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Synthesizers case study child marriage ( tổng hợp số liệu thống kê tảo hôn bản word) . Child marriage is a formal marriage or an informal union entered into by an individual before reaching a certain age, specified by several global organizations such as UNICEF as minors under the age of 18.123 The legally prescribed marriageable age in some jurisdictions is below 18 years, especially in the case of girls; and even when the age is set at 18 years, many jurisdictions permit earlier marriage with parental consent or in special circumstances, such as teenage pregnancy. In certain countries, even when the legal marriage age is 18, cultural traditions take priority over legislative law.4 Child marriage violates the rights of children; it affects both boys and girls, but it is more common among girls.5 Child marriage has widespread and long term consequences for child brides and grooms. According to several UN agencies, comprehensive sexuality education can prevent such a phenomenon.
Synthesizers Case study & Is it good sometimes Background: India, the largest and most prosperous nation in south Asia, has maintained laws against child marriage since 1929, although at that time the legal age of marriage was set at 12 years For girls, defined as female children younger than 18 years of age, the legal age for marriage was increased to 18 years in 1978 The most recent population-based estimate for child marriage (1998–99) shows that 50% of Indian women aged 20–24 years were married as children In the past 15 years, India has had several economic reforms resulting in substantial increases in personal wealth for many citizens, and simultaneously, national policy efforts have been developed to increase educational and economic opportunities for women and girls Finally, and perhaps most importantly, policies and programmes focused on prevention of child marriage and family planning support for poor and rural women and girls have been substantially expanded in the past decade These efforts have brought national public attention to this issue and led to recent policy proposals by the Law Commission of India, to ensure legal protections are available to girls irrespective of which Indian state they live in Findings: The researchers found that the prevalence of child marriage is highest in poor uneducated girls from rural India Traditionally, many Indians believe that it is a matter of both duty and prestige to ensure the daughter’s marriage as soon as she reaches puberty This custom of early marriage is particularly prevalent in central and east India, which also accounts for some of the most populous states, often associated with a high population density Early marriages are common in the states of Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, and least common in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala, and some of the northeastern states Although the legal age for marriage in India is 18 years for women and 21 years for men, and does not provide a lower age for marriage with parental consent, as other countries (16 in the UK and 13–18 in different states of the USA), the reality is that this legislation exists largely on paper An earlier National Family Health Survey documented a low level of awareness among women about the legally permissible age for marriage Whilst the Government of India is trying to empower women by various measures, such as providing free education and family planning services, the fact remains that child marriages have decreased by only 5% since 1998–99 Families with a poor and uneducated background continue to enforce the tradition of early marriage The reversal of the pattern among urban women has been confirmed in an analysis by the Registrar General's Office, although the margins are small.' Differences by caste in the National Sample Survey were negligible," but Driver recorded a faster move towards higher marriage ages among Brahmins in central India." By 1971, marriages for each sex in India occurred about 2.5 years later in urban than rural areas, while in Karnataka the margin was 2.2 years for women and 1.6 years for men In the ' Rural Plains' (where our study area is located) insignificant differentials in marriage age by occupational status of the household were found in the Mysore Study," while in the city and towns (where 30 years ago most of the educated were living), women's mean age at marriage was one year higher for those who attended Middle School and a further three years higher for those with High School education." The important point is that most differences are not large, and that the move toward later marriage among women has been general and not primarily a feature of only one sector of society Amongst Hindus, marriage is a sacrament of transcendental importance Traditionally, it has been assumed that marriages were not only arranged by families, but that there was an element of divine guidance Widows were not supposed to re-marry because their marriage might well be reconstituted with the same husband in the next life, as it might have been m past lives Widow remarriage is still relatively less common than the re-marriage of widowers The marriage market has not been conditioned by the impulses of young men and women to marry, but largely by family decisions as to when to bring a new daughter-in-law into the household and when to change a son's status by allowing him to marry In many societies a young bride is preferred, so that her personality can be moulded by both her husband and his parents This is important in India, too, but traditionally it has not provided the main motivation for early marriage of women in the study area That motivation was provided by divine sanctions against girls who failed to marry before menarche, and against the family that erred in this way An English observer, reporting Mysore society at the end of the eighteenth century, wrote of the Brahmins, 'Unless a woman marries before the signs of puberty appear, she is ever afterwards considered impure/I" and, of a merchant caste, that a girl 'must be married before any signs of puberty appear, for afterwards she is considered as being deflowered and incapable of marriage'.1' However, it was clear even then, that some of the service castes were not greatly disturbed by breaking these rules Child marriage provided an insurance against even precocious puberty Even now, a major control over the age at marriage of women IS provided by the fact that many families feel deep disquiet and guilt over the presence of an unmarried menstruating daughter in the household, an emotion that may be fuelled by an apprehension lest she become pregnant and unmarriageable, but which cannot be wholly explained in this way The age of marriage of men has largely been determined by the commitment of families to provide daughters with a marriage (and, eventually, sons with land and other property) In rural Karnataka this was usually taken to mean' that sons must remain single and work with their fathers to provide their sisters with the wherewithal for marriage until even the youngest sister had married In south India there was no hypergamy, partly because of the high incidence of marriages between relatives, perhaps because of greater socio-economic homogeneity within castes, and possibly, as Dumont argues,^" because of an emphasis on the need for alliances There are reports of the payment of considerable dowries (i.e above the level of the ritually expected gold and saris to accompany the bride into marriage) by Brahmins in the city of Madras as early as the mid-1930s (perhaps influenced by the issue of paper currency), but elsewhere in the region we cannot find the practice reported until after Independence During the 1950s it began to appear in Bangalore, and by the early 1960s dowries of some magnitude were reported in provincial towns and among the largest rival Brahmin landlords Is it good sometimes? Objective factor: When diseases outbreak, children are vulnerable -> give more birth Objective factor: During the war: multiple births, child marriage and multiple births are partially because of lack of knowledge Other factors: If you ignore existing discourses and have knowledge of contraception and controlled sex, then it is likely that two children should learn how to have sex At puberty, most of kids are curious about their bodies and the opposite sex It is not worth condemnation when most people have, and will have sex The condemnation here is the deprivation of a child's freedom, rape it and force it to stay home taking care of another child, no more Key factors: The average life expectancy in Africa is 47 -> Child marriage, early death due to short life expectancy • By faiths, in African countries that are Catholic, Islamic and other faiths in Africa In terms of continent, Africa is home to the largest number of underage marriages in the world, concentrated in the West and Central Africa The average life expectancy of Africans is 47 years old (1) Poverty, inadequate health care services, and poor agricultural economy rely on human resources In countries like Zimbabwe, Nigar, etc., marriage is necessary to get more labor In terms of data, everyone gets married at the age of 15, has a grandchild at the age of 35, and dies at the age of 45 We multiply all coefficients to 1.7 for the average figure in the world According to UNICEF, the proportion of children marrying in India has fallen by almost half in the past decade, which has contributed significantly to the global erosion of underage marriages Over the past decade, 25 million child marriage cases have been prevented worldwide, with the largest drop in South Asia, led by India.(2) But… The number of girls forced to marry is rising sharply in Africa.(3) UNICEF predicts that Africa has 125 million girls who must marry in adolescence and this number will increase to 310 million by 2050 Some places see child marriage as the way to escape from crimes under traditional beliefs According to Human Rights Watch, child marriage is encouraged in the 1.2 million people who follow Christianity and other traditional African religions Approximately 80% of Africans follow Christianity and Islam (40% Christianity, 40% Islam), and the remaining 20% are from different indigenous religions (4) The Catholic Church only recognizes marriage when it receives the sacrament of the Church at the church (5) Catholics are obliged to celebrate their wedding according to the Catholic rites, anyone who celebrates non-Catholic rites will be fined (a form of religious sanction) and those who participate in the rites will also be subject to the same penalty In order to get married, the male must be 16 years old and the female must be 14 years old If a community decides to marry a girl regardless of whether she agrees or not, the authorities have no way of intervening, said a UNICEF expert in Mozambique The same is true of other African countries In 40% of the African population are Islamic, there are general rules that the sheep must abide by things specified in the Koran (6) and in Sharia (The Holy Law of Islam) So the unreasonable conditions that the Koran and the Holy Law of Islam imposed on women also become immutable in Islamic countries: The Koran affirms the authority of men to women: “Man has the authority over women because God has made the one superior to the other and because they spend wealth to breed them Good women are obedient because they guard their unseen parts As for those whom you fear disobedience, admolish them, send them to beds apart and beat them “ (Koran 4:34) The average age of marriage in women is from 12 to 15 years old Over the 14 centuries, the harsh fate of Muslim women has not changed much, but because pious believers see the Koran as "The Final Truth of Allah" (The Final Truth of Allah); nobody dares to consider it unreasonable or unfair The male and female followers have no other way but to obey the will of God for the sake of Islam, that is, the complete submission of the will of God (Islam = Submission to God) For those who not follow the religion, they not have the right to judge whether the practice of child marriage is right or wrong and they will be excluded by the pious believers The pious believers will be faithful and will follow the will of God, the few will convert For lambs, child marriage may not be a big deal for them because they follow the ultimate truth of God (1) According to UN statistics in 2016 (2) UNICEF's conclusion on India was made after they compared data from the 2006 and 2016 health surveys to see women in their 20s (3) According to a report by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released on Thursday, November 26, 2015 (4) According to Wikipedia (5) Canon Law, Article 1055, Paragraph (6) The Koran is a divine book that chronicles the words of Allah (Words of Allah) so the Koran is considered the supreme law that no one can amend The Holy Law of Islam, developed from the Koran, is also the sacred law ... their 20s (3 ) According to a report by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released on Thursday, November 26, 2015 (4 ) According to Wikipedia (5 ) Canon Law, Article 1055, Paragraph (6 ) The... Plains' (where our study area is located) insignificant differentials in marriage age by occupational status of the household were found in the Mysore Study, " while in the city and towns (where... the deprivation of a child' s freedom, rape it and force it to stay home taking care of another child, no more Key factors: The average life expectancy in Africa is 47 -> Child marriage, early death