurements and support other activities such as reporting on voltage alarms In this book generally a meter refers to a smart meter Meter Data Concentrator A network element in some AMI solutions that is used to collect/forward data from/to a collection of meters Meter Data Management System (MDMS) A system (located at utility DCC) that receives measurements and status from smart meters at consumer locations at regular intervals (such as every 15 or every h) The MDMS manages the meters and sends control signals to the meters as required Metro Ethernet Service An NSP service that provides point-to-point Ethernet connection to its customers The service is usually offered in a metro area but an NSP may expand the service to other areas An NSP may also offer VPLS service Microgrid An interconnection of individual consumers within a building, campus of buildings, or community and at least one energy generation source Microgrid consumers receive power from the utility grid as well as from the energy sources of the microgrid In case of utility power outage, microgrid can become an island – the microgrid energy sources are able to satisfy at least the critical demand of the microgrid consumers Middleware Software that provides services to applications that go beyond those available from the operating system MPLS Service See Virtual Pseudowire Service, Virtual Private Routed Network, and Virtual Private LAN Service NASPInet (North American Synchrophasor Initiative network) The North American network interconnecting phasor gateways and emulating a data bus accessible to the utility PMUs as well as to the synchrophasor monitoring systems Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) A FAN in a small neighborhood A NAN often includes a data concentrator that collects and forwards data from the NAN endpoints to the WR Network In this book, a network refers to a data communication network Network Layer Communication protocol between nodes in a network and between a network node and the connecting endpoint (layer or L3 of the Open System Interconnection Reference Model) Network Service Provider (NSP) Provider of one or more networking services for connecting network endpoints of their customers NSPs are variously called carriers, Internet Service Providers, or telecom service providers, etc 356 Glossary North American Electric Reliability Corporation Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC CIP) Requirements on critical infrastructures protection issued by NERC that the utilities in North America must follow, in their bulk generation, power plants, transmission substations (typically 100 kV or more), and utility Data and Control Centers supporting these bulk electric system in generation and transmission substation locations Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model A seven-layer network protocol framework defined in [OSI94] The seven layers are called application layer (layer or L7), presentation layer (layer or L6), session layer (layer or L5), transport layer (layer or L4), network layer (layer or L3), data link layer (link layer or layer or L2), and physical layer (PHY or layer or L1) Layer n provides service to layer n C 1; n D 1–6 Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) Ground wire deployed along transmission lines with a metallic core surrounding a set of fiber strands The fiber infrastructure is used for communication Optical Transport Network (OTN) An optical network based on IEC standards Packet See Protocol Data Unit Phasor A vector representation of AC electric quantities like voltage and current Each phasor has two components – magnitude and phase (with respect to a reference) Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) See Synchrophasor Physical Layer (PHY) Mechanical and electric function of communicating bits or bytes between two systems connected to a communication medium (layer or L1 of the Open System Interconnection Reference Model) Power Grid See Electric Power Grid Power Line Communication (PLC) Communication using the power line as communication medium Power Quality Power quality generally means maintenance of voltage delivered at the load to be a sinusoid at rated voltage and frequency including elimination or minimizing of any harmonics Preshared Key (PSK) A shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used Protocol Data Unit (PDU) A basic unit of data at a protocol layer The PDU contains its header specific to the protocol, a payload (that is a PDU from a higher layer), and sometimes a trailer Some of the common and informal terminology used for a PDU is a packet (generally for a network layer PDU), a frame (generally for a data link layer PDU), and a message (generally for a transport layer or an application layer PDU) Publisher–Subscriber (Pub–Sub) Messaging pattern where senders of messages, called publishers, not send messages directly to specific receivers, called subscribers Instead, published messages are characterized into classes, without the knowledge of what, if any, subscribers there may be Similarly, subscribers express interest in one or more classes and only receive messages that are of interest, without the knowledge of what, if any, publishers there are Glossary 357 Pumped Hydro (Distributed) storage of electric energy that uses water reservoir at higher elevation as storage with water pumped from lower elevation to the reservoir Energy is “discharged” by running hydroelectric generators (connected into the grid) that run at the lower elevation by water falling from the reservoir Push-to-Talk (PTT) System that allows a person in the PTT talk group to get instant access to PTT voice communication to speak to the other members of the talk group as a speaker Reactive Power Power delivered and received from the inductive and capacitive elements in the power system The average (real) power consumed by these elements is zero Real-Time Pricing (RTP) Energy pricing for usage during peak consumption periods for consumers participating in the RTP program and when notified by utility in advance (often a few hours before the beginning of an RTP period) Recloser A recloser monitors the feeder for fault current and breaks the feeder circuit if the current exceeds the threshold When a recloser senses that the fault is cleared (on its own), it closes the circuit Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) A device in SCADA system located at remote locations such as at a substation communicating with the SCADA master control (usually in the DCC) over SCADA protocols such as DNP3 The RTU acts as a data aggregation point aggregating traffic from multiple measurement and control devices at that remote location Renewables Electric energy sources based on energy supply that does not exhaust (or is available for an extremely long time) Examples of renewables are solar power, wind power, geothermal power, and biomass and biogas Retail Energy Market (REM) Energy markets where individual consumers and owners of DG, including DG collocated with consumers, are market participants, buying and selling electric energy REMs are facilitated by an aggregator Currently, REMs are only at the conceptual phase and expected to be realized in the future RF Mesh A mesh of network nodes created over radio-frequency communication usually over unlicensed spectrum such as the 900 MHz ISN band or 2.4 GHz band While the PHY and MAC protocol may be standards based, the mesh creation protocol is often proprietary with end-to-end communication between a pair of nodes carried over zero or more hops of nodes in the mesh SCADA Master Control (Also, SCADA master): An application at utility DCC that communicates with the RTUs and SCADA IEDs in substations for their polling; receiving measurements, status, and alarms from the RTUs/IEDs; and sending control signals to the RTUs/IEDs Scalable Secure Transport Protocol (SSTP) A transport layer protocol for secure and scalable Smart Grid sensor data collection Secure Data-Centric Extensible (SeDAX) Scalable, resilient, and secure data delivery and data sharing platform over a communication network Small Hydro Hydroelectric power plants that are not considered as bulk generation units Small hydro plants are considered DG and connected to the grid at MV level 358 Glossary Smart Meter See Meter Solar Power Electric power generation sources based on direct energy supply from the sun Photovoltaic devices convert light energy derived from the sun into electric power, whereas solar collectors absorb heat energy derived from sun to convert it into electric energy Substation A utility location where electric power received from transmission lines is forwarded to other transmission lines and/or distribution feeders Transformers at the substations may change the voltages using substation-based transformers Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) (In the context of power systems) A system of remotely monitoring and controlling field equipment RTUs or IEDs send periodic status and measurement information from substations, reclosers, other feeder elements, DG, and other locations to SCADA master or DA master located at the utility DCC and receive polls and control signals from the DCC Synchrophasor State-of-the-art IED – called Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) – capable of measuring voltage and current phasors (amplitudes and phase angles or real and imaginary parts of the complex number representation of the phasor), frequency deviations, and other quantities at very small intervals Typically 30, 60, or 120 times a second for the 60 Hz line frequency power systems and 10, 25, 50, or 100 times a second for the 50 Hz line frequency power systems PMUs send these measurements (to PDC) with time stamps from a clock synchronized with GPS clock Teleprotection Communication between protection relays at transmission substations for the detection of faults and remote tripping of the circuit breakers Time of Use (TOU) Pricing Energy pricing for usage during specific hours during winter mornings and evenings and during summer afternoons for consumers participating in the TOU pricing program The winter and summer months and the specific hours of TOU pricing are made known to the consumer before participation in the program begins Topic Name of an object that can be used by a content-centric network to route toward a close replica of that object Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) End-to-end protocol between the transport layer entities at end systems connected to an IP network when reliable end-to-end data delivery is required TCP uses TCP message-level sequencing, acknowledgment procedures, and flow control for data delivery assurance (Also see User Datagram Protocol.) Transmission Line Electric circuits carrying power from bulk power generation to transmission substations or between substations A transmission line is made of three conductors of a three-phase circuit with an additional ground wire One or more transmission lines are carried over a series of transmission towers or over poles or deployed underground or underwater (Also, see High-Voltage DC Transmission.) Transmission Management System (TMS) Generically denotes a system that manages the transmission system TMS functions include monitoring and Glossary 359 controlling of the transmission lines and (equipment within) transmission substations using SCADA TMS also manages the power flow across transmission lines TMS may include additional functions A TMS may be realized with its functions (such as a SCADA master and energy management system) distributed over multiple servers Transmission Substation Location where one or more transmission lines are connected with each other with transformers (for changing line voltages) and/or with switches In addition to the transformers and switches, other equipment such as circuit breakers, relays, and current and voltage transformers are also located at the substation Distribution substations may also include one or more PMUs Transmission System A system of electric power transfer between bulk power generation and power distribution including transmission lines, transmission substations, and equipment within the substations Transport Layer Communication protocol between end users connected to a network Transport layer functions vary from simply managing individual packet transfer between the endpoints to supporting reliable exchange of the transport layer messages (layer or L4 of the Open System Interconnection Reference Model) Unified Threat Management (UTM) Security appliances that include deep packet inspection and detection algorithms based on application signatures, anomalies, and behaviors UTM products include many functions typically associated with firewalls, intrusion detection, and prevention systems User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP is an end-to-end protocol between the transport layer entities at end systems connected to an IP network when there is no requirement of end-to-end packet delivery assurance at the transport layer (Also see Transmission Control Protocol.) Utility An organization, company, or corporation responsible for generation, transmission, and/or distribution of electric power In this book, without qualification, a utility is a transmission and/or distribution utility serving consumers in an area Virtual LAN (VLAN) An Ethernet broadcast domain restricted to a subset of endpoints (such as physical or logical ports) in an Ethernet network A VLAN is identified by a 12-bit number in an Ethernet frame Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) An MPLS service provided to a set of endpoints (CEs) connected to the MPLS network PEs where an Ethernet broadcast domain is created among these endpoints A VPLS is necessarily an L2 MPLS service Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) An MPLS service provided to a set of endpoints (CEs) connected to the MPLS network PEs where the interconnection of the CEs is a private IP network The IP addressing scheme in the VPRN is chosen by the VPRN owner and is completely independent of the VPRN service providers’ IP addressing or that of the other VPRNs Each CE in the VPRN is an IP neighbor of the other CE in the VPRN A VPRN is necessarily an L3 MPLS service VPRNs are also called IP MPLS VPNs 360 Glossary Virtual Pseudowire Service (VPWS) An MPLS service provided between two endpoints (CEs) connected to the MPLS network PEs with a specified Pointto-Point Protocol such as T1/E1, PPP, Ethernet, or Frame Relay Thus depending on the VPWS protocol used, a VPWS is an L1 or L2 MPLS service Voltage Transformer (VT) A step-down transformer used for measuring voltage in power system so that the meter can be operated at a significantly lower voltage than the high voltages in the power systems WAN Router (WR) Router providing access to the Smart Grid network endpoints and aggregating traffic from the endpoints connected to the WR Wave Division Multiplexing Multiplexing of more than two data streams over a fiber (strand) with each data stream using a different wavelength Wholesale Energy Market (WEM) Also called Bulk Energy Market Wide Area Network (WAN) Any network that is not a LAN However, WAN is core network in the context of the Smart Grid communication network architecture developed in this book, providing access to the Smart Grid network endpoints at the WAN routers The WAN is essentially an interconnection of the WAN routers Wide Area Situational Awareness Implementation of technologies (such as the synchrophasors) used to improve monitoring of interconnection of grids of two or more utilities Wind Power Electric energy source converting wind energy into electric energy Index A Abramson, N., 88 Access control list (ACL), 203, 294 Add-drop multiplexer (ADM), 232–233, 235, 237, 310, 312 Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), 2, 12, 15, 19, 64, 73, 111–118, 120, 144, 151, 152, 159, 162, 163, 165, 174, 177, 180, 182, 183, 186–189, 196, 197, 214, 220–222, 242, 244–249, 253–256, 261, 265, 267, 271, 277–279, 289–293, 295, 296, 299, 304, 306–309, 313, 314, 316, 320, 326, 327, 329 Aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR), 259 Aggregation (traffic), 17, 151, 157–161, 169, 182–184, 300, 302, 310 Aggregator, 9, 131, 291, 327 Akyamac, A., 205 All-dielectric self supporting (ADSS), 228, 303, 313, 325 Allman, M., 274 Allocation and retention priority (ARP), 259 Alsabaan, M., 272 Alternate energy sources, Alternating current (AC), 25–31, 55 Analytics, 12, 20, 105, 218, 266–268, 271, 277–282, 322 Anderson, L., 88 Anderson, T., 273 Andersson, L., 185 Application layer, 57, 59, 60, 62, 99, 116, 176 Arya, V., 279 Assured forwarding (AF), 194 Atkinson, G., 277, 279, 280 Atlas, A., 88 Authentication, 103, 218, 220, 222, 258, 269, 272, 277 Authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA), 322 Automated demand response (ADR), 19, 111, 127, 136, 137, 145, 162–164, 177, 186, 187, 266, 277, 290, 291, 314 Automatic meter reading (AMR), 12, 112, 245, 266, 289 Awduche, D., 88, 185 B Babiarz, J., 186, 193, 339 Baker, F., 186, 193, 194, 339 Baker, S., 208 Bakken, D., 271 Bandwidth, 48, 63–65, 105, 106, 173, 174, 179–182, 189, 190, 205, 221, 239, 250–253, 256–259, 271, 289, 296, 302, 308, 336, 337 Battery, 23–25, 29, 123, 126, 130, 249 Bay controller, 94, 95, 97 Bennet, J.C.R., 194 Benson, K., 194 Berger, L., 88, 185 Best effort (BE), 80, 188, 193–195, 197, 339 Bidirectional line switched ring (BLSR), 232, 233 Biogas, 3, Biomass, 3, Black, D., 194 Blake, S., 194 Blanton, E., 274 Border gateway protocol (BGP), 88, 318 Borghetti, A., 141 Borthakur, D., 267 Braden, R., 273 K.C Budka et al., Communication Networks for Smart Grids: Making Smart Grid Real, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6302-2, © Springer-Verlag London 2014 361 362 Broadband over power line (BPL), 243–245, 248, 293, 306 Broad, W.J., 210 Budka, K., 19, 111, 149, 150, 160, 169, 179, 182, 277, 279, 280, 285, 329 Bulk energy system (BES), 211 Bulk power generation, 35, 36, 167 C Cable modem termination system (CMTS), 242, 243 Callon, R., 88 Campbell, A., 277, 279, 280 Capacitor bank, 2, 40, 119, 142, 166, 290 Cardwell, N., 273 Carr, D., 88 Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), 70, 71, 73, 254 CAT-5, 71, 72 Central processing unit (CPU), 271, 273, 274 Chan, K., 186, 193, 339 Charny, A., 194 Chen, L., 281 Cheval, P., 198 Chockler, G., 276 Cioni, M., 139, 188 Circuit breaker (CB), 1, 42–44, 93, 97, 98, 100–102, 118, 122, 186 Circuit emulation over packet switched network (CESoPSN), 85 Circuit emulation service over ethernet (CESoE), 241 Class selector (CS), 195–197, 199 Clean energy, 1, Closed circuit television (CCTV), 15, 16, 19, 91, 104–106, 144, 151, 152, 158, 162, 173, 174, 177, 182, 183, 187, 189, 196, 216, 220, 289, 292, 294, 296, 309, 314, 320, 322 Cluster router (CR), 157, 158, 171, 189, 215, 239, 300 Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM), 65, 154, 163, 229, 230 Code-Division Multiple Access 2000 Evolved Data Optimized (CDMA2000 EvDO), 88, 163, 248, 251, 295, 306, 308 Combined heat and power (CHP), 3, 7, 10, 129 Committed information rate (CIR), 50, 70, 296 Complex event processing (CEP), 268 Concentrated solar power (CSP), Connection-oriented ethernet (COE), 236, 241, 294, 303, 306 Connolly, D., 123 Index Courtney, W., 194 Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) See North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC CIP) Critical peak pricing (CPP), 10, 113, 135, 277 CSMA-collision avoidance (CSMA-CA), 73 CSMA-collision detection (CSMA-CD), 70 Current transformer (CT), 93, 97, 101 Customer edge (CE), 75, 76, 84–86, 157, 318 Customer edge router (CER) See Customer edge Cyberassets, 211, 222 Cyber-secure data and control cloud (CDAX), 276 Cybersecurity, 19, 20, 144, 210, 211, 325, 333 Cyclic redundancy checksum (CRC), 54, 68, 70, 99, 103, 175 D DA data concentrator, 120, 159, 181, 254, 255, 293, 307, 309, 316 DA master control, 120, 166, 173, 174, 255 Dam, L., 88 Data and control center (DCC), 12, 19, 43, 54, 91, 92, 139, 150, 158, 261, 299 Data forwarder (DF), 254, 255, 297 Datagram transport layer security (DTLS), 271 Data link connection identifier (DLCI), 69, 70 Data over cable system interface specification (DOCSIS), 242, 243 Davari, S., 194, 198 Davie, B., 194 DC transmission See High voltage DC transmission Defense-in-depth, 210, 212 Delaunay triangulation (DT), 276, 277 Demand response (DR), 8, 10, 12, 112, 121, 130–137, 145, 165, 188, 266, 277, 280, 281, 290, 291, 333 De-militarized zone (DMZ), 213–215, 219 Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), 65, 154, 163, 170, 229, 230, 292, 303, 310–312, 315 Department of energy (USA) (DoE), 112, 134, 139, 290 Deshpande, J., 19, 111, 120, 149, 150, 160, 179, 182, 186, 188, 192, 193, 195, 204, 277, 279, 280, 285 Dierks, T., 271 Differentiated services (diffServ), 194–198 Differentiated services code point (DSCP), 194–198 Index DiffServ See Differentiated services (diffServ) Digital cross-connect (DXC), 233, 234, 237, 292, 295, 297, 298 Digital fault recorder (DFR), 92 Digital mobile radio (DMR), 107 Digital subscriber line (DSL), 163, 243 Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), 243 Digital video recorder (DVR), 104, 105 Direct load control, 10, 136, 137, 213, 278, 281 Distributed energy resource (DER), Distributed generation (DG), 2, 3, 14, 19, 35, 98, 120–122, 125, 144, 158, 176, 187, 286 Distributed network protocol (DNP3), 54, 95–100, 174, 176, 218, 288, 326 Distributed storage (DS), 19, 122–125, 144, 176, 187, 290 Distributed utility (DU), 125, 166 Distribution automation (DA), 2, 12, 15, 19, 64, 117–120, 144, 151, 176, 187, 188, 213, 228, 242, 265, 290, 326 Distribution line See Feeder Distribution management system (DMS), 11, 92, 95, 118, 122, 129, 130, 159, 160, 187, 189, 213, 215, 218, 219, 288, 291, 298 Distribution substation (DSS), 1, 13, 38, 41, 43, 93, 118, 120, 150, 160, 172, 181, 211, 219, 220, 288 Distribution system, 3, 13, 14, 36–38, 41–42, 91, 92, 98, 117, 119, 120, 125, 126, 133, 134, 141, 142, 164–166, 214, 218–220, 277, 290, 333 Donnelly, M., 139, 188 Doumi, T., 19, 111, 149, 150 Doyle, J.C., 281 Duvelson, E., 101, 188 Dynamic line rating (DLR), 12, 19, 111, 142–143, 145, 174, 176, 181, 183, 187, 188, 196 E Earth potential rise See Ground potential rise Edge-core, 19, 149–151, 161 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Electric vehicle (EV), 8, 19, 111, 123, 125–127, 144, 265, 275, 290, 333 Electric vehicle service element (EVSE), 126, 290 Electronic security perimeter (ESP), 105, 211, 213, 261 363 Element management system (EMS), 287, 298, 321 Encryption, 83, 176, 204, 218–220, 223, 269 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), 4, 325, 333 Energy management system (EMS), 11, 92, 127, 129–131, 136, 137, 151, 157, 164, 166, 221 Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), 250, 251, 270, 295, 306, 308 Ethernet, 53, 60, 70–72, 74, 76, 79, 83–88, 97, 99, 103, 106, 137, 154–157, 163, 170, 175, 201, 228, 230, 234–243, 289, 292, 295, 299, 301–303, 305, 306, 310–313, 315, 320, 327, 328 EV charging station, 126, 151, 159, 176, 181, 291 Enhanced Node B (eNB), 74, 179–181, 257, 258, 260, 320 Evolved packet core (EPC), 179, 181, 257, 260, 317, 320 Evolved UTRAN (EUTRAN), 257 Expedited forwarding (EF), 194, 195 Extended markup language (XML), 115 Extra high voltage (EHV), 36, 249 F Farley, K., 280 Fast reroute (FRR), 88, 201, 236, 303, 312, 318 Faucheur, F., 198 Feather, F., 277, 279, 280 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 212 Feeder, 1, 12, 13, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41–45, 65, 73, 92, 117–120, 133, 141, 150, 151, 180, 182, 213, 230, 246, 265, 277, 280, 305 Fiber, 17, 49, 54, 60, 62, 65–67, 71, 72, 103, 106, 108, 153, 154, 156, 157, 163, 170, 200, 227–240, 242–244, 288, 289, 292–295, 300–305, 309–313, 315, 318, 320, 324, 327, 328 Field area network (FAN), 19, 20, 54, 149–151, 157, 160–163, 165, 169, 179, 189, 227–262, 268, 293, 299–301, 303–307, 309, 313–317, 319–321, 327 Filipiak, N., 210 Finland, T., 194 Firewall See Firewall/unified threat manager Firewall/unified threat manager (FW/UTM), 203, 204, 217, 297, 301, 312, 317, 318, 322 Firoiu, V., 194 364 Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), 12, 19, 92, 111, 141–142, 145 Flywheel, 8, 123, 124 Forward error correction (FEC), 238 4th generation (4G), 60, 73, 88 Frame relay, 62, 69–70, 74, 79, 83, 85, 88, 99, 155, 156, 163, 175, 239–241, 294–296, 305, 306, 312, 313 Fuel cell, 3, 4, 7, 42, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128 G Galli, S., 242 Gan, D., 88, 185 Gateway, 11, 79, 82–84, 95, 107, 137, 141, 167, 250, 258, 269, 317, 318 Gellings, C.W., General packet radio service (GPRS), 73, 88, 163, 249, 250, 270, 295, 306, 308 Generation (bulk), 9, 13, 14, 36, 130, 151, 152, 222 Generic object oriented substation events (GOOSE), 97 Generic routing encapsulation (GRE), 83 Generic substation events (GSE), 97 Geographic hash function (GHF), 277 Geothermal power, 3, Ghavami, M., 88 Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), 243, 290, 293, 306 Gjermundrod, H., 273 Glass, J., 277, 279–280 Global system for mobile communication (GSM), 251 Godin, P., 257 Goel, N., 272 Gorman, S., 210 Govindarasu, M., 139, 188 Greenhouse gas (GHG), 3–5, 7, 8, 120, 125, 267, 281 Grigsby, L.L., 38, 118, 122, 125, 142 Ground potential rise (GPR), 65, 103, 106 Guan, Y., 88 Guaranteed bit rate (GBR), 258 Guo, C., 88 H Hattingh, C., 190, 191, 193, 195 Hauser, C., 271 Head end, 115, 177, 212, 220, 246, 253 Heinanen, J., 194, 198 Helmer, T., 139, 188 Index Herold, R., 209 Heron, G., 88 Hertzog, C., 209 High-level data link control (HDLC), 68, 87, 88, 163 High speed packet access (HSPA), 73, 88, 163, 248, 249, 268, 304 High voltage DC transmission (HVDC), 40–41 Higinbotham, W., 101, 188 Himayat, N., 265 Home area network (HAN), 11, 19, 111, 126–127, 144, 289 Home energy health management (HEHM), 276, 278, 279 Home energy management system (HEMS), 126, 127, 129, 151 HomePlug, 126, 244–246, 324 Home subscriber server (HSS), 257 Ho, T.K., 275, 277–279 Huang, D., 275, 277–279 Human machine interface (HMI), 95, 97 Hu, Y., 139, 188 Hybrid fiber coax (HFC), 163, 240–241, 304 I IEC 61850, 12, 96–98, 101, 144, 226, 286, 287, 316 IEEE 802.2, 74, 88 IEEE 802.3, 70, 71, 87 IEEE 802.16, 74, 88 IEEE 802.15g, 60 Independent system operator (ISO), 14, 114, 117, 130, 139, 140, 219 Industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM), 63, 64, 114, 251, 252, 254 Integrated services (IntServ), 198 Intelligent electronic device (IED), 12, 48, 54, 95–98, 153, 158, 161, 172, 173, 176, 177, 217, 253, 263, 288, 292, 302, 318, 320, 324, 325, 327 Interior gateway protocol (IGP), 79, 184, 185, 309, 316 Interior router (IR), 171, 298 Intermediate system to intermediate system (IS-IS), 79, 316 Internet assigned numbers authority (IANA), 78 Internet header length (IHL), 52 Intrusion detection system (IDS), 16, 171, 189, 203, 214, 215, 220 Intrusion prevention system (IPS), 171, 203, 215 Index IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), 255, 257 IP security protocol (IPSec), 83, 176, 204, 215, 217, 218, 221, 240, 269–271, 295 IPSec virtual private network (IPSec VPN), 215, 217 J Jatskevich, J., 279 Jayram, T.S., 278 Johnson, K.D., 265 Johnson, P., 120, 149 Johnsson, K., 265 K Kalyanamraman, S., 278 Kampala, V., 76, 88 Kardy, G., 88 Kent, S., 204, 269 Kezunovic, M., 88 Khalifa, T., 270 Kikkert, C., 242 Kim, E., 186, 188, 192, 193, 195 Kim, H., 120, 131, 149, 272, 275, 280 Kim, Y.-J., 266, 272, 274, 275, 277–280, 327 Kolesnikov, V., 266, 272 Krishnan, R., 198 Kruse, C., L Label distribution protocol (LDP), 76, 185 Label edge router (LER), 75, 76, 162 Label switched path (LSP), 75, 185 Label switching router (LSR), 75, 76, 162 Land mobile radio (LMR), 106, 107, 238, 253, 255, 289, 293, 295, 308 Lassers, M., 76, 88 Leased line, 312, 313, 320 Le Boudec, J.Y., 194 Lee, J., 276, 277 Li, T., 88, 185 Local area network (LAN), 54, 70–72, 84, 85, 97, 99, 106, 115, 151, 155–158, 161, 164, 202, 214, 215, 218, 228, 229, 235, 241, 317, 319 Logical link control (LLC), 62, 74, 88, 155, 163, 230 Long term evolution (LTE), 20, 64, 73, 251 Lopez, S., 120, 149 Low, S.H., 281 365 M Machine-to-machine (M2M), 268–270, 274, 329 Madden, M., 19, 111, 149, 150 Madsen, T., 88 Malis, A., 87 Markey, E.J., 210 Martini, L., 88 Martin, K., 139, 188 Maximum bit rate (MBR), 259 Mc Bride, A., 203, 209 McGee, A., 205 McGregor, G., 88 Mean opinion score (MOS), 339, 340 Media access control (MAC), 60, 62, 65, 70–74, 85, 86, 88, 115, 126, 163, 179, 234, 247, 254, 255, 257, 326 Melamed, R., 276 Mesh See Radio frequency mesh Meter, 11, 12, 92, 97, 111–117, 121, 127, 129, 137, 151, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 177, 180–182, 186, 210, 220, 222, 247, 253, 254, 261, 266–268, 272, 275–277, 279, 282, 289–291, 295–297, 304, 308, 316, 320, 326 Meter data concentrator, 114–115, 117, 151, 160, 180, 182, 247, 255, 272, 273, 297, 320 Meter data management system (MDMS), 92, 111–117, 153, 173, 174, 177, 214, 215, 248, 255, 272, 304, 326 Metro Ethernet, 240, 301, 306, 327 Metro Ethernet service, 156, 239–242, 294, 301, 306, 327 Mew, T., 19, 111, 149, 150 Microgrid, 11, 19, 111, 120, 122, 128–130, 144, 151, 162, 213, 220, 290, 291 Microgrid energy management system (MEMS), 129 Microwave, 54, 64, 67, 72, 74, 103, 108, 153–155, 157, 163, 170, 227, 228, 231, 238–239, 251, 253, 288, 289, 293, 295, 300, 303–305, 312, 313, 315 Migration (network), 82, 286, 287, 309–314 Miller, K., 277, 279–281 Mobile workforce (MWF), 12, 18, 91, 106–108, 118, 144, 150, 174, 177–181, 183, 187, 210, 214, 252, 258, 289, 295, 296, 314, 329 Mobility management entity (MME), 259 MODBUS, 95 Mohsenian-Rad, A.-H., 281 Moray, P., 120, 149 366 Mossburg, S., 277, 279–281 Motion-joint photographic expert group (M-JPEG), 105 Motion picture expert group (MPEG), 105, 106 Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS), 15, 18, 19, 47, 60, 62, 74–77, 80, 82–88, 99, 103, 149, 151, 154–157, 161–163, 169, 172, 175, 185, 189, 198–199, 201, 204, 223, 236, 240–242, 250, 262, 288, 294, 297, 303, 304, 306, 310–313, 318, 320, 321, 327, 328 service, 15, 74, 75, 82, 84–87, 149, 151, 156, 157, 163, 169, 172, 185, 199, 204, 223, 240–242, 262, 288, 294, 297, 304, 306, 310, 312, 313, 320, 321, 327, 328 Multi-service provisioning platform (MSPP), 236, 292, 312 N Naik, K., 272 Narrowband (NB), 99, 103, 107, 114, 163, 245, 248, 253, 254, 256, 293, 307, 308, 313 National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA) (NIST), 13, 14, 131, 212, 276 Nayak, A., 272 Needham, A., 277, 279–281 Neighborhood area network (NAN), 20, 54, 114, 115, 117, 120, 151, 161, 164, 166, 228, 247, 253–255, 260, 304, 320 Network Address Translation (NAT), 80, 274 Network design, 2, 17, 20, 102, 149, 153, 155, 160, 169–205, 232, 286, 298–301, 303, 304, 311, 314, 316–318, 325 Network function virtualization (NFV), 329 Network service provider (NSP), 4, 18–20, 64, 69, 79, 108, 113, 155–157, 163, 169, 170, 172, 173, 191, 192, 213, 227, 228, 238–244, 248–250, 252, 256, 257, 260–262, 270, 288, 289, 294–296, 300–308, 313, 315–317, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327 Network sharing, 262 Nichols, K., 194 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 210, 211, 261 North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC CIP), 105, 211, 212, 216, 218, 297 Index North American SynchroPhasor Initiative network (NASPInet), 139–141, 162, 167, 291, 294 Nucci, C.A., 141 O Ono, K., 274 OpenAMI, 221 Open shortest path first (OSPF), 79, 184, 185, 201, 236, 311, 318 Open system interconnect reference model (OSI RM), 47, 55, 56, 58–60, 62, 74, 87 Operations support system (OSS), 17, 287, 289, 322–323 Optical ADM (OADM), 237 Optical cross-connect (OXC), 237 Optical ground wire (OPGW), 103, 150, 153, 170, 230, 234, 289, 292, 327 Optical line terminal (OLT), 243 Optical network terminal (ONT), 243 Optical transport network (OTN), 230, 237–238, 302, 303, 306, 327 Outage management system (OMS), 12, 92, 106, 329 P Packet data network gateway (PDN-GW), 258, 317, 320 Packet loss ratio (PLR), 258, 339, 340 Packet over SONET/SDH (POS), 54, 62, 68–69, 87, 154, 155, 157, 163, 175, 235, 303 Pahwa, A., 118 Palat, S., 257 Pal, S., 280 Pan, P., 88, 201 Paolone, M., 141 Parks, R., 220 Paxson, V., 274 Peak power reduction, 1, 4, 8, 10, 111, 133 Pedroviejo, D., 120, 149 Performance (network), 16, 92, 141, 149, 152, 170, 173, 186–199, 249, 296, 298, 324 Per hop behavior (PHB), 190–192, 194, 195, 198, 199 Personal area network (PAN), 73, 87 Phasor, 32–34, 120, 138–142, 167, 176, 265 Phasor data concentrator (PDC), 140, 141 Phasor measurement unit (PMU) See SynchroPhasor Photovoltaic (cell) (PV), 6, 24, 121 Index Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), 66, 241 Point-to-point protocol (PPP), 62, 68–69, 74, 76, 85–88, 155, 157, 163, 175, 312 Policy, charging, and rules function (PCRF), 258 Postel, J., 88 Power line communication (PLC), 20, 60, 65, 73, 87, 103, 114, 115, 117, 126, 129, 163, 227, 228, 240, 243–249, 268, 288, 289, 293, 318, 326 Power line intelligent metering evolution (PRIME), 114, 246–248, 326 Power quality, 2, 12, 112, 120, 141 Pre-shared key (PSK), 275 Privacy, 17, 20, 137, 204, 211, 214, 267, 276 Private branch exchange (PBX), 102, 107 Prosumer, 9, 129–131 Provider backbone transport (PBT), 236 Provider edge (PE), 75, 241 Provider edge router (PER) See Provider edge Pseudowire See Virtual pseudo-wire service (VPWS) Public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), 108, 337 Pumped hydro, 8, 124, 125 Push-to-talk (PTT), 12, 91, 106, 107, 144, 177, 183, 187, 195, 196, 238, 256, 289, 295 Q Qiao, L., 179 Qiao, S., 179 QoS class identifier (QCI), 259 Quality of service (QoS), 15, 16, 18, 19, 47, 76, 79–81, 87, 103, 152, 169, 170, 172–174, 185, 186, 188–195, 197–199, 250, 258, 259, 295–297, 300, 301, 307, 311, 316–318, 327, 329, 339 R Rabedeau, K., 329 Radio frequency (RF), 64, 65, 73, 117, 251, 254 Radio frequency mesh (RF mesh), 60, 87, 114, 115, 129, 151, 175, 180, 181, 253–255, 269, 290, 293, 296, 304, 307, 313, 316, 320, 326, 327 Reactive power, 34, 40, 41, 93, 98, 113, 122, 141, 142, 165 Real time price (RTP), 10, 113, 135, 178, 281 Real time protocol (RTP), 178 367 Recloser, 44, 118 Regional transmission organization (RTO), 14, 139, 140, 166 Rekhter, Y., 88, 172 Remote terminal unit (RTU), 93–95, 97–99, 221, 309 Renewables, 1–5, Rescorla, E., 271 Resource reservation protocol-traffic engineering (RSVP-TE), 76, 172, 185, 189, 198 Retail energy market (REM), 121, 130–132, 136, 267, 291, 327 RF mesh See Radio frequency mesh (RF mesh) Roberts, L.G., 73 Root mean square (RMS), 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 112, 138 Rosen, E., 88, 172 Ruengeler, I., 274 S Saciragic, A., 101, 188 Samadi, P., 281 Sanger, D.E., 210 Satellite, 64, 238, 252, 307 Savage, S., 273 SCADA Master Control, 94, 98, 153, 165, 172–174, 218, 320, 323 Scaglione, A., 244 Scalable secure transport protocol (SSTP), 272, 274, 275 Schober, R., 281 Schulzrine, H., 274 Schwartz, M., 178 Secure data-centric extensible (SeDAX), 276, 277 Secure real-time transport protocol (SRTP), 271 Security information and event manager (SIEM), 218 Security zone, 20, 209, 212, 214–223 Seo, K., 205, 271 Serving gateway (SGW), 258, 260 Simpson, W., 87 Singanayagam, B., Sklower, K., 88 Small Hydro, 3, Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG), 112, 290, 326 Smart meter See Meter Smith, T., 88 368 Software-defined network (SDN), 329 Solar power, 3, 6, 36, 121 Srinivasan, V., 88, 185 Stallings, W., 59, 87, 175, 335 Stewart, R., 274 Stiliadis, D., 194 Storm, D., 209, 212 Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), 272–274 Structure agnostic TDM over packet (SAToP), 85, 88 Supercapacitor, 124 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), 1, 2, 12, 15, 16, 19, 48, 54, 67, 73, 80, 83, 91–100, 106, 108, 118, 120, 138, 144, 151–153, 158, 162, 163, 165, 169, 172–174, 176, 177, 183, 186–189, 193, 195, 196, 210, 212–214, 217–223, 238, 244, 253, 260, 266, 277, 278, 288, 292–294, 299, 309, 314, 320, 323, 328, 329 Swallow, G., 88, 185 Switchgear, 94, 97, 98 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 62, 66, 67, 69, 82, 87, 103, 154, 155, 163, 170, 201, 230–238, 240, 241, 288, 289, 292, 294, 297, 299, 302, 303, 309–312, 315, 327 Synchronous optical network (SONET), 62, 66, 67, 69, 82, 87, 103, 154, 155, 163, 170, 201, 230–238, 240, 241, 288, 289, 292, 294, 297, 299, 302, 303, 309–312, 315, 327 SynchroPhasor, 2, 12, 16, 19, 80, 111, 137–139, 141, 145, 166, 169, 174, 176, 183, 186, 187, 189, 193, 195, 196, 260, 265, 291, 296, 314, 329 Szigeti, T., 190, 191, 193, 195 T Talwar, S., 267 Teleprotection, 1, 12, 15, 16, 19, 73, 80, 91, 97, 100–103, 106, 144, 152, 169, 186, 187, 193, 195, 196, 202, 238, 244, 245, 248, 261, 288, 289, 293, 295, 299, 314, 316, 317 Terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA), 107, 255–256, 293, 307 TETRA enhanced data services (TEDS), 107, 163, 256, 293, 307 3rd generation (3G), 73, 250 Index 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP), 60, 73, 88, 250, 251, 256 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP2), 73 Thottan, M., 120, 131, 149, 160, 186, 188, 192, 193, 195, 268, 274, 276, 277, 279–281, 285, 329 Time division multiple access (TDM), 65–67, 69, 70, 82, 85, 107, 154–157, 232, 238–242, 251, 260, 288, 292–294, 296, 297, 302–305, 309, 310, 312, 313, 320, 327 Time of use (TOU), 9–10, 113, 135, 145, 281 Time to live (TTL), 52–53, 76 Timlin, K., 210 Tock, Y., 274 Total cost of ownership (TCO), 218, 261, 283 Traffic engineering (TE), 76, 87, 185, 303 Tram, H., 139, 188 Transformation (network), 18, 20, 47, 84, 172, 285–324, 328 Transformer, 3–39, 41–43, 73, 93, 94, 97, 114, 115, 119, 187, 244, 246–248, 277–280, 282, 290 Transmission control protocol (TCP), 60, 62, 81, 88, 99, 175, 194, 270–274 Transmission line, 1, 12, 13, 24, 25, 31, 36–43, 73, 100–102, 133, 141–143, 150, 180, 186, 213, 230, 234, 244, 292, 327 Transmission management system (TMS), 92, 138, 142, 143, 166, 167, 187, 213, 215, 216, 218, 222, 288, 298 Transmission substation (TSS), 1, 13, 36, 38, 93, 142, 151, 157, 159, 180, 181, 189, 202, 211, 213, 216, 261, 288, 289, 291, 297, 306 Transmission system, 1, 3, 12, 19, 36–41, 66, 92, 120, 138, 142, 165, 211, 265 Transport layer security (TLS), 218, 223, 269–271 Tuexen, M., 274 Two way automatic communication system (TWACS), 245, 246 Type of service (TOS), 52, 76, 80, 194, 195, 198–199, 233 U Ultra narrowband (UNB), 103, 245, 246, 306, 307 Uluski, R., 139, 188 UMTS RAN (UTRAN), 257 Index Unidirectional path switched ring (UPSR), 231–233 Unified threat manager (UTM) See Firewall/unified threat manager Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), 257 User datagram protocol (UDP), 60, 62, 81, 88, 99, 175, 178 V Vaananen, P., 198 Validate, Estimate, Edit (VEE), 268 Very high speed DSL (VDSL), 243, 306 Virtual circuit (VC), 69 Virtual LAN (VLAN), 72, 87, 97, 103, 235, 241 Virtual private LAN service (VPLS), 85, 86, 156, 172, 185, 239–241, 294–295, 299, 301, 303, 306, 315 Virtual private network (VPN), 86, 217, 321 Virtual private routed network (VPRN), 85, 86, 156–157, 172, 185, 223, 239–242, 250, 294, 301, 306, 312, 313, 315, 320, 321 Virtual pseudo-wire service (VPWS), 85, 86, 88, 241, 288, 305, 312 Viswanathan, A., 88 Vitenberg, R., 276 Voelcker, J., 125 Voice over IP (VoIP), 16, 77, 79–81, 83, 107, 108, 144, 169, 177, 178, 187, 189, 192–196, 252, 258, 261, 291, 292, 297, 299, 315, 317, 324, 339–340 Voltage transformer (VT), 93 Volt, var, watt control (VVWC), 92, 112, 164–166, 186, 187 369 W Wang, Z., 244 WAN router (WR), 155–157, 160–162, 189, 190, 201, 202, 204, 215, 228, 232, 235, 239–242, 248, 255, 300, 301, 304, 310–314, 316–320 Ward, S., 101, 188 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 65, 66, 154, 163, 229, 327 Waxman, H.A., 210 White, C., 329 Wholesale energy market (WEM), 130, 131, 134, 151 Wide area network (WAN), 19, 54, 149, 151, 153–157, 179, 229–239 Wide area situational awareness and control (WASA&C), 92, 138–140, 145, 166–167, 174, 186, 291, 294, 320 Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), 73, 88, 250, 251, 257, 270 WiFi, 11, 60, 64, 127, 255, 269, 307 Wind power, 3, 5, 6, 36, 121 Wong, V., 281 Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 60, 64, 74, 88, 163, 227, 238, 250–252, 255, 293, 306–308 Wu, G., 267 Y Yang, K., 281 Yarjola, S., 120, 149 Z Zehner, O., 125 ZigBee, 126, 129, 137 ... al., Communication Networks for Smart Grids: Making Smart Grid Real, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6302-2 1, © Springer-Verlag London 2014 Introduction to Smart Grids. .. requirements on reliability, security, and performance are less stringent than those of Smart Grid networks Therefore, the network design paradigm for Smart Grid networks is different in many respects... as SCADA and teleprotection Utility mobile workforce personnel use communication networks for their operations – mostly for push-to-talk voice communications Some utilities have deployed network