Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich Essential of systems analysis and design 6th global edtion by valacich
Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version Global edition Global edition Global edition Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design sixth edition Joseph S.Valacich • Joey F George • Jeffrey A Hoffer Sixth edition Valacich • George • Hoffer This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author Pearson Global Edition CVR_VALA6614_06_SE_CVR.indd 25/11/14 8:57 am Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition Global Edition Joseph S Valacich University of Arizona Joey F George Iowa State University Jeffrey A Hoffer University of Dayton Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM Editor in Chief: Stephanie Wall Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Acquisitions Editor: Nicole Sam Program Manager Team Lead: Ashley Santora Program Manager: Denise Vaughn Editorial Assistant: Kaylee Rotella Assistant Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Debapriya Mukherjee Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Binita Roy Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan Executive Marketing Manager: Anne K Fahlgren Project Manager Team Lead: Judy Leale Project Manager: Karalyn Holland Procurement Specialist: Diane Peirano Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Creative Director: Blair Brown Interior Designer: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Cover Image: © kridsada tipchot/Shutterstock Full-Service Project Management: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors Changes are periodically added to the information herein Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified Microsoft® Windows®, and Microsoft Office® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A and other countries This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Joseph S Valacich, Joey F George, and Jeffrey A Hoffer to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-354623-1, by Joseph S Valacich, Joey F George, and Jeffrey A Hoffer, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-07661-5 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07661-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in ITC Century Book by S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM To my mother, Mary Valacich —Joe To Karen, Evan, and Caitlin —Joey To Patty, for her sacrifices, encouragement, and support To my students, for being receptive and critical, and for challenging me to be a better teacher —Jeff # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM Brief Contents PART I Foundations for Systems Development 28 The Systems Development Environment 28 The Sources of Software 54 Managing the Information Systems Project 72 PART II Systems Planning and Selection 112 Systems Planning and Selection 112 PART III Systems Analysis 150 Determining System Requirements 150 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling 180 Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling 220 PART IV Systems Design 264 Designing the Human Interface 264 Designing Databases 306 PART V Systems Implementation and Operation 352 10 Systems Implementation and Operation 352 Appendix A Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 395 Appendix B Agile Methodologies 415 Glossary of Acronyms 429 Glossary of Terms 431 Index 437 # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM Contents Preface 17 PART I Foundations for Systems Development 28 Chapter The Systems Development Environment 28 What Is Information Systems Analysis and Design? 30 Systems Analysis and Design: Core Concepts 30 Systems 32 Definition of a System and Its Parts 32 Important System Concepts 33 A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 36 Your Role in Systems Development 37 Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 38 Phase 1: Systems Planning and Selection 40 Phase 2: Systems Analysis 40 Phase 3: Systems Design 41 Phase 4: Systems Implementation and Operation 41 Alternative Approaches to Development 44 Prototyping 44 Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools 45 Joint Application Design 45 Rapid Application Development 45 Participatory Design 47 Agile Methodologies 47 Key Points Review 48 Key Terms Checkpoint 48 Review Questions 49 Problems and Exercises 50 Discussion Questions 50 Case Problems 50 References 52 Chapter The Sources of Software 54 Introduction 55 Systems Acquisition 55 Outsourcing 56 Sources of Software 57 Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 61 Reuse 64 Key Points Review 67 Key Terms Checkpoint 67 # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:58 PM www.downloadslide.net 442 Index Project reports, reviewing, 102–103 Project repository, 45, 222–223, 226, 233 Project scope statement defined, 130 example, 130–131, 131f overview, 40, 89, 119, 130–131 Project workbooks, 80–81, 81f, 91 Prompting cues feedback, 287 Prototyping advantages of, 44 as alternative to SDLC, 44 defined, 44 in determining system requirements, 167–168 in dialogue design, 292–293 flowchart, 44 in forms/reports design, 267 in rapid application development, 45–47 website evolution, 173 Purpose, 32, 33f Q Quick reference guides, 368 R RAD (rapid application development), 45–47, 185 Range control, 330 Rapid application development (RAD), 45–47, 185 Recontextualization, software reuse, 66 Recovery testing, 364, 386, 386t Recurring costs, 124, 125f Recursive foreign keys, 322 Recursive relationship association, 400 defined, 233–234, 322 example, 401f represent relationships, 322 Reengineering processes, 169–170, 382 Refactoring, 424 Reference guides, 368 Referential integrity, 318, 330–331 Relational database model, 313–314 Relations defined, 314 merging, 322–323 normalizing, 322 transforming E-R diagrams into, 318–322, 323t Relationships aggregation, 404 association, 400–402 binary (See Binary relationships) cardinality in, 234–235 conceptual data modeling and SDLC, 224f customer, 80 defined, 232 degrees of, 233 DFDs and forms/reports, 266 E-R [See E-R (entity-relationship) diagrams] in E-R diagram transformation, 318–322, 323t extends, 398 generalization, 402–404 network diagrams, 87, 101–102 recursive (See Recursive relationship) ternary (See Ternary relationships) unary (See Unary relationships) Release descriptions, 369 Repeating group, 232 Report defined, 266 generated, 162, 164f paper vs electronic, 277–278 project, 102–103 See also Forms and reports design Repository, 45, 222–223, 226, 233 Request for proposal (RFP), 63–64 Request for quote (RFQ), 63 Requirements, system determining (See System requirements, determining) use-case modeling, 396–399 See also Conceptual data modeling; Process modeling Resources, 96 Resources, project planning, 85–86 Response time, 63 Return on investment (ROI), 126, 128t Reusing existing software, 64–67 Reverse engineering, 382 Reviews, postproject, 93 RFP (request for proposal), 63–64 RFQ (request for quote), 63 Risk assessment, 88–89 ROI (return on investment), 126, 128t Rules, decision table, 202 S Sample designs, 269, 270f, 279 SAP, 36 SAP AG, 59 Schedule feasibility, 128 Scope determination, 40, 89, 129–130 See also Project scope statement Scribes, 165 SDLC See Systems development life cycle (SDLC) # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No 442 Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 442 Search engines, reregistering with, 383 Secondary key, 313, 334 Second normal form (2NF), 315, 316–317 Security testing, 364, 386, 386t Sequence diagrams, 396, 406–408 Sequential file organization, 334, 335f, 337t Servers, 36, 36f Simple design, 424 Simple message, 407 Single-location installation, 364, 365f, 366t Slack time, 99, 100 Smartphone app, 387 Software application testing, 359 See also Testing Software companies, 58t Software engineering process, 31 Software help components, 371–372 Software sources, 54–71 cloud computing, 60 comparison of, 61t enterprise solutions software, 36, 59–60 in-house development, 55–56, 61 IT services firms, 57–58 open-source software, 60–61 outsourcing, 56–57 packaged software, 61–64 Petrie’s Electronics, example from, 69–70 prepackaged software, 58 reuse, 64–67 systems acquisition, 55–56 SourceForge.net, 61 Source/sink, 185–186, 189 SSR (system service request), 76 State, defined, 404 State, of objects, 399 State diagrams, 396, 404–406 State transition, 404 Static structure chart, 401, 402f Status information feedback, 286–287 Storage, software reuse, 65–66 Story Cards, 422–423 Stress testing, 364, 386, 386t Stub testing, 360t, 361 Style sheet-based HTML, 297–298 Subclasses, 402–404 Subsystems, 32, 33f, 34–35 Superclasses, 402–404 Support, defined, 370 Supporting users, 357, 370, 372–375 Synchronous message, 407 Synonyms, defined, 324 Syntax checking, 360t, 361 System administrator’s guide, 369 System audits, 377 C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Index 443 System documentation, 367–370 analysis, 160–163 audience of, 356, 369 automatic updating of, 382 as criterion for packaged software, 63 defined, 367 deliverables and outcomes, 357 effect on maintenance, 379 internal/external, 367 overview, 42–43 preparation, 369–370 process of, 356 types of, 367–368 user, 360–362, 367, 369–370 System features, 245–247 System feedback, 286–287 System librarian, 381 System requirements, determining, 150–179 in Agile Methodologies, 420–423 business process reengineering, 169–170 data modeling questions, 227, 228t deliverables and outcomes, 153–154 direct observation of users, 159–160, 165t disruptive technologies, 170, 171t document analysis, 160–163 example, 170–174 interviewing, 154–159 joint application design, 163–167 in object-oriented modeling, 397 process of, 152–154 prototyping, 167–168, 173 System requirements, structuring, 154 See also Conceptual data modeling; Process modeling Systems, 32–36, 38–44 application software, 30 cohesion, 35 components, 32 coupling, 35 decomposition, 33–35 defined, 32 environment, 32–33 modularity, 35 See also Systems development life cycle (SDLC) Systems acquisition See Software sources Systems analysis in object-oriented modeling, 395–396 overview, 40–41, 43, 151f system requirement determination (See System requirements, determining) system requirement structuring, 154 (See also Conceptual data modeling; Process modeling) Systems analysis and design approaches to, 36–38, 44–47 (See also Agile Methodologies) core concepts, 30–32 history of, 55–56 role of systems analyst in, 37–38 systems development life cycle, 38–44 [See also Systems development life cycle (SDLC)] Systems analysts defined, 37 design strategy influences, 244–245 job market, 37 role in coding, testing, and installation, 356 role in project initiation and planning, 118, 119f role in support, 374–375 role in systems development, 37–38 skills needed, 37, 38f, 152–153 Systems design designing databases (See Database design) designing human interface (See Interface design) in object-oriented modeling, 396, 409–410 overview, 41, 43t, 265f Systems development life cycle (SDLC) Agile Methodologies’ approach to, 419 defined, 38, 39f evolutionary model, 39–40, 39f maintenance activities within, 357–358 overview, 38–40 phase 1, 40 (See also Systems planning and selection) phase 2, 40–41 (See also Systems analysis) phase 3, 41 (See also Database design; Interface design; Systems design) phase 4, 41–44 (See also Systems implementation and operation) project management, 73f vs rapid application development, 46f steps, 29f Systems development methodology, 38 System service request (SSR), 76 System shut down, 366–367 Systems implementation and operation, 352–394 in Agile Methodologies, 425–426 coding (See Coding) configuration management, 381 # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No 443 Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 443 documentation (See System documentation) example, 384–387 implementation failure, 375–376 installation (See Installation) maintenance (See Systems maintenance) in object-oriented modeling, 410 overview, 41–44, 43t, 353–354, 353f project closedown, 92–94, 376–377 support, 357, 370, 372–375 testing, 359–364 (See also Testing) training, 357, 370–372 Systems integration, 36 Systems maintenance adaptive, 378, 378t automated development tools in, 382 configuration management, 381 controlling requests for, 380–381 corrective, 377–378, 378t cost of, 378–379 deliverables and outcomes, 358–359 example, 383–384 factors affecting, 378–379 measuring effectiveness of, 379–380 perfective, 378, 378t preventive, 378, 378t process of, 357–358 types of, 377–378 for web sites, 382–383 Systems planning and selection, 112–149 deliverables and outcomes, 117–118 examples, 145–147 overview, 40, 43t, 113f project identification and selection, 114–118 project initiation and planning (See Project initiation; Project planning) reviewing the baseline project plan, 135–138 Systems thinking, 37 System testing, 360t, 361 T Tables, designing, 275–277 Tangible benefit, 122 Tangible cost, defined, 123 Task Cards, 423 Task responsibility, 133f Technical feasibility, 128 Techniques, software engineering, 31 Ternary relationships in conceptual data modeling, 234, 234f in database design, 320–321 in object-oriented analysis/design, 401f C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net 444 Index Test cases, 362–363, 384–385 Testing acceptance, 363–364 alpha, 363–364, 386, 386t beta, 363, 364, 386 defined, 361 deliverables and outcomes, 355–356 in eXtreme Programming, 419 functional, 361 integration, 360t, 361 mock client, 363–364 module, 361 overview, 42 performance, 364, 386, 386t process of, 355, 359, 361–363 recovery, 364, 386, 386t security, 364, 386, 386t software application, 359 software before purchase, 64 stress, 364, 386, 386t stub, 360t, 361 system, 360t, 361 systems analyst role in, 356 types of tests, 359–360 unit, 360t, 361 walkthroughs, 360, 360t Testing harness, 363 Text formatting, in forms and reports, 274, 275f Third normal form (3NF), 315, 317 Time value of money (TVM), 124–128 Timing, of data-flow diagrams, 197 Tools, software engineering, 31 Top-down data modeling, 227 Top-down project initiation, 115–116, 117f Total slack time, 100 Toyota, 170 Training programs, 42–43 Training users, 357, 370–372 Turnkey systems, 59, 61–64 TVM (time value of money), 124–128 support of, 357, 370, 372–375 training of, 357, 370–372 understanding skills of, 267, 269–270, 271–272 User’s guide, 368–369 U V UML (Unified Modeling Language), 396, 409f, 410 Unary relationships association, 400 defined, 233–234, 322 example, 401f represent relationships, 322 Unified Modeling Language (UML), 396, 409f, 410 Unit testing, 360t, 361 University system, 34f Usability assessment in forms/reports design, 269–270 in interface/dialogue design, 279, 282t, 292–293 Use case defined, 396 designing with a sequence diagram, 408 Use-case diagram, 397 Use-case modeling, 396–399 User documentation, 367, 369–370 Users acceptance testing by, 363–364 direct observation of, 159–160, 165t involvement in Agile Methodologies development, 47, 420–421 involvement in participatory design, 47 role in rapid application development, 46 Vendors, software, 63 View integration, 308, 323 Visual Basic, 36 # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No 444 Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 444 W Walkthroughs, 135–138 action list, 137, 137f defined, 135 guidelines for conducting, 360f individual roles, 135 meeting activities, 138 PVF WebStore, 141 review form, 135, 136f testing, 360, 360t Warning messages, 287 WBS (work breakdown structure), 84 Weak entity, 232 Web sites interface design, 294, 296t maintenance of, 382–383 See also Pine Valley Furniture Company (PVF Company) WebStore, examples from Well-structured relation (or table), 314–315 Workbooks, project, 80–81, 81f, 91 Work breakdown, 133 Work breakdown structure (WBS), 84 C/M/Y/K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 445 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 446 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 447 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 448 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 449 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 450 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 451 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 452 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 453 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 454 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 455 02/12/14 8:30 PM www.downloadslide.net Z05_VALA6614_06_GE_INDX.indd 456 02/12/14 8:30 PM ...Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design # 153198 Cust: Pearson Education / OH / CHET Au: Valacich Pg No Title: Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e A01_VALA6614_06_GE_FM.indd... States edition, entitled Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-354623-1, by Joseph S Valacich, Joey F George, and Jeffrey A Hoffer, published by Pearson Education... communication, and group support systems Dr George is coauthor of the textbooks Modern Systems Analysis and Design, Seventh Edition, published in 2014, and Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design,