Mastyers and comanders

MASTERS AND COMMANDERS H O W F O U R T I TA N S W O N T H E W A R I N T H E W E S T, – ANDREW ROBERTS For my wife, Susan Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps Acknowledgements Preface vii xi xxvii xxxi Introduction part i Enchantment First Encounters: 1880–June 1940 Collecting Allies: June 1940–December 1941 41 Egos in Arcadia: December 1941–February 1942 66 Brooke and Marshall Establish Dominance: February–March 1942 102 Gymnast Falls, Bolero Retuned: February–April 1942 116 part ii Engagement Marshall’s Mission to London: April 1942 137 The Commanders at Argonaut: April–June 1942 167 Photographic Insert The Masters at Argonaut: June 1942 197 Torch Reignited: July 1942 219 iii contents 10 The Most Perilous Moment of the War: July–November 1942 260 11 The Mediterranean Garden Path: November 1942–January 1943 295 12 The Casablanca Conference: January 1943 316 13 The Hard Underbelly of Europe: January–June 1943 346 14 The Overlordship of Overlord: June–August 1943 381 part iii Estrangement 15 From the St Lawrence to the Pyramids: August–November 1943 401 16 Eureka! at Teheran: November–December 1943 429 17 Anzio, Anvil and Culverin: December 1943–May 1944 455 18 D-Day and Dragoon: May–August 1944 485 19 Octagon and Tolstoy: August–December 1944 509 20 Autumn Mist: December 1944–February 1945 533 21 Yalta Requiem: February–May 1945 548 Conclusion: The Riddles of the War 573 Appendix A: The Major Wartime Conferences Appendix B: Glossary of Codenames Appendix C: The Selection of Codenames Notes Bibliography Index 585 586 588 589 615 625 About the Author Other Books by Andrew Roberts Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher iv Sketch of Churchill by General Brooke on No 10 writing paper, made during a War Cabinet meeting in March 1942 List of Illustrations Frontispiece: A sketch of Churchill by Alan Brooke (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London – Ref: Alanbrooke 6/4/1–5 Reproduced by kind permission of The Viscount Alanbrooke) Preface: A page from Lawrence Burgis’ account of the War Cabinet meeting of 10 December 1941 (Churchill Archives Centre, Papers of Laurence Burgis, BRGS 2/10, 10 December 1941) The Masters and Commanders at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) Pershing and Marshall, 1919 (courtesy of the George C Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia) Alan Brooke in the uniform of the Royal Horse Artillery, 1910 (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London – Ref: Alanbrooke 13/1) Churchill arriving at Downing Street, 15 May 1940 (Getty Images) Roosevelt addressing Congress, December 1941 (Getty Images) Churchill and Roosevelt on board USS Augusta, August 1941 (Topfoto) Churchill and Roosevelt on board HMS Prince of Wales, 14 August 1941 (AP/PA Photos) Marshall, Churchill and Henry L Stimson, 24 June 1942 (Getty Images) vii list of illustrations Alan Brooke’s lunch for Marshall at the Savoy Hotel, July 1942 (David E Scherman/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images) 10 Harry Hopkins, Mark Clark, Roosevelt and Eisenhower in North Africa, 31 January 1943 (Bettmann/Corbis) 11 Eisenhower and Marshall in Algiers, June 1943 (Corbis) 12 Churchill recuperating in Carthage, Christmas Day 1943 (Bettmann/Corbis) 13 Patton, Bradley and Montgomery in France (Corbis) 14 The Combined Chiefs of Staff at Casablanca, January 1943 (US Army Military History Institute) 15 Churchill, Eden and others at Allied HQ in North Africa, June 1943 (Getty Images) 16 Combined Chiefs of Staff meeting at the First Quebec Conference, August 1943 (US Army Military History Institute) 17 Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 18 Churchill and Roosevelt at the Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 19 John Dill, Andrew Cunningham, Alan Brooke, Charles Portal and Hastings Ismay at Quebec, 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 20 British Joint Planning Staff, Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 21 Allen Tupper Brown (courtesy of George Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia) 22 Alan Brooke and Barney Charlesworth, October 1941 (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London – Ref: Alanbrooke 13/3) 23 Churchill and Jan Smuts in Cairo, August 1942 (Bettmann/Corbis) 24 Hastings Ismay, 1942 (George Karger/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images) viii ... Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p 334; Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, 22/6/1942 26 MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/33; Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, p 287; Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p 334; ed Bland, Papers,... 331–2 35 eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p 271 36 Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p 216 37 LH 15/15/1, 31/4/1948 and 14/4/1948 38 MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p 3, and Hull Interview... Nemesis, p 21; MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p 10 Jackson and Bramall, The Chiefs, p 226 Harmon, ‘Alanbrooke and Churchill’, p 36 Colville, Footprints, p 190 Tully, FDR, p 262 ed Bland, Interviews,