Brief Contents Preface xv Part 1 Elements of Technical Communication Communicating in the Technical Workplace Readers and Contexts of Use Working in Teams Ethics in the Technical Workplace Part 68 Genres of Technical Communication Letters, Memos, and E-Mails 91 Technical Descriptions and Specifications Instructions and Documentation Proposals Activity Reports 159 238 11 Starting Your Career 260 304 Researching, Designing, Presenting Researching and Research Methods 13 Designing Documents and Interfaces 14 Creating and Using Graphics 15 Preparing and Giving Presentations 342 367 397 421 Appendixes A 128 198 Analytical Reports 12 19 44 10 Part Grammar and Punctuation Guide B Documentation Guide References R-i Credits C-l Index 1-1 Sample Documents inside Back Cover A-19 A-l Technical Communication Strategies for Today Second Edition Richard Johnson-Sheehan Purdue University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Senior Editor: Brad Potthoff Editorial Assistant: Amanda Norelli Senior Supplements Editor: Donna Campion Executive Digital Producer: Stefanie Snajder Digital Editor: Sara Gordus Executive Marketing Manager: Roxanne McCarley Production Manager: Denise Phillip Grant Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Cenveo® Publisher Services Cover Design Manager: John Callahan Cover Designer: Maria Ilardi Cover Art: Images: (top): iStock, © OJO_Images (second row, left to right): © Shutterstock/ bloomua, © Shutterstock/Valerie Potapova, © Shutterstock/Kiefer pix, © Chat Roberts/ Corbis, © Shutterstock/sebra; (background image): © Shutterstock/vs148 Text Permissions: Aptara Photo Researcher: Integra Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Roy Pickering Printer/Binder: R.R Donnelley/ Crawfordsville Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Hagerstown Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text and on pages R-1 to R-2 and C-1 to C-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson-Sheehan, Richard Technical communication strategies for today / Richard Johnson-Sheehan Second edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-90797-4 Communication of technical information Business communication I Title T10.5.J64 2014 658.4'5 dc23 2014002187 Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 10 1—DOC—17 16 15 14 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90797-4 Student Edition: ISBN-10: 0-321-90797-3 A la Carte ISBN-13: 978-0-321-93722-3 A la Carte ISBN-10: 0-321-93722-8 Contents Preface xv What’s New in the Second Edition? xv Guiding Themes xv Computers as Thinking Tools xvi Genres as Pathways for Interpretation and Expression xvi Visual-Spatial Reading, Thinking, and Composing xvi The International, Cross-Cultural Workplace xvii The Activity of Technical Communication xvii Supplements to the Book xviii Acknowledgments xviii Part 1: Elements of Technical Communication chapter Communicating in the Technical Workplace Developing a Workplace Writing Process Genres and the Technical Writing Process Stage 1: Planning and Researching Stage 2: Organizing and Drafting 7 Stage 3: Improving the Style 9 Stage 4: Designing 9 Stage 5: Revising and Editing 9 What Is Technical Communication? 10 Technical Communication Is Interactive and Adaptable 11 Technical Communication Is Reader Centered 12 Technical Communication Relies on Teamwork 12 Technical Communication Is Visual 13 Technical Communication Has Ethical, Legal, and Political Dimensions 13 Technical Communication Is International and Cross-Cultural 15 How Important Is Technical Communication? 15 Chapter Review 16 Exercises and Projects 17 Contents iii chapter Readers and Contexts of Use 19 Profiling Your Readers 20 Identifying Your Readers 22 Profiling Your Readers’ Needs, Values, and Attitudes 23 Profiling Contexts of Use 25 Identifying the Context of Use 26 Using Profiles to Your Own Advantage 26 International and Cross-Cultural Communication 32 Differences in Content 32 Differences in Organization 33 Differences in Style 34 Differences in Design 35 Listen and Learn: The Key to International and Cross-Cultural Communication 36 At Work: What Are Some Strategies for Communicating with People from Another Culture? 37 Chapter Review 38 Exercises and Projects 38 Case Study: Installing a Medical Waste Incinerator 40 chapter Working in Teams 44 The Stages of Teaming 45 Forming: Strategic Planning 45 Step 1: Define the Project Mission and Objectives 46 Step 2: Identify Project Outcomes 47 Step 3: Define Team Member Responsibilities 47 Step 4: Create a Project Calendar 48 Step 5: Write Out a Work Plan 48 Step 6: Agree on How Conflicts Will Be Resolved 49 Storming: Managing Conflict 54 Running Effective Meetings 54 Mediating Conflicts 56 Firing a Team Member 58 Norming: Determining Team Roles 58 Revising Objectives and Outcomes 58 Help: Virtual Teaming 59 Identifying Team Roles 61 Using Groupware to Facilitate Work 62 Performing: Improving Quality 63 iv Contents The Keys to Teaming 63 Chapter Review 65 Exercises and Projects 65 Case Study: Not a Sunny Day 67 chapter Ethics in the Technical Workplace 68 What Are Ethics? 69 Where Do Ethics Come From? 72 Personal Ethics 73 Social Ethics 73 Conservation Ethics 76 Resolving Ethical Dilemmas 77 Help: Stopping Cyberbullying and Computer Harassment 78 Confronting an Ethical Dilemma 80 Resolving an Ethical Dilemma 81 When You Disagree with the Company 82 Ethics in the Technical Workplace 85 Copyright Law 85 Trademarks 85 At Work: Why Should Technical Professionals Learn About Ethics? 86 Patents 86 Privacy 87 Information Sharing 87 Proprietary Information 87 Libel and Slander 88 Fraud 88 Chapter Review 88 Exercises and Projects 89 Case Study: This Company Is Bugging Me 90 Part 2: Genres of Technical Communication chapter Letters, Memos, and E-Mails 91 Features of Letters, Memos, and E-Mails 92 Planning and Researching 98 Determining the Rhetorical Situation 98 Contents v Organizing and Drafting 100 Introduction with a Purpose and a Main Point 100 Body That Provides Need-to-Know Information 103 Conclusion That Restates the Main Point 104 Types of Letters, Memos, and E-Mails 104 Inquiries 105 Responses 105 Claims or Complaints 105 Adjustments 108 Refusals 108 Using Style and Design 111 Strategies for Developing an Appropriate Style 111 Designing and Formatting Letters, Envelopes, and Memos 114 Using E-Mail Internationally 117 Microgenre: Texting at Work 120 Chapter Review 122 Exercises and Projects 122 Case Study: The Nastygram 126 chapter Technical Descriptions and Specifications 128 Planning and Researching 129 Planning 129 Quick Start: Technical Descriptions and Specifications 130 Researching 135 Partitioning the Subject 135 At Work: How Does Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD) Help Write Descriptions? 136 Organizing and Drafting 140 Specific and Precise Title 140 Introduction with an Overall Description 140 Description by Features, Functions, or Stages 141 Description by Senses, Similes, Analogies, and Metaphors 142 Conclusion 144 Help: Using Digital Photography in Descriptions 144 Using Style and Design 146 Plain, Simple Style 146 Page Layout That Fits 146 Graphics That Illustrate 146 Microgenre: Technical Definitions 149 Chapter Review 153 vi Contents Exercises and Projects 153 Case Study: In the Vapor 157 Instructions and Documentation 159 Proposals 198 chapter chapter Planning and Researching 160 Quick Start: Instructions and Documentation 161 Planning 162 Researching 171 Planning for Cross-Cultural Readers and Contexts 172 Verbal Considerations 173 Design Considerations 173 Organizing and Drafting 174 Specific and Precise Title 174 Introduction 174 List of Parts, Tools, and Conditions Required 175 Sequentially Ordered Steps 176 Safety Information 182 Conclusion That Signals Completion of Task 185 Using Style and Design 185 Help: On-Screen Documentation 187 Plain Style with a Touch of Emotion 188 Functional, Attractive Page Layout 189 Graphics That Reinforce Written Text 190 User-Testing Your Documentation 192 Microgenre: Emergency Instructions 192 Chapter Review 194 Exercises and Projects 195 Case Study: The Flame 197 Planning and Researching 199 Planning 199 Quick Start: Proposals 200 Researching 205 Organizing and Drafting 206 Writing the Introduction 206 Describing the Current Situation 208 Describing the Project Plan 209 Describing Qualifications 216 Concluding with Costs and Benefits 216 Contents vii Using Style and Design 219 A Balance of Plain and Persuasive Styles 219 An Attractive, Functional Design 222 Microgenre: The Elevator Pitch 224 Chapter Review 226 Exercises and Projects 227 Case Study: The Mole 237 chapter 10 chapter Activity Reports 238 Types of Activity Reports 239 Progress Reports 239 Briefings and White Papers 239 Quick Start: Activity Reports 240 Incident Reports 242 Laboratory Reports 242 Planning and Researching 246 Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation 249 Organizing and Drafting 251 Writing the Introduction 251 Writing the Body 251 Writing the Conclusion 252 Using Style and Design 254 Using a Plain Style 254 Using Design and Graphics 254 Microgenre: The Status Report 255 Chapter Review 257 Exercises and Projects 257 Case Study: Bad Chemistry 259 Analytical Reports 260 Types of Analytical Reports 261 Quick Start: Analytical Report 262 Planning and Researching 263 Planning 263 Researching 268 Organizing and Drafting 273 Writing the Introduction 273 At Work: What Is the Most Efficient Way to Write a Report? 274 Describing Your Methodology 275 Summarizing the Results of the Study 275 viii Contents Credits Text Credits Page 8, © 2003 by TiVo Inc and Pioneer Corporation Reprinted by permission of TiVo Inc and Pioneer Corporation (Tokyo) TiVo’s trademarks and copyrighted material are used by Pearson Education, Inc under license VCR Plus+ is a registered trademark of Gemstar Development Corp., reprinted with permission of Rovi Corporation The DVD logos are trademarks of DVD FLLC Other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners Page 10, The American Red Cross name and emblem are used with its permission, which in no way constitutes an endorsement, express or implied, of any product, service, company, opinion or political position The American Red Cross logo is a registered trademark owned by the American Red Cross For more information, please visit www.redcross.org http://www.redcross.org Page 12, National Human Genome Research Institute, http://www.genome.gov Page 14, National Ocean Service, 2005 Pages 17–18, Reprinted with permission of Dr Linda K Bledsoe and Dr Bibhuti K Sar This work was supported under award 1999-WA-VX-0012 from the U.S Department of Justice “Grants to Combat Crimes Against Women on Campuses.” The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this document are those of the authors and not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S Department of Justice Page 24, E-mail by Department of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary Michael P Jackson, January 30, 2007, posted by Bonnie Goldstein on Slate, www.slate.com/id/2158997 Pages 29–30, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pages 31–32, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Page 39, Microsoft product screen shot reprinted with permission from Microsoft Corporation Page 45, Richard Johnson-Sheehan Page 49, Microsoft Project® product screen shot reprinted with permission from Microsoft Page 62, Reprint courtesy of International Business Machines Corporation, copyright © 2011 International Business Machines Corporation Page 69, Excerpt from Einstein: His Life and Times, by R Clark Published by World Publishing, © 1971 Page 70, Einstein letter to President Roosevelt, August 2, 1939 Permission granted by the Albert Einstein Archives, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Page 76, From Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac New York, NY: Ballantine, 1966 Copyright © 1949 by Oxford University Press, Inc Page 78, Facebook Community Standards screenshot used with permission of Facebook Inc Page 83, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers © 2006 IEEE Reprinted with permission of IEEE Page 84, Rachelle Hollander, Online Ethics Center at the National Academy of Engineering Reprinted with permission from National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C Copyright © 2003–2013 National Academy of Sciences Pages 131–133, Instructions for the Shuttle Remote Manipulater System—the Canadarm Instructions and diagram used with permission of MDA Corporation Pages 138–139, NASA Page 143, U.S Department of Energy Pages 147–148, Solarworld Americas LLC, Sunmodule+® Data Sheet for SW 255 mono/2.5 Frame guide Used with permission of SolarWorld Americas LLC Pages 151– 152, Adapted from Labor Standards and Safety Division, Physical Agent Data Sheet (PADS)—Lasers Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development Pages 155–156, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Page 163, “Replacing the hard disk,” Playstation® Instruction Manual, p 39 Used with permission of Sony Electronics Pages 164–166, Reprinted by permission of the West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Department of Health & Human Resources, Office of EMS Pages 167–170, Indiana Department of Transportation Page 176, Reprinted with permission of Stewart-MacDonald Page 178, Courtesy of Nikon Inc., Melville, New York Pages 180–181, Husqvarna, Working with Chainsaws: Basic Manual for Safe and Efficient Chainsaw Use—Part 1, pp 23–24 Reprinted by permission of Husqvarna Page 183, From Geoffrey Peckham, “Safety Symbols,” Compliance Engineering Magazine, http://www.cemag/com/archive/02/03/peckham.html (Figure 1) Used with permission of Clarion Safety Systems, LLC, clarionsafety.com Page 184, From Ryobi 510r 4-Cycle Garden Cultivator Operator’s Manual Reprinted by permission of Ryobi Page 186, RocHobby Multipurpose Glider Operating Manual, p 15 Used with permission Page 187, Mozilla® Support, 2013 Courtesy Mozilla Pages 190–192, Model S: A Quick Guide for Owners Used with permission from Tesla Motors Page 193, © Metropolitan Transportation Authority, State of New York Used with permission Page 223, U.S Geological Survey, 2003 Pages 225–226, Dave Chenell and Eric Cleckner, graFighters.com Reprinted with permission of Grafighters, Inc Pages 229–236, National Marine Sanctuaries, http://sanctuaries noaa.gov/news/bwet Pages 242–244, Figure 9.2 from the White Paper “A Practical Approach to Managing Phishing,” April 2008, by Michael Barrett and Dan Levy These materials have been reproduced with the permission of PayPal, Inc © 2008 PayPal, Inc All Rights Reserved Pages 264–266, Office of Applied Studies Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2006, DHHS Page 271, U.S Census Bureau, www.census.gov Page 272, © 2000–2008 Pew Internet & American Life Project Reprinted with permission Page 289, Google and the Google logo are registered trademarks of Google Inc., used with permission Pages 297–298, U.S Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2005 Page 300, Adapted with permission of Nathan Stewart Otter photo: Kim Worrell/Shutterstock Page 307, Monster.com Reprinted by permission Page 338, Used with permission of Welch Architecture Inc Page 351, Copyright © 1996–2013, American Society of Civil Engineers Used by permission Page 352, © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved Page 357 Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species (112) Page 357, Pakiser, L., & Shedlock, K (1997) Earthquakes [Fact sheet] Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/earthqkgip html Page 357, Pakiser, L., & Shedlock, K (1997) Earthquakes [Fact sheet] Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/earthqkgip html Page 360, U.S Geological Survey, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ earthg1/predict.html Page 370, Reprinted with permission by Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship—Wildlife Branch Page 371, “Restoring V-Site,” Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 1, 2007, p 13 Page 372, Fermilab, U.S Department of Energy Page 375, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Inventory, 2000 Report, 2000, p 36 Page 379, Field Museum home page, http://www.fieldmuseum.org, reprinted by permission Page 383, © 2005 Jabra, GN Mobile A/S (GN Netcom A/S) Reprinted by permission of GN Netcom, Inc Page 386 Oil Market Report, 13 May, 2008 © OECD/IEA 2008, pp 24–25 Used by permission Page 387, Medline Plus, http://www.medlineplus.gov Credits C-1 Page 389, Patricia Russo and Stephen Boor 1993 How fluent is your interface?: designing for international users In Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’93) ACM, New York, NY, USA, 342–347, Table © 1993 Association for Computing Machinery, Inc Reprinted by permission DOI=10 1145/169059.169274 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/169059.169274 Page 390, Microsoft screen shot used with permission from Microsoft Pages 394–396, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/ipm/schoolipm Page 398, Used with permission of Michigan Department of Community Health Page 399, Bryony Butland, et al., Foresight: Tackling Obesities: Future Choices—Project Report, 2nd ed Government Office for Science Licensed under the Open Government License v2.0, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/2/ Page 401, National Center for Education Statistics, “Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2010,” http://nces.ed.gov/ programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2010/figures/figure_13_1 asp Page 402, Reprinted by permission of Guy Palmer, The Poverty Site Page 404, Richard Johnson-Sheehan Page 405, Reproduced courtesy of the Safetyline Institute www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/Institute Page 406, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Page 408, Used by permission of National Foundation for Cancer Research (NFCR) Page 409, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Women’s Health 2007 Page 410, Courtesy Australian Resuscitation Council, http://www.resus.org.au/ public/bls_flow_chart.pdf Page 413, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/virus.html Page 414, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/images/suneagle gif Used by permission of the International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Page 415 (tl), Mr YukTM is a registered trademark of Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Page 415 (tr), European Union Page 446, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ research/observe/surftemp Page 452, Reprinted by permission of Toastmasters International Pages 84, 225, 271, 272, 372, 379, 387, 452, Internet Explorer® product screen shot used with permission from Microsoft Pages 12, 187, 352 Firefox® browser screen shot Courtesy Mozilla Photo Credits Page 1, Moodboard/Alamy Page 2, Fancy Collection/SuperStock Page 13, The Star-Ledger/Ed Murray/The Image Works Page 15, Paul Conklin/Photo C-2 Credits Edit Page 19, Hero Images/Getty Images Page 20, Bikeriderlondon/ Shutterstock Page 32, Anton Vengo/Superstock Page 34, Fuse/Getty Images Page 37, Tmcphotos/Shutterstock Page 40, Michaeljung/ Fotolia Page 44, Blend Images/John Fedele/Getty Images Page 60, Blend Images/John Fedele/Getty Images Page 67, Pete Leonard/ Corbis Page 68, Exactostock/SuperStock Page 72, Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images Page 77, Aldo Leopold Foundation, Inc Page 78, Nick White/Getty Images Page 86, Tmcphotos/Shutterstock Page 87, Hans Engbers/Alamy Page 90, S Dashkevych/Shutterstock Page 91, Comstock Images/Getty Images Page 92, Blend Images/ ColorBlind Images/Getty images Page 121, Courtesy of author Page 126, Tetra Images/Corbis Page 128, Prisma/The Image Works Page 131, DVIDS/NASA Photo courtesy of nasaimages.org, http://nasaimages.org Page 133, MDA Page 138, DVIDS/NASA/JPL Image courtesy of nasaimages.org, http://nasaimages.org Page 145, Jennifer Richards/Fotolia Page 157, Helen King/Corbis Page 159, Peter Chen/ The Image Works Page 162, Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit Page 197, Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs Page 198, Roger Bamber/ Alamy Page 237, Auremar/Fotolia Page 238, Norbert Schwerin/The Image Works Page 259, Istock/Thinkstock/Getty Images Page 260, Age Fotostock/SuperStock Page 297, U.S Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice Page 303, Laurence Mouton/PhotoAlto/Corbis Page 304, Exactostock/SuperStock Page 330, Dorling Kindersley, Ltd Page 333, Kayte Deioma/PhotoEdit Page 341, Klaus Tiedge/ Corbis Page 342, David M Grossman/The Image Works Page 343, ASA—Saxpix.com /Age Fotostock Page 366, Jeff Greenberg/The Image Works Page 367, Fancy Collection/SuperStock Page 393, Will Sanders/Getty Images Page 397, Dann Tardif/Corbis Page 400, Nada’s Images/Fotolia Page 411, Nikkytok/Fotolia Page 412, Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY Page 415 (bl,ml,mr,br), The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) Page 419, Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Page 421, Flying Colours Ltd/Getty Images Page 422, Royalty Free/Corbis Page 429, Doug Martin/Photo Researchers, Inc Page 430, Dorling Kindersley Ltd Page 432, Exactostock/SuperStock Page 434, Courtesy of the author Page 438, Dmitriy Shironosov/Alamy Page 442, Cultura RM/Alamy Page 448 Bob Daemmrich/ PhotoEdit Page 455, Hossein Fatemi/UPI/Newscom Page 458, Ralf Schultheiss/Corbis Index Abstract summary, 291–293 Action-oriented roles, in teams, 61 Action takers See also Primary readers presentations for, 425 Action verbs, in activity reports, 250 Active voice, in application letters, 328 Activity journals, 248 Activity reports action verbs in, 250 background information in, 252 (fig.) body of, 251–252 briefing papers, 239–240 case study, 259 conclusions of, 252, 254 context of use for, 250 design considerations for, 254–255 drafting for, 251–254 features of, 240 graphics in, 254–255 incident reports, 242, 245–246 (fig.) introductions in, 251 as journals, 248 laboratory reports, 242, 247–249 (fig.) organization of, 251–254 plain style in, 254 planning and researching for, 246, 248–251 progress reports, 239, 241 (fig.), 253 (fig.) purpose of, 240, 250 readers for, 250 revision of, 258 rhetorical situation analysis as, 249–251 status reports, 239, 255–257 style considerations for, 254–255 subject in, 250 white papers, 239–240, 242–245 (fig.) Adjustment letters, 108, 110 (fig.) Adobe Dreamweaver, 188 Adobe Photoshop, 413 Advisors See also Secondary readers presentation for, 425 Africa, communication with content differences in, 32–33 style differences in, 34 Agendas, for meetings, 54, 55 (fig.) AIAA See American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIGA See American Institute of Graphic Arts Alignment principle, in design, 376–377, 377 (fig.) AMA See American Medical Association American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 16 American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), 415, 415 (fig.) American Medical Association (AMA), 308 Analogies, 150 technical descriptions with, 142, 144 Analysis charts for cross-cultural communication, 41 (fig.), 42 (fig.), 43 (fig.) reader, 25 (fig.) writer-centered, for readers, 22 (fig.) Analytical reports abstract summary in, 291–293 alternative empirical methods for, 272 appendixes in, 294 back matter development in, 294 breathing-length sentences in, 295 calculations in, 294 case study for, 299, 300 (fig.) completion reports, 261 conclusions in, 276 context of use for, 267–268 definition of, 261 design considerations for, 294–296 drafting of, 273–276, 290–294 economic context in, 267 empirical research reports, 261 ethical context in, 268 executive summary in, 291–293 experiments as part of, 271–272 feasibility reports, 263, 277–288 (fig.) features of, 262–263 front matter development for, 290–291 for gatekeeper readers, 267 genre-based approach for, 3, (fig.) glossary of terms in, 294 with Google Drive, 289–290, 289 (fig.) graphics in, 296 hypothesis in, 269, 273 IMRAD patterns for, 261–262 information collection for, 271–273 Internet searches for, 271 introductions in, 273–275 jargon in, 295 library research for, 271 logical mapping for, 269, 270 (fig.) nominalizations in, 295 observations as part of, 271–272 organization of, 273–276, 290 page layout for, 295 paraphrasing in, 292 physical context in, 267–268 plain style for, 294–295 planning and research for, 263, 267–273 political context in, 267–268 poster presentations, 299, 300 (fig.) for primary readers, 267 purpose of, 263 recommendation reports, 263, 296–297 (fig.) recommendations in, 276 report summary in, 292–293 research as foundation of, 261 research methodology in, 268–270, 275 research reports, 261, 264–266 (fig.) results in, 275–276 rhetorical situation in, 268 for secondary readers, 267 specialized terms in, 295 style considerations for, 294–296 subject in, 263 subject of sentences in, 294–295 table of contents in, 293 for tertiary readers, 267 title page design for, 291 (fig.) types of, 261–263 works cited in, 294 writing of, 274 APA style, for documentation sources for corporate authors, A-21 for full references, 362, A-22–A-25 for individual authors, A-20 for in-text citations, 361–362, 362 (fig.), A-20–A-22 for multiple authors, A-21 for paraphrased materials, A-22 for unknown authors, A-21 Apostrophes, A-13–A-14 Appendixes, in analytical reports, 294 Application letters active voice in, 328 basic features of, 306, 326 (fig.) body of, 325 bureaucratic tone in, 328 conclusion in, 325 content in, 321–322, 325 features of, 322 (fig.) introduction in, 322 nonbureaucratic tone in, 328 organization in, 321–322, 325, 327 (fig.) proofreading of, 329 revision of, 329 style considerations for, 325, 328–329 themes in, 328–329 “You” attitude in, 325, 328 Asia, communication with content differences in, 33 design differences in, 35–36 organizational differences in, 33 Attachments, in e-mails, 97 Attachments line, 94 Attitudes, of readers, 23, 25 Audiences, for presentations, 425 Awards and activities, in chronological résumé, 318 Background color, contrast and, 387 Background information in activity reports, 252 (fig.) in feasibility reports, 279 (fig.) in presentations, 436 Background section, of proposals, 208 Back matter development, 294 Backward planning, 48, 50 (fig.) Bacon, Francis, 354 Balance, in design on computer screens, 372 (fig.), 376 (fig.) grids, in page layout, 372, 373–375 (fig.), 376 Index I-1 Balance (continued) page layout and, 369–370, 371 (fig.) weighting a page, 369–370 Bar charts, 405–406, 406 (fig.) “Bcc” line, 94 Binders, for portfolios, 331–332 Biography, professional, 337 Blogs, for research, 351 Body of activity reports, 251–252 of application letters, 325 of e-mails, 94, 96, 103–104 of letters, 103–104 of memos, 103–104 of presentations, 436, 438 Body language, for presentations, 447–449 Bookman font, 384 Books, for research, 351–352 Borders, 381, 381–382 (fig.) Brackets, A-17–A-18 for editorial comments, A-18 Breathing-length sentences, 295 Briefing papers, 239–240 Bureaucratic phrasing, 114 Bureaucratic tone, in application letters, 328 CAD See Computer-aided drafting Calculations, in analytical reports, 294 Canadarm, technical description of, 131–133 (fig.) Care, social ethics and, 74–75 Career objectives, in chronological résumé, 311 Careers See also Application letters; Interviewing, strategies for; Portfolios; Résumés case study for, 341 classified advertisements for, 309 college placement offices for, 309 goal setting for, 305–309 job search engines for, 305, 308, 316 job-seeking paths for, 305, 308–309 materials for, 306 personal networking for, 308 professional networking for, 308 social networking websites for, 308 target companies for, 309 Career summaries, in chronological résumé, 311 Case studies, in research methodology, 353 “Cc” line, 94 CD-ROMs, 188 Census Bureau, U.S., website for, 271 (fig.) Centering, in design, 378 (fig.) Cerebral roles, in teams, 61 Chalkboards, 428 Charts See also Analysis charts; Writer-centered analysis chart bar, 405–406, 406 (fig.) in cross-cultural communication, 36 flip charts, 428 flowcharts, 409, 410 (fig.) pie charts, 407, 409, 409 (fig.) in research reports, 266 (fig.) I-2 Index China, communication with content differences in, 32 style differences in, 34 Chronological résumés, 310–311 awards and activities in, 318 career objectives in, 311 career summaries in, 311 contact information for, 311 educational background in, 316 names on, 311 references in, 318–319 skills in, 318 work experience in, 317–318 Citation-Sequence (CSE) documentation style author-year system, A-26 citation-author system, A-26 references list, A-26–A-29 Claims, 105, 109 (fig.) Clarification questions, 441 Classified advertisements, for career search, 309 Clip art, 414 Collaboration, in technical communication, 11 College placement offices, for careers, 309 Colons, A-11–A-13 in greetings, A-12 with lead-off lists, A-12 misuse of, A-12–A-13 with numbers, A-12 in quotations, A-12 with tiles, A-12 Color contrast and, 387 in cross-cultural design, 388, 389 (fig.) Column headings, 407 Command voice, in documentation, 177 Commas, A-9–A-11 with dates, A-10 with numbers, A-10 with place-names, A-10 with quotation marks, A-10 removal of, A-11 Comma splices, A-1–A-2 Comments, in documentation, 182 Communication cross-cultural, 32–38 international, 32–38 Compelling statements, in presentations, 432 Complaints, 105, 108 Completer/finishers, 61 Completion reports, 261 Computer-aided drafting (CAD), 136 Computers design balance for screen pages, 372 (fig.), 376 (fig.) harassment on, 78–80 planning and research with, research methodology with, 343 taking notes on, 357 teamwork through, 12 Conclusions of activity reports, 252, 254 in analytical reports, 276 in application letters, 325 in e-mails, 96 in presentations, 439–442, 440 (fig.) in technical descriptions, 130, 144 Confidence, during interviews, 335 Conflict resolution in forming stage of team-building, 49–50 mediation techniques in, 57–58, 57 (fig.) in storming stage of team-building, 54–58 Conservation ethics, 76–77 definition of, 72 ethical dilemmas, 80 sustainability and, 76 Consistency, as design principle, 383 (fig.) with footers, 386 with headers, 386, 386 (fig.) labeling graphics, 384 with nonsequential lists, 384–386 with sequential lists, 384–386, 385 (fig.) typefaces, 382, 384, 384 (fig.) Constitutional rights, 74 Constructive conflict, 50 Contact information, in chronological résumés, 311 Content in application letters, 321–322, 325 in cross-cultural communication, differences in, 32–33 drafting for, mapping, in correspondence, 103 (fig.) Context See Context of use; Economic context; Ethical context; Physical context; Political context Context analysis chart, for cross-cultural communication, 43 (fig.) Context of use, 25–26 for activity reports, 250 for analytical reports, 267–268 in documentation, 171 in e-mails, 100 identification of, 26 in letters, 100 in memos, 100 in presentations, 425–426 for proposals, 204–205 for rhetorical situation, in technical writing, in technical descriptions, 134 Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI), 63 Contractions, with apostrophes, A-13 Contrast background color and, 387 as design principle, 386–387, 387 (fig.) in résumés, 321 shading and, 387 Cookies, on websites, 87 Coordinators in forming stage of team-building, 48 as people-oriented role, 61 Copyediting, in technical writing, 10 Copyright law, 85 Corel Quattro Pro, 406 Correspondence See Documents; E-mails; Letters; Memos Costs and benefits ethical dilemmas and, 82 in proposals, 203 (fig.), 216, 219, 220 (fig.) Cover sheets, for portfolios, 331 CQI See Continuous Quality Improvement Cross-cultural communication, 32–38 basic English in, 173 case study for, 40–41, 41 (fig.), 42 (fig.), 43 (fig.) chart use in, 36 color use in, 388, 389 (fig.) content differences in, 32–33 courtesy as part of, 36 design differences in, 35–36, 388–389 direction of reading in, 389, 390 (fig.) documentation for, 172–173 with e-mails, 117–120 with graphics, 414–416, 415 (fig.) graph use in, 36 icon use in, 35 images of people in, 388 listening in, 36 name meanings in, 173 organizational differences in, 33–34 in presentations, 452–455 scanning pages and, 35 (fig.) slogan use in, 173 style differences in, 34–35 symbols in, 389, 414–416, 415 (fig.) targeting of specific culture, 36 in technical writing, 15 text translations for, 173 time zone differences as influence on, 37 CSE documentation style See CitationSequence documentation style Culturally deep design, 388 Culturally shallow design, 388 Current situation descriptions, 208, 210–211 (fig.) Cyberbullying, 78–80 ending of, strategies for, 79–80 filing of complaints for, 80 prevention of, 79 CyberMatrix Office, 59 Dangling modifiers, A-3–A-4 Dashes, A-16–A-17 Databases, for research, 350, 351 (fig.) Dates, commas with, A-10 Declaration of Independence, U.S., 74 Definitions See Technical definitions; specific definitions Deming, W Edwards, 63 Design See also Graphics, design with; Page design; Visual design for activity reports, 254–255 alignment as principle in, 376–377, 377 (fig.) for analytical reports, 294–296 balance as principle in, 368–370, 369 (fig.), 371–372 (fig.), 372, 376, 376 (fig.) case study, 393, 394–396 (fig.), 419–420 color choice in, 388, 389 (fig.) consistency as principle in, 382–386, 383–386 (fig.) contrast as principle in, 386–387 in cross-cultural communication, differences in, 35–36 cross-cultural influences on, 388–389 culturally deep, 388 culturally shallow, 388 direction of reading in, 389, 390 (fig.) for documentation, 173, 185–192 for e-mails, 111–117 in genre-based approach to technical writing, 3, grouping as principle in, 377–382, 378–382 (fig.) images of people in, 388 in international communication, 35–36 for letters, 111–117 for memos, 111–117 for proposals, 219–226 for résumés, 319, 321 revisions, 394–396 (fig.) symbols in, 389, 414–416, 415 (fig.) for technical descriptions, 146–149, 147–148 (fig.) Designers, in forming stage, 48 Destructive conflict, 50 Diagrams, 413, 413 (fig.) in technical communication, 13 Differences, 150 Digital photography cropping tool in, 145 (fig.) features of, 144–145 technical descriptions and, 144–145 Digital projectors, for presentations, 427 Direction of reading, in design, 389, 390 (fig.) Discussion lists, 62 Division into parts, 150 Documentation See also Instructions; Procedures; Specifications command voice in, 177 comments in, 182 completion times in, 175 context of use in, 171 for cross-cultural communication, 172–173 design considerations for, 173, 185–192 drafting of, 174–185 examples in, 182 features of, 161 feedback in, 182 for gatekeeper readers, 171 graphics in, for text reinforcement, 190, 190–192 (fig.) icon use in, 173 image use in, 173 introductions in, 174–175 logical mapping for, 177 (fig.) notes in, 182 online, 187–188 organization of, 174–185 page layout for, 189–190 paragraph style in, 179, 180–181 (fig.) parts lists in, 175, 176 (fig.) plain style for, 188–189 planning and research for, 162–163, 171–172, 172 (fig.) for primary readers, 170 purpose statement in, 163 required conditions in, 175–176 safety information in, 182–184 for secondary readers, 170 sequentially ordered steps in, 176–179, 178 (fig.), 182 of sources, in research methodology, 360–362, 362 (fig.) style considerations for, 185–192 subject in, 162 technical necessities in, 174–175 for tertiary readers, 170 tone in, 189 tools lists in, 175 troubleshooting guides, 186 (fig.) user-testing of, 192 verbal considerations of, 173 Documentation guide APA style, A-20–A-25 CSE style, A-26–A-29 MLA style, A-30–A-34 Documents for experts, 30–31 (fig.) for general public, 28–29 (fig.) informative, paper-based, 11 persuasive, transmittal, 94 Drafting for activity reports, 251–254 of analytical reports, 273–276, 290–294 for content, of documentation, 174–185 of e-mails, 100–104 of letters, 100–104 of memos, 100–104 organization in, of proposals, 206–209, 216, 219 set of instructions in, for technical descriptions, 140–144 in technical writing, Dragga, Sam, 81 Drawings, 410–414 diagrams as, 413, 413 (fig.) illustrations, 413–414, 413 (fig.) line, 413 Dress, for interviewers, 334 Economic context in analytical reports, 267 for presentations, 426 for proposals, 205 for readers, 26, 27 (fig.) Index I-3 Editing copyediting and, 10 in genre-based approach to technical writing, 9–10 substantive, Editors, in forming stage, 48 Educational background in chronological résumés, 316 in portfolios, 331 Einstein, Albert, 69, 70–71 (fig.), 72 (fig.) ethical dilemmas for, 72 EISs See Environmental impact statements Elaboration questions, 441 Electronic portfolios, 332–333, 332 (fig.) Elevator pitch, 224–226 Ellipses, A-18 E-mails attachments in, 97 attachments line in, 94 background information of, 102 body of, 94, 96, 103–104 conclusions in, 104 content mapping for, 103 (fig.) design elements of, 111–117 drafting of, 100–104 features of, 92–94, 96–98, 97 (fig.) for gatekeeper readers, 99 headers in, 94 for informal messages, 92 for international use, 117–120 introductions of, 100, 102–103 main point in, 100, 102 organizational patterns of, 93 organization of, 100–104 phrasing in, 114 planning and research for, 98–100 for primary readers, 99 purpose of, 94 rhetorical situation in, determination of, 98–100 for secondary readers, 99 signature files in, 119–120 signatures in, 93, 97–98, 116 status reports and, 239, 255–257, 256 (fig.) style elements of, 111–117 for tertiary readers, 99 “thank you,” 335, 336 (fig.), 337 tone in, 113, 113 (fig.) as transmittal documents, 94 types of, 104–105, 108, 111 Em dashes, A-16 Emergency instructions, 192–194, 193 (fig.) titles in, 192 Empirical research, 343 qualitative, 353 quantitative, 353 reports for, 261 scientific method in, 354–355, 355 (fig.) Employees, ethical dilemmas for, 82 En dashes, A-16 Engineers, educational improvements for, 16 Environmental impact statements (EISs), 303 I-4 Ethical context in analytical reports, 268 for presentations, 426 for proposals, 205 for readers, 26, 27 (fig.) Ethical dilemmas, 69, 74–75 confrontation of, 80–81 in conservation ethics, 80 costs and benefits of, 82 for Einstein, 72 for employees, 82 legal influences on, 81 mediation of, 82 memos for, 82 in personal ethics, 80 product liability as, 81 professional codes and, 81–82 resolution of, 77–84, 81 (fig.) in social ethics, 80 through websites, 84 whistle-blowing and, 84 Ethical graphics, 400, 401 (fig.), 402 Ethical tension, 80 Ethics case study for, 90 conservative, 72, 76–77, 80 copyright law and, 85 definition of, 69, 72 fraud and, 88 with graphics, 400, 401 (fig.), 402 for IEEE, 82 imminent problems and, 70 (fig.) information sharing and, 87 land, 76 libel and, 88 in main point, 70 (fig.) monitoring of, 86 as moral rules, 86 patents and, 86 personal, 72–73, 80 privacy and, 87 professional codes and, 81–82 proprietary information and, 87 slander and, 88 social, 72–76, 75 (fig.), 80 solutions for, 71 (fig.) sources of, 72–77, 73 (fig.) for technical communication, 13, 15 in technical workplace, 85–88 trademarks and, 85–86 Ethnographies, 353 Etymology, 150 Europe, communication with, design differences in, 36 Evaluation forms, 453–454 (fig.) for presentations, 450 Evaluators See also Tertiary readers as action-oriented role, 61 presentations for, 425 Examples, 150 in documentation, 182 Exclamation points, A-9 Executive summary, 291–293 Expected findings, for research, 347, 349 (fig.) Experiments in analytical reports, 271–272 research methodology and, 353 Experts, documents for, 30–31 (fig.) Extended definition, 150, 151–152 (fig.) External proposals, 199 Facilitators, 54 Fact sheet, 155–156 (fig.) Faulty parallelism, A-5–A-6 Feasibility reports, 263, 277–288 (fig.) background information in, 279 (fig.) evaluation criteria, 280 (fig.) graphics in, 284 (fig.) headings in, 278 (fig.), 280 (fig.) main points in, 279 (fig.), 287 (fig.) purpose statement in, 278–279 (fig.) table of contents in, 278 (fig.) titles in, 277 (fig.) Feedback in documentation, 182 quality loops, 63 Field notes, 129 Field observations, 353 Firefox, 188 First-level headings, 379 Five-W and How questions, 5, (fig.) for career goal setting, 305–309 in presentations, 423 for reader profiling, 20, 21 (fig.) Flip charts, in presentations, 428 Flowcharts, 409, 410 (fig.) Focus groups, 63 Fonts See also specific fonts for résumés, 312–313 (fig.) Footers, 386 Formal presentations, 423 Formats for letters, 94, 95–96 (fig.), 114, 115 (fig.), 116 for memos, 94, 95–96 (fig.), 117–118 Forming stage, in team-building backward planning in, 48, 50 (fig.) conflict resolution in, 49–50 coordinator in, 48 definition of project mission in, 46 designers in, 48 editors in, 48 project calendar in, 48, 50 (fig.) project outcome identification in, 47, 47 (fig.) project planning software for, 49 (fig.) researchers in, 48 strategic planning as part of, 45–53 team objectives, 46, 47 (fig.) work plans in, 48–49, 51–53 (fig.) Fourth-level headings, 379 Fraud, ethics and, 88 Front matter development, for analytical reports, 290–291 Functional résumés, 319, 320 (fig.) Index Gatekeeper readers (supervisors) analytical reports for, 267 for documentation, 171 e-mails for, 99 identification of, 23 letters for, 99 memos for, 99 proposals for, 204 technical descriptions for, 134 Gender See also Women style differences in communication, 35 Genre-based approach, to technical writing, 2–10, (fig.) for analytic reports, 3, (fig.) content in, design in, 3, editing in, 9–10 instructions in, 7, (fig.) organization in, 2–3, planning and researching for, 5–6 purpose of, revisions in, 9–10 style in, 2, Gif files See Graphic interchange format files Glossary of terms in technical descriptions, 149 in technical terms, in analytical reports, 294 Goal setting, for careers, 305–309 Google Chrome, 188 Google Drive, 289–290, 289 (fig.) Government publications, research through, 352–353 Grammar and punctuation guide comma splices, A-1–A-2 dangling modifiers, A-3–A-4 faulty parallelism, A-5–A-6 pronoun-antecedent disagreement, A-5 pronoun case errors, A-6–A-7 run-on sentences, A-2–A-3 sentence fragments, A-3 subject-verb disagreement, A-4–A-5 vague pronouns, A-7–A-8 Graphic interchange format (gif) files, 412–413 Graphics, design with, 150 in activity reports, 254–255 in analytical reports, 296 bar charts, 405–406, 406 (fig.) clip art and, 414 consistency of, 384 with cross-cultural symbols, 414–416, 415 (fig.) in documentation, 190, 190–192 (fig.) with drawings, 410–414, 413 (fig.) ethical, 400, 401 (fig.), 402 in feasibility reports, 284 (fig.) flowcharts, 409, 410 (fig.) guidelines for, 398–403 with icons, 414, 414 (fig.) labeling of, 402–403, 402 (fig.) line, 401, 404–405, 404–405 (fig.) with photographs, 399, 400 (fig.), 411–412 (fig.), 411–413 with pictures, 410–414 pie charts, 407, 409, 409 (fig.) placement of, 403 in presentations, 446, 446 (fig.) in proposals, 222 readers’ preferences for, 22 reinforcement of text through, 400, 400 (fig.) relationships between variables in, 404, 405 (fig.) simplicity of story through, 399, 399 (fig.) with symbols, 414–416, 415 (fig.) tables, 398 (fig.), 406–407, 407–408 (fig.) in technical descriptions, 130, 146, 149 trends through, 404 types of, 403 (fig.) unethical, 401 (fig.) Graphs in cross-cultural communication, 36 in research reports, 265 (fig.) Greetings, 116 during interviews, 334 Grids, balance of, in page layout, 372, 373–375 (fig.), 376 Grouping, as design principle, 377–382 borders, 381, 381–382 (fig.) centering in, 378 (fig.) headings, 378–380, 380 (fig.) rules, 381, 381 (fig.) white space and, 378, 379 (fig.) Grouping, in résumés, 321 Groupware, in team-building, 62, 62 (fig.) Handouts, 429 Harassment, on computers, 78–80 ending of, strategies for, 79–80 filing of complaints for, 80 prevention of, 79 Hazard statements, 184 (fig.) Headers in design, 386, 386 (fig.) in e-mails, 94 in memos, 117 in procedures, 164–166 (fig.) Headings as access points, for readers, 380 column, 407 in feasibility reports, 278 (fig.), 280 (fig.) first-level, 379 fourth-level, 379 in groupings, 378–380, 380 (fig.) row, 407 second-level, 379 in tables, 407–408 in technical communication, 13 third-level, 379 Heckling questions, 442 Hostile questions, 441 Human rights, 74 Hyphens, A-16–A-17 Hypothesis in analytical reports, 269, 273 in research methodology, 346–347 I and me, as case error, A-6–A-7 IBM Lotus Notes, 59, 62, 62 (fig.) Icons design differences, in cross-cultural communication, 35 in documentation, 173 graphics with, 414, 414 (fig.) in safety information, 183 (fig.) IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Illustrations, 413–414, 413 (fig.) Images in documentation, 173 of people, in design, 388 Imminent problems, ethics and, 70 (fig.) Implementors, 61 IMRAD See Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion Incident reports, 242, 245–246 (fig.) India, communication with content differences in, 33 organizational differences in, 33–34 Informal presentations, 423 Information management of, in research methodology, 343, 356–360 need-to-know, for readers, 21 sharing, ethics and, 87 Information glut, 343 Informative documents, Inquiries, 105, 106 (fig.) Inside addresses, 116 Instant messaging, 62 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 82, 83 (fig.) professional associations for, 308 Instructions case study of, 196–197 definition of, 160 in drafting, 7, (fig.) emergency, 192–194, 193 (fig.) features of, 161 in organization, simple, 163 (fig.) Internal proposals, 199, 201–203 (fig.) International communication, 32–38 case study for, 40–41, 41 (fig.), 42 (fig.), 43 (fig.) chart use in, 36 content differences in, 32–33 courtesy as part of, 36 design differences in, 35–36 with e-mails, 117–120 graph use in, 36 icon use in, 35 listening in, 36 organizational differences in, 33–34 scanning pages and, 35 (fig.) style differences in, 34–35 targeting of specific culture, 36 in technical writing, 15 time zone differences as influence on, 37 International Standards Organization (ISO), 415, 415 (fig.) Index I-5 Internet Explorer, 188 Internet searches for analytical reports, 271 for jobs, 316 Interviewing, strategies for company research for, 334 confidence in, 335 dress for, 334 greetings during, 334 preparation for, 333–334 questions as part of, 334–335 in research, 353 “thank you” letters/e-mails after, 335, 336 (fig.), 337 In-text citations, 360–362 with APA style, 361–362, 362 (fig.), A-20–A-22 MLA documentation style for, A-30–A-31 quotation marks for, A-16 Intranets, 59 Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD), 261–262 See also Analytical reports Introductions in activity reports, 251 in analytical reports, 273–275 in application letters, 322 in documentation, 174–175 in e-mails, 94, 100, 102–103 in letters, 100, 102–103 in memos, 100, 102–103 in presentations, 431–433, 433 (fig.), 435–436 in proposals, 206, 207 (fig.) in technical descriptions, 130, 140–141 iPods, presentation with, 434–435 Irony, quotation marks for, A-15–A-16 ISO See International Standards Organization It is, as vague pronoun, A-8 Jargon, in analytical reports, 295 Job search engines, 305–306, 308, 316 Monster.com, 305, 307 (fig.) Job searching cycle, 309 (fig.) Joint photographic expert group (jpeg) files, 412–413 Journals, for research, 352 Jpeg files See Joint photographic expert group files Justice, social ethics and, 74–75 Keep it Simple (Stupid) (KISS) principle, 444 Labels, in graphics, 402–403, 402 (fig.) Laboratory reports, 242, 247–249 (fig.) Land ethic, 76 Latin America, communication with content differences in, 32–33 design differences in, 35 style differences in, 34 I-6 Index Law ethical dilemmas and, 81 social ethics and, 74 technical communication and, 13, 15 Lead-off lists, A-12 Leininger, Carol, 37 Leopold, Aldo, 76, 77 (fig.) Letterhead, 114, 116 Letters adjustment, 108, 110 (fig.) background information of, 102 body of, 103–104 conclusions in, 104 content mapping for, 103 (fig.) context of use in, 100 design elements of, 111–117 drafting of, 100–104 features of, 92–94, 96–98 for formal messages, 92 formatting for, 94, 95–96 (fig.), 114, 115 (fig.), 116 for gatekeeper readers, 99 introductions of, 100, 102–103 main point in, 100, 102 organizational patterns of, 93 organization of, 100–104 phrasing in, 114 planning and research for, 98–100 for primary readers, 99 purpose of, 92 response, 105, 107 (fig.) rhetorical situation in, determination of, 98–100 for secondary readers, 99 signatures in, 93, 97–98, 116 style elements of, 111–117 for tertiary readers, 99 “thank you,” 335, 336 (fig.), 337 tone in, 113, 113 (fig.) as transmittal documents, 94 types of, 104–105, 108, 111 Libel, ethics and, 88 Libraries, for research, 351–352, 352 (fig.) Library research, for analytical reports, 271 Line drawings, 413 Line graphics, 401, 404–405, 404–405 (fig.) Links, in e-mails, 96 Listening, in cross-cultural communication, 36 Lists discussion, 62 lead-off, A-12 nonsequential, 384–386 parentheses for, A-18 parts list, in documentation, 175, 176 (fig.) sequential, 384–386, 385 (fig.) in technical communication, 13 tools list, in documentation, 175 works cited, for MLA documentation style, A-31–A-34 Listservs, for research, 350 List style, for résumés, 312 (fig.) Logical mapping for analytical reports, 269, 270 (fig.) for documentation, 177 (fig.) for presentations, 443 (fig.) of project plans, 211 (fig.) for proposals, 205 (fig.), 208, 209, 209 (fig.), 211, 211 (fig.), 222 (fig.) in research methodology, 345, 346 (fig.), 347, 348 (fig.) for technical descriptions, 136–137 London Royal Society, 354 Magazines and newspapers, research through, 352 Main points in e-mails, 100, 102 ethics in, 70 (fig.) in feasibility reports, 279 (fig.), 287 (fig.) in letters, 100, 102 in memos, 100, 102 in presentations, 435 in proposals, 201 (fig.) in research reports, 264 (fig.) in technical descriptions, 141 Margin comments, 13 Materials for careers, 306 for professional portfolios, 330–331 Mediation in conflict resolution, 57–58, 57 (fig.) of ethical dilemmas, 82 Meetings agenda-setting for, 54, 55 (fig.) decision-recording in, 56 dissent in, 56 encouragement of participation in, 56 facilitators for, 54 in storming stage of team-building, 54–56 time management of, 54 Memos background information of, 102 body of, 103–104 case study for, 124–125 (fig.), 126, 127 (fig.) conclusions in, 104 content mapping for, 103 (fig.) context of use in, 100 design elements of, 111–117 drafting of, 100–104 for ethical dilemmas, 82 features of, 92–94, 96–98, 101–102 (fig.) for formal messages, 92 formatting of, 94, 95–96 (fig.), 117–118 for gatekeeper readers, 99 introductions of, 100, 102–103 main point in, 100, 102 message area in, 117 organization of, 93, 100–104 phrasing in, 114 planning and research for, 98–100 for primary readers, 24 (fig.), 99 purpose of, 92, 94 rhetorical situation in, determination of, 98–100 for secondary readers, 99 style elements of, 111–117 for tertiary readers, 99 tone in, 113, 113 (fig.) as transmittal documents, 94 types of, 104–105, 108, 111 Message area in e-mails, 94 in memos, 117 Messages, 116 Metaphors, in technical descriptions, 142, 144 Microsoft Excel, 406 Microsoft Expression Web, 188 Microsoft Outlook, 59, 62 Microsoft Paint, 413 Middle East, communications with content differences in, 33 design differences in, 35 organizational differences in, 33 style differences in, 34 Mission statements development of, 17–18 in forming stage of team-building, 46 MLA documentation style for corporate authors, A-31 for individual authors, A-30 for multiple authors, A-30–A-31 for paraphrased materials, A-31 for unknown authors, A-31 works cited list for, A-31–A-34 MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, A-30 Mobile phones, presentations with, 434–435 Monitors, 61 Monster.com, 305, 307 (fig.) Moral rules, ethics as, 86 MP3 players, presentations with, 434–435 Names in chronological résumés, 311 in cross-cultural communication, 173 Native Americans, communication with design differences in, 36 style differences in, 35 Needs, of readers, 23, 25 Need-to-know information, 21 Negation, 150 Networking See Personal networking; Professional networking New York font, 384 Nominalizations, in analytical reports, 295 Nonbureaucratic phrasing, 114 Nonbureaucratic tone, in application letters, 328 Nonsequential lists, 384–386 Norming stage, in team-building groupware for, 62, 62 (fig.) identification of team roles, 61–62 revision of objectives, 58 revision of outcomes, 58 role determination during, 58, 61–63 Notepads, 428 Notes commentary in, 359–360 on computers, 357 in documentation, 182 paraphrasing in, 358–359 for presentations, 449–450, 451 (fig.) in research methodology, 356–360 summary of sources in, 359, 360 (fig.) Noun possession, apostrophes and, A-13–A-14 Numbers apostrophes and, A-14 with colons, A-12 with commas, A-10 Observations, 129 in analytical reports, 271–272 Online documentation, 187–188 with CD-ROMs, 188 with PDFs, 188 on websites, 188 Online Ethics Center, 84 (fig.) Online help, 187–188, 187 (fig.) Oppenheimer, Robert, 72 (fig.) Organization of activity reports, 251–254 of analytical reports, 273–276, 290 of application letters, 321–322, 325, 327 (fig.) in Asia, communications with, 33 in cross-cultural communication, differences in, 33–34 of documentation, 174–185 in drafting, of e-mails, 93 in India, communications with, 33–34 instructions in, 7, (fig.) of letters, 93 of memos, 93, 100–104 in Middle East, communications, 33 of presentations, 430–436, 432 (fig.), 438–442 of proposals, 206–209, 216, 219 in technical descriptions, 140–144 in technical writing, Overhead projectors, for presentations, 427–428 Page alignment, in résumés, 321 Page balance as design principle, in page layout, 369–370, 371 (fig.) in grids, 372, 373–375 (fig.), 376 in résumés, 321 Page design for analytical reports, 295 for documentation, 189–190 in proposals, 222 readers’ preferences for, 22 for technical descriptions, 146 Paone, Karen, 437 Paper-based documents, 11 Paragraph style in documentation, 179, 180–181 (fig.) in plain style, 254 for résumés, 313 (fig.) Paraphrasing, in analytical reports, 292 APA style for, A-22 MLA documentation style for, A-31 Parentheses, A-17–A-18 for lists, A-18 Partitioning of subject, in technical descriptions, 135–139, 137 (fig.) Parts lists, 175, 176 (fig.) Patents, 86, 129 PDFs See Portable document formats People, in cross-cultural design, 388 People-oriented roles, in teams, 61 Performance reviews, 64 (fig.) Performing stage, of team-building, 63 Periodical index, 352 Periods, A-9 Personal ethics, 72–73 definition of, 72 ethical dilemmas in, 80 Personal networking, 308 Persuasive documents proposals as, 219 purpose in, Persuasive style in proposals, 219 in technical writing, Pew Research Center, 272 (fig.) Photographs graphic design with, 399, 400 (fig.), 411–412 (fig.), 411–413 insertion of, 412–413 of objects, 412, 412 (fig.) of people, 411–412, 411 (fig.) of places, 412 Phrasing, in correspondence, 114 Physical context in analytical reports, 267–268 for presentations, 425–426 for proposals, 205 for readers, 26, 27 (fig.) Pictures, in graphic design, 410–414 Pie charts, 407, 409, 409 (fig.) Place names, with commas, A-10 Plagiarism, 362–363 case study, 366 Plain style in activity reports, 254 for analytical reports, 294–295 for documentation, 188–189 paragraphs in, 254 for proposals, 219 sentences in, 254 for technical descriptions, 146 in technical writing, tone in, 254 Planning and research for activity reports, 246, 248–251 for analytical reports, 263, 267–273 with computers, for documentation, 162–163, 171–172, 172 (fig.) for e-mails, 98–100 Index I-7 Planning and research (continued) Five-W and How questions, 5, (fig.) for letters, 98–100 for memos, 98–100 organization in, for presentations, 422–427 for proposals, 199, 204–206 purpose in, 5–7 rhetorical situation, definition of, 5, (fig.) of subject, 5, for technical descriptions, 129, 135 in technical writing, 5–7, (fig.) Plants, 61 Podcasts, for research, 350 Poison symbol, 415 (fig.) Political context in analytical reports, 267–268 for presentations, 426 for proposals, 205 for readers, 26, 27 (fig.) Politics, technical communication and, 13, 15 Portable document formats (PDFs), 188 Portfolios, professional, 329–333 assembly of, 331–332 binders for, 331–332 electronic, 332–333, 332 (fig.) material collection for, 330–331 organization of, 331 print, 330 (fig.) Poster presentations, 299, 300 (fig.), 429 Presentations for action takers, 425 for advisors, 425 anecdotes in, 432 audiences for, 425 background information in, 436 body language for, 447–449 body of, 436, 438 case study for, 432, 458 common patterns of, 439 (fig.) compelling statements in, 432 conclusions in, 439–442, 440 (fig.) context of use in, 425–426 cross-cultural communication in, 452–455 delivery of, 447–450 evaluation of, 450, 453–454 (fig.) for evaluators, 425 Five-W and How questions in, 423 formal, 423 graphics in, 446, 446 (fig.) informal, 423 introduction in, 431–433, 433 (fig.), 435–436 with iPods, 434–435 KISS principle for, 444 logical mapping of, 443 (fig.) main points in, 435 with mobile phones, 434–435 with MP3 players, 434–435 notes for, 449–450, 451 (fig.) organization of, 430–436, 432 (fig.), 438–442 I-8 Index planning and researching for, 422–427 with posters, 299, 300 (fig.), 429 preparation for, 422–423, 423 (fig.) public speaking for, 432, 452 (fig.) purpose in, 425 purpose statements in, 435 questions in, 441–442 quotations in, 432 rehearsal for, 450 rhetorical questions in, 432 rhetorical situations in, 424–426, 424 (fig.) rhythm of, 449 show of hands in, 433 slides in, 445–447, 445 (fig.), 447 (fig.) statistics in, 432 style considerations for, 442–444 subject in, 424, 435 for supervisors, 425 technology choice for, 427–429, 428 (fig.) themes in, 443 time allotment in, 426–427, 427 (fig.) tone for, 449 with translators, 452–455 visuals in, 444–447, 445–446 (fig.) voice in, 449 Primary readers (action takers) for analytical reports, 267 for documentation, 170 e-mails for, 99 identification of, 22 letters for, 99 memos for, 24 (fig.) proposals for, 204 technical descriptions for, 134 Primary research See Empirical research Print sources, for research, 349, 350 (fig.), 351–353 Privacy, 87 Procedures, 160–161, 164–166 (fig.) features of, 161 Professional codes, ethical dilemmas and, 81–82 Professional networking, 308 Professional portfolios See Portfolios, professional Profiling, of readers, 20–25 advantages of, 26–31 attitudes, 23, 25 components of, 20 contexts of use in, 25–26 development of, 21 (fig.) needs, 23, 25 values, 23, 25 Progress reports, 239, 241 (fig.), 253 (fig.) Project calendars, 48 with groupware, 52 Project planning software, 49 (fig.) Project plans drafting of, 211–212 logical mapping of, 211 (fig.) in proposals, 209, 211–212, 212–215 (fig.) Pronoun-antecedent disagreement, A-5 Pronoun case errors, A-6–A-7 Pronouns See Vague pronouns Proofreading of application letters, 329 of résumés, 329 of technical writing, 10 Proposals background section of, 208 case study, 221, 237 context of use for, 204–205 costs and benefits in, 203 (fig.), 216, 219, 220 (fig.) current situation descriptions in, 208, 210–211 (fig.) design considerations for, 219–226 drafting of, 206–209, 216, 219 elevator pitch, 224–226 external, 199 features of, 200 for gatekeeper readers, 204 graphics in, 222 internal, 199, 201–203 (fig.) introductions in, 206, 207 (fig.) logical maps for, 205 (fig.), 208, 209, 209 (fig.), 211, 211 (fig.), 222 (fig.) main point in, 201 (fig.) organization of, 206–209, 216, 219 page layout in, 222 persuasive style for, 219 plain style for, 219 planning and researching for, 199, 204–206 for primary readers, 204 project plans in, 209, 211–212, 212–215 (fig.) purpose of, 199, 204 qualifications sections in, 216, 217–218 (fig.) sample, 229–236 (fig.) for secondary readers, 204 solicited, 199 style considerations for, 219–226 subject in, 204 for tertiary readers, 204 tone in, 219, 221, 222 (fig.), 223 (fig.) unsolicited, 199 visuals in, 206 Proprietary information, ethics and, 87 Protocols, 160 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 361–362 See also APA style Public speaking, for presentations, 432 Toastmasters International and, 452 (fig.) Punctuation guide See Grammar and punctuation guide Punctuation refreshers, A-8–A-18 apostrophes, A-13–A-14 brackets, A-17–A-18 colons, A-11–A-13 commas, A-9–A-11 dashes, A-16–A-17 ellipses, A-18 exclamation points, A-9 hyphens, A-17 parentheses, A-17–A-18 periods, A-9 question marks, A-9 quotation marks, A-14–A-16 semicolons, A-11–A-13 Purpose of activity reports, 240, 250 of analytical reports, 263 definition of, 6–7 of documentation, 163 in feasibility reports, 278–279 (fig.) in informative documents, in persuasive documents, in planning and research, 5–7 in presentations, 425 of proposals, 199, 204 in rhetorical situation, 5–7 of technical descriptions, 134 Purpose statements in documentation, 163 in feasibility reports, 278–279 (fig.) in presentations, 435 in technical descriptions, 140 Qualifications sections, in proposals, 216, 217–218 (fig.) Qualitative empirical research, 353 Quality feedback loops, 63 Quantitative empirical research, 353 Question marks, A-9 Questionnaires See Surveys and questionnaires Questions clarification, 441 elaboration, 441 hostile, 441 in interviews, 334–335 in presentations, 441–442 in research methodology, 346–347 Quotation marks, A-14–A-16 for in-text citations, A-16 for irony, A-15–A-16 for titles, A-15 Quotations colons and, A-12 commas with, A-10 in presentations, 432 semicolons and, A-12 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 90 Reader analysis chart, for cross-cultural communication, 42 (fig.) Readers See also Gatekeeper readers; Primary readers; Profiling, of readers; Secondary readers; Tertiary readers for activity reports, 250 analysis chart for, 25 (fig.) concise text and, as preference, 22 economic context for, 26, 27 (fig.) ethical context for, 26, 27 (fig.) experts as, 30–31 (fig.) of general public documents, 28–29 (fig.) graphic design for, 22 identification of, 22–23 need-to-know information for, 21 page design and, 22 physical context for, 26, 27 (fig.) political context for, 26, 27 (fig.) profiling of, 20–25 as raiders for information, 9, 10 (fig.), 21 for rhetorical situation, in technical writing, technical communication and, 12 tensions for, 27 textual interpretation by, 21 writer-centered analysis chart for, 22 (fig.) Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature, 352 Recommendation reports, 263, 296–297 (fig.) Recommendations, in analytical reports, 276 References APA style for, 362, A-22–A-25 in chronological résumés, 318–319 in documentation of sources, 360 in portfolios, 331 Refusals, 108, 111, 112 (fig.) Reply text, for e-mails, 96 Report summaries, 292–293 Required conditions, 175–176 Researchers, in forming stage, 48 Research methodology in analytical reports, 268–270, 275 angle of, 346 case studies, 353 collection process for, 344 (fig.) with computers, 343 defining subject in, 345–346 description of, 347–348 development of, 347–349 documentation of sources, 360–362, 362 (fig.) electronic sources for, 349–351, 350 (fig.) for empirical research, 343, 353–355 empirical sources for, 349, 350 (fig.) ethnographies, 353 expected findings in, 347, 349 (fig.) with experiments, 353 field observations, 353 hypothesis in, 346–347 information glut and, 343 information management and, 343, 356–360 interviews, 353 logical mapping, 345, 346 (fig.), 347, 348 (fig.) narrowing of, 346 note taking and, 356–360 with periodical index, 352 plagiarism and, 362–363, 366 primary sources of, 344 print sources for, 349, 350 (fig.), 351–353 question formulation, 346–347 revision of, 348 scientific method, 354–355, 355 (fig.) secondary sources of, 344 surveys and questionnaires, 353, 355 (fig.) triangulation of materials, 349–355 use of, 348 Research reports, 261 charts in, 266 (fig.) graphs in, 265 (fig.) main points in, 264 (fig.) titles in, 264 (fig.) Resource investigator, 61 Response letters, 105, 107 (fig.) Résumés chronological, 310–311, 316–319 design considerations of, 319, 321 features of, 306 fonts for, 312–313 (fig.) functional, 319, 320 (fig.) list style in, 312 (fig.) paragraph style for, 313 (fig.) preparation of, 310–311, 316–319, 321 proofreading of, 329 revision of, 329 scannable, 323, 324 (fig.) searchable, 323, 324 (fig.) types of, 310–311, 316–319 work experience in, 314–315 (fig.), 317–318 Revisions of activity reports, 258 of application letters, 329 in design, 394–396 (fig.) in genre-based approach to technical writing, 9–10 in norming stage, in team-building, 58 in research methodology, 348 of résumés, 329 RFID See Radio Frequency Identification Rhetorical questions, in presentations, 432 Rhetorical situation, in technical writing in activity reports, 249–251 in analytical reports, 268 context of use in, definition of, 5, (fig.) for e-mails, 98–100 for letters, 98–100 for memos, 98–100 in presentations, 424–426, 424 (fig.) purpose in, 5–7 readers for, subject in, Rights, social justice and, 74–75 Roles, in team-building, 58, 61–63 Roosevelt, Franklin, 69, 70–71 (fig.), 72 Row headings, 407 Rules, in grouping design, 381, 381 (fig.) Run-on sentences, A-2–A-3 Safari, 188 Safety information in documentation, 182–184 hazard statements in, 184 (fig.) icons in, 183 (fig.) Sample proposals, 229–236 (fig.) Sans serif font for résumés, 313 (fig.) in typefaces, 382 Index I-9 Scannable résumés, 323, 324 (fig.) Scanning pages, in cross-cultural communication, 35 (fig.) Scientific method, 354–355, 355 (fig.) Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, A-26 Searchable résumés, 323, 324 (fig.) Secondary readers (advisors) analytical reports for, 267 for documentation, 170 e-mails for, 99 identification of, 23 letters for, 99 proposals for, 204 technical descriptions for, 134 Second-level headings, 379 Semicolons, A-11–A-13 with quotation marks, A-12 in series, A-12 Senses, technical descriptions by, 142, 144 Sentence definition, 149 Sentences breathing-length, 295 fragments of, A-3 in plain style, 149 run-on, A-2–A-3 Sequential lists, 384–386, 385 (fig.) Sequentially ordered steps, in documentation, 176–179, 178 (fig.), 182 Serif font for résumés, 312 (fig.) in typefaces, 382, 384, 384 (fig.) Servcorp Virtual Office, 59 Shading, contrast and, 387 Shapers, 61 Signature file, 97–98 in e-mails, 119–120 Signatures, in letters and e-mails, 93, 97–98, 116 Similarities, 150 Similes, technical descriptions by, 142, 144 Simple instructions, 163 (fig.) Skills in chronological résumés, 318 in portfolios, 331 Slander, ethics and, 88 Slides, in presentations, 445–447, 445 (fig.), 447 (fig.) Slogans, in cross-cultural communication, 173 Social ethics care and, 74–75 categories of, 76 definition of, 72 ethical dilemmas in, 80 global consequences of, 72–73 justice and, 74–75 law and, 74 ranking of, 75 (fig.) rights and, 74–75 utility and, 74–75 Social networking websites, 308 Society for Technical Communication (STC), 308 Solicited proposals, 199 I-10 Index Sources, documentation of with APA style, 361–362, 362 (fig.) with in-text citations, 360–362 references list in, 360 in research methodology, 360–362 Specialist, 61 Specialized terms, in analytical reports, 295 Specifications, 167–169 (fig.) definition of, 129, 160 features of, 130, 161 of technical writing, 3, (fig.) Stages, in technical descriptions, 141–142 Statistics, in presentations, 432 Status reports, 239, 255–257, 256 (fig.) STC See Society for Technical Communication Storming stage, of team-building conflict management in, 54–58, 57 (fig.) meetings in, 54–56 Strategic planning, for team-building, 45–53 backward, 48 Style See also Plain style for activity reports, 254–255 for analytical reports, 294–296 for application letters, 325, 328–329 differences in cross-cultural communication, 34–35 for documentation, 185–192 in genre-based approach, to technical writing, 2, of lists, for résumés, 312 (fig.) persuasive, 9, 219 for presentations, 442–444 for proposals, 219–226 for technical descriptions, 146–149 Subject in documentation, 162 partitioning of, in technical descriptions, 135–139, 137 (fig.) planning and research for, in technical writing, 5, nonbureaucratic, 424, 435 in proposals, 204 in rhetorical situation, in technical descriptions, 134, 140–141 Subject line, 94 Subject-verb disagreement, A-4–A-5 Substantive editing, Supervisors See also Gatekeeper readers presentations for, 425 Surveys and questionnaires, 353, 355 (fig.) Sustainability, 76 Symbols, apostrophes and, A-14 Symbols, in design, 389 in cross-cultural communication, 414–416, 415 (fig.) Table of contents, in feasibility reports, 278 (fig.) Tables column headings in, 407 in graphic design, 398 (fig.), 406–407, 407–408 (fig.) row headings in, 407 Tagged image file format (tiff) files, 413 Teams case study for, 67 forming stage of, 45–53, 47 (fig.), 50 (fig.), 51–53 (fig.) member removal, 58 norming stage of, 58, 61–63, 62 (fig.) performance reviews, 64 (fig.) performing stage of, 63 quality feedback loops for, 63 stages of, 45 (fig.) storming stage of, 54–58 strategic planning for, 45–53 virtual, 59–60 Teamwork through computer use, 12 technical communication and, 12–13 Team workers, 61 Technical communication action in, 11 as adaptable, 11 collaboration in, 11 components of, 11 (fig.) corporate spending on improvements to, 16 as cross-cultural, 15 definition of, 10–11 diagrams in, 13 ethical dimensions of, 13, 15 globalization of, 15 headings in, 13 importance of, 15–16 as interactive, 11 legal dimensions of, 13, 15 lists in, 13 management in, 11 political dimensions of, 13, 15 as process, 10 as reader-centered, 12 teamwork and, 12–13 as visual, 13, 14 (fig.) through websites, 12 (fig.) Technical definitions, 149–152 extended definition, 150, 151–152 (fig.) sentence definition, 149 Technical descriptions, 138–139 (fig.) by analogies, 142, 144 of Canadarm, 131–133 (fig.) case study, 157–158 components of, 130 conclusions in, 130, 144 context of use in, 134 definition of, 129 design considerations for, 146–149, 147–148 (fig.) digital photography in, 144–145 drafting in, 140–144 fact sheets, 155–156 (fig.) features as part of, 141–142 functions in, 141–142 for gatekeeper readers, 134 glossary of terms in, 149 graphics in, 130, 146, 149 introductions in, 130, 140–141 logical mapping in, 136–137 main points in, 141 by metaphors, 142, 144 organization in, 140–144 page layout for, 146 partitioning of subject in, 135–139, 137 (fig.) plain style for, 146 planning for, 129 for primary readers, 134 of processes, 143 purpose of, 134 purpose statements in, 140 research for, 135 for secondary readers, 134 by senses, 142, 144 by similes, 142, 144 stages in, 141–142 style for, 146–149 subject in, 134, 140–141 for tertiary readers, 134 titles in, 140 Technical workplace See Workplace Technical writing See also Rhetorical situation, in technical writing analytic reports, components of, copyediting for, 10 design in, drafting in, editing in, 9–10 genre-based approach to, 2–10, (fig.) planning and researching for, 5–7, (fig.) process development for, 2–10, (fig.) proofreading for, 10 specifications of, style in, Teleconferencing, 59–60, 60 (fig.) Television and radio, for research, 350 Tensions, for readers, 27 Tertiary readers (evaluators) documentation for, 170 e-mails for, 99 identification of, 23 letters for, 99 proposals for, 204 technical descriptions for, 134 Texting, in workplace, 120–121 “Thank you” letters/e-mails, 335, 336 (fig.), 337 Themes in application letters, 328–329 in presentations, 443 Third-level headings, 379 This is, as vague pronoun, A-8 Tiff files See Tagged image file format (tiff) files Tiles, with colons, A-12 Times Roman font, 384 Titles in emergency instructions, 192 in feasibility reports, 277 (fig.) quotation marks for, A-15 in research reports, 264 (fig.) in technical descriptions, 140 Toastmasters International, 452 (fig.) “To” line, 94 Tone in application letters, 328 bureaucratic, 328 in documentation, 189 in e-mails, 113, 113 (fig.) in letters, 113, 113 (fig.) in memos, 113, 113 (fig.) nonbureaucratic, 328 in plain style, 254 for presentations, 449 in proposals, 219, 221, 222 (fig.), 223 (fig.) Tools lists, 175 Total Quality Management (TQM), 63 Trademarks, 85–86 Translations, of texts, 173 Translators, in presentations, 452–455 Transmittal documents, 94 Triangulation of materials, in research, 349–355 Troubleshooting guides, 186 (fig.) Unethical graphics, 401 (fig.) Unsolicited proposals, 199 Utility, social ethics and, 74–75 Vague pronouns, A-7–A-8 Values, of readers, 23, 25 Velasquez, Manuel, 74 Videos, for research, 351 Virtual teams, 59–60 intranets, 59 Visual design in presentations, 444–447, 445–446 (fig.) in proposals, 206 in technical communication, 13, 14 (fig.) Visuals See Digital photography; Illustrations; Images; Photographs Voice in application letters, 328 in documentation, 177 in presentations, 449 We and us, as case error, A-6–A-7 Websites cookies on, 87 ethical dilemma resolution through, 84 online documentation on, 188 privacy on, 87 for research, 350 social networking, 308 technical communication through, 12 (fig.) for U.S Census Bureau, 271 (fig.) Whistle-blowing, 84 Whitbeck, Caroline, 86 Whiteboards, 428 White papers, 239–240, 242–245 (fig.) White space, in grouping design, 378, 379 (fig.) Women, style differences in communication for, 35 Word history, 150 Work experience, 314–315 (fig.) in chronological résumés, 317–318 in portfolios, 331 Workplace ethics in, 85–88 texting in, 120–121 Work plans, in forming stage of teams, 48–49, 51–53 (fig.) Works cited list, for MLA documentation style, A-31–A-34 Writer-centered analysis chart in cross-cultural communication, 41 (fig.) for readers, 22 (fig.) “You” attitude, in application letters, 325, 328 Index I-11 Sample Documents Memos Technical Definitions Agenda 55 Memos 96, 101–102, 118, 124–125, 127 Memo That Does Not Consider Tertiary Readers 24 Work Plan 51–53 Extended Definition: Print 151–152 Specification 147–148 Letters Adjustment Letter 110 Claim Letter 109 Letter 95 Letter of Application Emphasizing Education 326 Letter of Application Emphasizing Work Experience 327 Letter to F D Roosevelt About the Atom Bomb 70–71 Letter Formatting 115 Letter of Inquiry 106 Professional Biography 338 Refusal Letter 112 Response Letter 107 Thank You Letter 336 Brochures and Booklets Brochure with a Balanced Design 370 Brochure with Good Design 14 Webpages Electronic Portfolio: Welcome Page 332 Google Docs Interface 289 Home Page with a Balanced Interface 372 Home Page with a Good Design 10 Home Page That Uses Alignment and Grouping Well 397 Home Page That Uses Contrast 387 Library Search Engine 352 Model Webpage 12 Research Database 351 Webpage That Uses Right-to-Left Interface Design 390 Evaluations Evaluation Form for Presentations 453–454 Team Performance Review 64 Résumés Chronological Résumés 312, 313 Chronological Résumé: Student Who Returned to College 314–315 Functional Résumé 320 Scannable Résumé 324 Proposals Feasibility Report Elevator Pitch Incident Report 225-226 Internal Solicited Proposal Proposal Lab Report 201-203 Proposal: Cosis and Benefits Section 220 Proposal: Current Situation Section Proposal: Project Plan Section 210 212-215 Proposal: Qualifications Section 217-218 223 Proposal Introduction Progress Report 300 241, 253 Report: I lighlighting Design 297-298 Report Pages That Use Headers and Footers 386 Grid 375 Research Report 97 InstantMessaging Interlace 121 Other Print Media 264-266 Status Report 256 Wlnte Paper 242-244 Technical Descriptions Book Pages with Minimal Design Document Written for Experts 394-396 30-31 Document Written for the General Public 28-29 Magazine Page with a Simple, Elegant Design 371 Extended Technical Description 131-133 Technical Descriptions 155-156 Process 143 Instructions Instructions 354 138-139, Technical Description: Stages in a Emergency Instructions Interview Documents Questionnaire 247-249 Report Page Using a 3-Column 207 E-Mail and Instant Messaging E-Mail 245-246 Poster Presentation 229-236 Proposal Design 277-288 193 Instructions: Paragraph Style Codes of Conduct Anti-I Iarassment Policy Code of Ethics Instructions with Sequentially Ordered Steps 178 78 Parts List 83 176 Procedure Presentations Presentation Slides 164-166 Set of Instructions 433, 440, 445 Presentation Slide with "Notes View" Feature 451 Slide with a Graphic 446 Specifications 163 147-148, Troubleshooting Guide 167-170 186 User Manual: Design Is Important in Documentation 190-192 User Manual: Placement of I Iazard Slatcmenls 184 Reports Activity Report 258 Activity Report: Introduction 180-181 252 User Manual: Pages with a Consistent Layout 383 ... Richard Technical communication strategies for today / Richard Johnson-Sheehan Second edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-90797-4 Communication of technical information Business communication I Title... edition of Technical Communication Strategies for Today continues to help writers master these changing communication tools that are critical to success in technical fields Today, as the technical... line at www.pearson.com MyWritingLab for Tech Comm MyWritingLab Instructors who package MyWritingLab for Tech Comm with Technical Communication Strategies for Today, Second Edition, provide their