Study on within tree variation in wood properties of melia azedarach planted in northern vietnam

  Study on Within-tree Variation in Wood Properties of Melia azedarach Planted in Northern Vietnam Duong Van Doan 2018   Study on Within-tree Variation in Wood Properties of Melia azedarach Planted in Northern Vietnam By Duong Van Doan Laboratory of Wood Science, Division of Sustainable Bioresources Science, Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan Supervisor Professor Junji Matsumura Advisory Committee Members Associate Professor Shinya Koga Associate Professor Noboru Fujimoto 2018   Table of Contents Table of Contents i Abbreviations v CHAPTER Introduction CHAPTER Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Within-tree variations in wood properties 2.2.1 Growth ring width 2.2.2 Wood density and specific gravity 11 2.2.3 Fiber length 14 2.2.4 Microfibril angle 15 2.2.5 Shrinkage properties 17 2.2.6 Mechanical properties 18 2.3 Nondestructive wood evaluation 20 2.4 Conclusion of literature review 21 CHAPTER 22 Variation in Intrinsic Wood Properties 22 i     3.1 Abstract 23 3.2 Introduction 24 3.3 Materials and methods 25 3.3.1 Study site and sampling 25 3.3.2 Wood specimen preparation 26 3.3.3 Growth ring width 26 3.3.4 Wood specific gravity 29 3.3.5 Fiber length and microfibril angle 29 3.3.6 Determination of fiber length increment (FLI) 31 3.3.7 Statistical analysis 31 3.4 Results and discussion 33 3.4.1 Growth ring width 33 3.4.2 Wood specific gravity 37 3.4.3 Microfibril angle 41 3.4.4 Fiber length 41 3.4.5 Stabilizing point of fiber length increment 46 3.4.6 Implications for wood utilization of M azedarach in northern Vietnam 46 3.5 Conclusions 48 CHAPTER 49 Transverse Shrinkage Variations within Tree Stems 49 4.1 Abstract 50 4.2 Introduction 51 4.3 Material and methods 53 4.3.1 Sampling 53 ii   4.3.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity of log (DMOElog) 54 4.3.3 Basic density and transverse shrinkage 56 4.3.4 Data analysis 57 4.3.5 Grade yield 57 4.4 Results and discussion 60 4.4.1 Basic density and transverse shrinkage 60 4.4.2 Relationships between transverse shrinkage and basic density 68 4.4.3 Prediction of transverse shrinkage 71 4.4.4 Grade yield of shrinkage properties 74 4.5 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 77 Within-stem Variations in Mechanical Properties 77 5.1 Abstract 78 5.2 Introduction 79 5.3 Material and methods 80 5.3.1 Sampling 80 5.3.2 Wood density and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) 81 5.3.3 MOR and MOE 82 5.3.4 Data analysis 82 5.3.5 Grade yield 84 5.4 Results and discussion 84 5.4.1 Wood density and mechanical properties 84 5.4.2 Correlation of wood density with mechanical properties 90 5.4.3 Correlation between moduli of elasticity 94 iii   5.4.4 Prediction of bending strength 96 5.4.5 Grade yield of mechanical properties 96 5.5 Conclusions 100 CHAPTER 102 General Discussion and Conclusions 102 6.1 General discussion 103 6.2 Conclusions 109 References 111 Acknowledgements 126 iv   Abbreviations • BD: Basic density (g/cm3)   • MOR: Modulus of rupture (MPa)   • DMOElog: Dynamic modulus of elasticity • SG: Specific gravity in air-dry condition   of log (GPa)   • VL: Acoustic wave velocity (m/s)   Ed: Dynamic modulus of elasticity of clear • WD: Wood density in air-dry condition • (g/cm3)   specimen (GPa)   • FL: Fiber length (mm)   • αR: Radial shrinkage (%)   • FLI: Fiber length increment (%)   • αT: Tangential shrinkage (%)   • GRW: Growth ring width (mm)   • αT/αR: Tangential/radial shrinkage ratio   • MFA: Mircofibril angle (o)   • ρ: Green density of log (kg/m3)   • MOE: Modulus of elasticity (GPa)   v   CHAPTER Introduction   All forests fulfil a range of roles and provide a variety of goods and services The roles fulfilled by planted forests are diverse and the goods and services produced include the production of industrial wood, fuel wood, non-wood forest goods (eg animal fodder, apiculture, essential oils, tan bark, cork, latex, and food) and conservation, carbon sequestration, recreation (eg hunting, fishing, and hiking), erosion control, and rehabilitation of degraded lands, including landscape and amenity enhancement For countries with a low forest cover, the only way to obtain the multiple benefits from forests, is creating new forests, mainly through planting Global planted forest area increased from 1990 to 2015 from 167.5 million to 277.9 million with the increase varying by region and climate domain (Payn et al 2015) Together with global trend, Vietnam’s planted forest area increased considerably from 1985 with 0.58 million to 2016 with 4.13 million (Table 1.1) (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam 2017) Large areas of plantation not only supply material for pulp and paper production but also play an important role in the protection of environment by reducing greenhouse gas and helping to reduce poverty in rural areas (Kim 2009) Besides, with the decrease in the available wood resources and the increase in wood processing costs have led to a significant interest in timber production from plantation For timber plantation, the current wood is under-utilised and poorly managed Therefore, there is a need for effective and sustainable utilization of the plantation forests in order to prevent further decline of timber sources and improve quality of timber products One of the ways of sustainably utilizing wood resources is to study on wood properties Wood is a highly variable material due to its biological origin (Zobel and Van Buijtenen 1989) For a given species, the within-tree variation is further partitioned into variation from pith to bark (radial variation) and variation with position along the stem (axial variation) The large variability of   wood characteristics makes it difficult to precisely predict its performance and therefore to efficiently process and utilize the material On the other hand, the variability means that this material has potential for genetic improvement and diverse end uses (Zobel and Van Buijtenen 1989, Koga and Zang 2004) Therefore, a better understanding of the wood variability within tree is of value to both wood quality improvement and efficient wood processing and utilization   10 Carter P, Briggs D, Ross RJ, Wang X (2005) Acoustic testing to enhance western forest values and meet customer wood quality needs USDA Forest Service General Technical Reports PNW 642:121-129 11 Cave ID, Walker JCF (1994) Stiffness of wood in fast-grown plantation softwoods: The influence of microfibril angle For Prod J 44(5):43-48 12 Coronel EO (1989) Estudio y determinación de las propiedades físico-mecánicas de las maderas del Parque Chaqueño Valores y variaciones, 1a Parte (in Spanish) Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Serie de Publicaciones No 8906 13 Cown DJ, Hebert J, Ball R (1999) Modelling Pinus radiata lumber characteristic Part 1: Mechanical properties of small clears NZ J For Sci 29:203-213 14 Dahlblom O, Petersson H, Ormarsson S (1999) Characterization of shrinkage European project FAIR CT 96-1915, improved Spruce timber utilization Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Scania, Sweden 15 Dinwoodie JM (1961) Tracheid and fiber length in timber: A review of literature Forestry 34(2):125-144 16 Donaldson LA (1992) Within- and between-tree variation in microfibril angle in Pinus radiata NZ J For Sci 22(1):77-86 17 Donaldson LA (2008) Microfibril angle: Measurement, variation and relationships – A review IAWA J 29(4):345-386 18 Dundar T, Wang X, As N, Avci E (2016) Potential of ultrasonic pulse velocity for evaluating the dimensional stability of oak and chestnut wood Ultrasonics 66:86-90 19 Dundar T, Wang X, Ross RJ (2013) Prediction of transverse shrinkages of young-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) with ultrasonic measurements Wood Mat Sci Eng 8(4):234-241 112   20 Duong DV, Matsumura J (2018) Within-stem variations in mechanical properties of Melia azedarach planted in northern Vietnam J Wood Sci 64(4):329-337 21 Duong DV, Missanjo E, Matsumura J (2017) Variation in intrinsic wood properties of Melia azedarach L planted in northern Vietnam J Wood Sci 63(6):560-567 22 Einspahr DW, Van Buijtenen JP, Peckham JR (1963) Natural variation and heritability in triploid Aspen Silvae Genet 12(2):51-58 23 EL-Juhany LI (2011) Evaluation of some wood quality measures of eight-year-old Melia azedarach trees Turk J Agric For 35:165-171 24 Evans R, Ilic J (2001) Rapid prediction of wood stiffness from microfibril angle and density For Prod J 51(3):53-57 25 Evans R, Stringer S, Kibblewhite RP (2000) Variation of microfibril angle, density and fibre orientation in twenty-nine Eucalyptus nitens trees Appita J 53(5):450-457 26 Fang S, Wenzhong Y, Ye T (2006) Clonal and within-tree variation in microfibril angle in poplar clones New For 31:373-383 27 Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) (2010) Wood handbook-Wood as an engineering material General technical report FPL-GTR-190 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Madison, Wisconsin 28 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) (1975) The properties of tropical woods 21: evaluation of wood properties and wood processing suitabilities of timber from Southeast Asia and the Pacific regions Bulletin Gov For Exp Station 277:87-130 29 Frank D, Esper J (2005) Characterization and climate response patterns of a high-elevation, multispecies tree-ring network in the European Alps Dendrochronologia 22:107-121 30 Fu Z, Zhao J, Yang Y, Cai Y (2016) Variation of drying strains between tangential and radial directions in Asian white birch Forests 7(3), 59 113   31 Fuwape JA, Fabiyi JS (2003) Variations in strength properties of plantation grown Nauclea diderrichii wood J Trop For Prod 9:45-53 32 Gartner BL, Lei H, Milota MR (1997) Variation in the anatomy and specific gravity of wood within and between trees of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) Wood Fiber Sci 29(1):10-20 33 Green DW, Winandy JE, Kretschmann DE (1999) Mechanical properties of wood In: USDA Forest Service FPL editor Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material, vol 4, Madison WI 34 Harrison NA, Boa E, Carpio ML (2003) Characterization of phytoplasmas detected in Chinaberry trees with symptoms of leaf yellowing and decline in Bolivia Plant Pathol 52:147-157 35 Hasegawa M, Mori M, Matsumura J (2015) Relations of fiber length to within-tree variation of ultrasonic wave velocity in fast-growing trees Wood Fiber Sci 47(3):313-318 36 Hein PRG, Lima JT (2012) Relationships between microfibril angle, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength in Eucalyptus wood Maderas Cienc Tecnol 14(3):267-274 37 Henry M, Besnard A, Asante WA, Eshun J, Adu-Bredu S, Valentini R, Bernoux M, Saint-Andre L (2010) Wood density, phytomass variations within and among trees, and allometric equations in a tropical rainforest of Africa For Ecology and Manag 260:1375-1388 38 Hien LT, Ban DV, Kim NT (2012) Physical and mechanical characteristics and uses of some production forest species in southeastern Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Dissertation, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam 39 Honjo K, Furukawa I, Sahri MH (2005) Radial variation of fiber length increment in Acacia mangium IAWA J 26(3):339-352 40 IAWA Committee (1989) IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification IAWA J 10:219-332 41 Igartua DV, Moreno K, Piter JC, Monteoliva S (2015) Density and mechanical properties of Argentinean Acacia melanoxylon (in Spanish) Maderas Cienc Tecnol 17(4):809-820 114   42 Ikeda K, Arima T (2000) Quality evaluation of standing trees by a stress-wave propagation method and its application II Evaluation of sugi stands and application to production of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D Don) structural square sawn lumber (in Japanese) Mokuzai Gakkaishi 46:189–196 43 Image-J software used is available at https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ 44 Ishiguri F, Eizawa J, Saito Y, Iizuka K, Yokota S, Priadi D, Sumiasri N, Yoshizawa N (2007) Variation in the wood properties of Paraserianthes falcataria planted in Indonesia IAWA J 28(3):339-348 45 Ishiguri F, Hiraiwa T, Iizuka K, Yokota S, Priadi D, Sumiasri N, Yoshizawa N (2012) Radial variation in microfibril angle and compression properties of Paraserianthes falcataria planted in Indonesia IAWA J 33(1):15-23 46 Ishiguri F, Hiraiwa T, Lizuka K, Yokota S, Priadi D, Sumiasri N, Yoshizawa N (2009) Radial variation of anatomical characteristics in Paraserianthes falcataria planted in Indonesia IAWA J 30(3):343-352 47 Ishiguri F, Kawashima M, Iizuka K, Yokota S, Yoshizawa N (2006) Relationship between stresswave velocity of standing tree and wood quality in 27-year-old Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) J Soc Mat Sci Japan 55(6):576-582 48 Ishiguri F, Matsui R, Iizuka K, Yokota S, Yoshizawa N (2008) Prediction of the mechanical properties of lumber by stress-wave velocity and Pilodyn penetration of 36-year-old Japanese larch trees Holz Roh Werkst 66:275-280 49 Ishiguri F, Wahyudi I, Takeuchi M, Takashima Y, Iizuka K, Yokota S, Yoshizawa N (2011) Wood properties of Pericopsis mooniana grown in a plantation in Indonesia J Wood Sci 57:241-246 50 Istikowati WT, Ishiguri F, Aiso H, Hidayati F, Tanabe J, Iizuka K, Sutiya B, Wahiudy I, Yokota S (2014) Physical and mechanical properties of woods from three native fast-growing species in a secondary forest in south Kalimantan, Indonesia For Prod J 64:48-54 51 Ivkovic M, Gapare WJ, Abarquez A, Ilic J, Powell MB, Wu H (2009) Prediction of wood stiffness, 115   strength, and shrinkage in juvenile wood of radiate pine Wood Sci Technol 43:237-257 52 Izekor DN, Fuwape JA, Oluyege AO (2010) Effects of density on variations in the mechanical properties of
plantation grown Tectona grandis wood Arch Appl Sci Res 2(6):113-120 53 JIS Z2101-1994 (2000) Methods of test for woods (in Japanese) Japanese Standard Association, Tokyo, Japan 54 Johansson CJ, Steffen A, Wormuth EW (1996) Relation of moduli of elasticity in flatwise and edgewise bending of solid timber International council for building research studies and documentation, pp 311-321 55 Johnson GR, Gartner BL (2006) Genetic variation in basic density and modulus of elasticity of coastal Douglas-fir Tree Genet Genomes 3:25-33 56 Jozsa LA, Middleton GR (1994) A discussion of wood quality attributes and their practical implications Special publication No SP-34 Forintek Canada Corp Vancouver, BC 57 Kaiserlik JH and Pellerin RF (1977) Stress wave attenuation as an indicator of lumber strength For Prod J 27(6):39-43 58 Kamala FD (2012) Study on wood properties variation and utilization of Pinus patula families grown in Malawi PhD thesis, Kyushu University, Japan 59 Kamala FD, Sakagami H, Matsumura J (2014) Mechanical properties of small clear wood specimens of Pinus patula planted in Malawi Open J For 4(1):8-13 60 Kamala FD, Sakagami H, Oda K, Matsumura J (2013) Wood density and growth ring structure of Pinus patula planted in Malawi, Africa IAWA J 34(1):61-70 61 Keunecke D, Sonderegger W, Pereteanu K, Luthi T, Niemz P (2007) Determination of young’s and shear moduli of common yew and Norway spruce by means of ultrasonic waves Wood Sci Technol 41:309-327 116   62 Kiaei M, Naji HR, Abdul-Hamid H, Farsi M (2016) Radial variation of fiber dimensions, annual ring width, and wood density from natural and plantation trees of alder (Alnus glutinosa) wood Wood Res 61(1):55-64 63 Kim NT (2009) Study on improvement of the wood qualities of Acacia hybrids in Vietnam PhD thesis, Kyushu University, Japan 64 Kim NT, Ochiishi M, Matsumura J, Oda K (2008) Variation in wood properties of six natural acacia hybrid clones in northern Vietnam J Wood Sci 54:436-442 65 Knapic S, Louzada JL, Leal S, Pereira H (2008) Within-tree and between-tree variation of wood density components in cork oak trees in two sites in Portugal Forestry 81(4):465-473 66 Knapic S, Louzada JL, Pereira H (2011) Variation in wood density components within and between Quercus faginea trees Can J For Res 41(5):1212-1219 67 Koga S, Zang SY (2004) Inter-tree and intra-tree variations in ring width and wood density components in balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Wood Sci Technol 38:149-162 68 Kord B, Kialashaki A, Kord B (2010) The within-tree variation in wood density and shrinkage, and their relationship in Populus euramericana Turk J Agric For 34:121-126 69 Larocque GR (1997) Importance of different climatic parameters on growth and wood formation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Ontario, Canada Ann For Sci 54(1):51-63 70 Larson PR (1994) The vascular cambium Development and structural Springer, Berlin 71 Leal S, Sousa VB, Pereira H (2006) Within and between-tree variation in the biometry of wood rays and fibres in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) Wood Sci Technol 40:585-597 72 Lei H, Milota MR, Gartner BL (1996) Between- and within-tree variation in the anatomical and specific gravity of wood in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Doulg) IAWA J 17(4):445-461 73 Lin CJ, Chung CH, Cho CL, Yang TH (2012) Tree ring characteristics of 30-year-old Swietenia macrophylla plantation trees Wood Fiber Sci 44(2):202-213 117   74 Machado JS, Louzada JL, Santos AJA, Nunes L, Anjos O, Rodrigues J, Simoes RMS, Pereira H (2014) Variation of wood density and mechanical properties of blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R Br.) Mater Des 56:975-980 75 Matsumura J, Inoue M, Yokoo K, Oda K (2006) Cultivation and utilization of Japanese fast growing trees with high capability for carbon stock I: potential of Melia azedarach (in Japanese) Mokuzai Gakkaishi 52(2):77-82 76 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam (2014) Vietnam forestry development strategy from 2014 to 2020 (in Vietnamese) Hanoi, Vietnam 77 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam (2017) Annual report on forest area of Vietnam (in Vietnamese) https://www.mard.gov.vn/Pages/bo-nn-ptnt-cong-bo-hien-trangrung-toan-quoc-nam-2016-33834.aspx 78 Missanjo E (2017) Genetic parameters and improvement strategies of wood properties and growth traits of Pinus kesiya planted in Malawi PhD thesis, Kyushu University, Japan 79 Missanjo E, Matsumura J (2016) Wood density and mechanical properties of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon in Malawi Forests 7(7), 135 80 Montero MJ, Mata J, Esteban M, Hermoso E (2015) Influence of moisture content on the wave velocity to estimate the mechanical properties of large cross-section pieces for structural use of Scots pine from Spain Maderas Cienc Tecnol 17(2):407-420 81 Montes CS, Beaulieu J, Hernander RE (2007) Genetic variation in wood shrinkage and its correlations with tree growth and wood density of Calycophyllum spruceanum at an early wood in the Peruvian Amazon Can J For Res 37:966-976 82 Nanami N, Nakamura N, Arima T, Okuma M (1993) Measuring the properties of standing trees with stress waves III Evaluating the properties of standing trees for some forest stands (in Japanese) Mokuzai Gakkaishi 39:903–909 83 Nghia NH (2007) Atlas of Vietnam’s forest tree species Agric Publ House 1:242 118   84 Nicholas I, Brown I (2002) Blackwood a handbook for growers and users Rotorua, New Zealand 85 Nicholls JWP (1986) Within-tree variation in wood characteristics of Pinus radiata D.Don Austral For Res 16:313-335 86 Niklas KJ, Spatz HC (2010) Worldwide correlations of mechanical properties and green wood density Am J Bot 97(10):1587-1594 87 Njana MA, Meilby H, Eid T, Zahabu E, Malimbwi RE (2016) Importance of tree basic density in biomass estimation and associated uncertainties: a case of three mangrove species in Tanzania Ann For Sci 73:1073-1087 88 Nock CA, Geihofer D, Grabner M, Baker PJ, Bunyavejchewin S, Hietz P (2009) Wood density and its radial variation in six canopy tree species differing in shade-tolerance in western Thailand Ann Bot 104:297-306 89 Ocloo JK, Laing E (2003) Correlation of relative density and strength properties with anatomical properties of the wood of Ghanaian Celtis species Discovery and Inovation 15:186-196 90 Ofori J, Brentuo B (2005) Green moisture content, basic density, shrinkage and drying characteristics of the wood of Cedrela odorata grown in Ghana J Trop For Sci 17(2):211-223 91 Oleksyn J, Fritts HC (1991) Influence of climate factors upon tree rings of Larix decidua and L decidua × L kaempferi from Pulawy, Poland Trees 5:75-82 92 Oliveira FGR, Campos JAO, Sales A (2002) Ultrasonic measurements in Brazilian hardwood Mater Res 5(1):51-55 93 Oliveira FGR, Candian M, Lucchette DD, Salgon JL, Sales A (2005) A technical note on the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and moisture content of Brazilian hardwood (Goupia glabra) Build Environ 40(2):297-300 94 Orwa C, Jamnadass RH, Kindt R, Mutua A, Simons A (2009) Agroforestree database: a tree species reference and selection guide version 4.0 http://www.worldagroforestry.org Accessed 10 September 2017 119   95 Osei AK, Kimaro AA, Peak D, Gillespie AW, Van Rees KCJ (2018) Soil carbon stocks in planted woodlots and Ngitili systems in Shinyanga, Tanzania Agroforest Syst 92:251-262 96 Panshin AJ, De Zeeuw C (1980) Textbook of wood technology (4th Edition) McGraw-Hill, New York 97 Payn T, Carnus JM, Smith PF, Kimberley M, Kollert W, Liu S, Orazio C, Rodriguez L, Silva LN, Wingfield MJ (2015) Changes in planted forests and future global implications For Ecology Manag 352:57-67 98 Pentoney RE (1953) Mechanisms affecting tangential vs radial shrinkage For Prod J 3(2):27- 33 99 Pliura A, Yu Q, Zhang SY, Mackay J, Perinet P, Bousquet J (2005) Variation in wood density and shrinkage and their relationship to growth of selected young poplar hybrid crosses For Sci 51(5):472-482 100 Posta J, Ptacek P, Jara R, Terebesyova M, Kuklik P, Dolejs J (2016) Correlations and differences between methods for non-destructive evaluation of timber elements Wood Res 61(1):129-140 101 Pramana GSJ (1998) Holzeigenschaften und Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von Melia azedarach L aus forstlichem Anbau auf Java (in German) Dissertation, Universität Göttingen Cuvillier XXI, Göttingen 102 R-software and all packages used are available from CRAN at https://cran.r-project.org 103 Rahman MK, Asaduzzaman M, Rahman MM, Das AK, Biswas SK (2014) Physical and mechanical properties of Ghora neem (Melia azedarach) plywood Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 49(1):47-52 104 Richter HG, Dallwitz MJ (2000) Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval Version: 25th June 2009 http://delta-intkey.com Accessed 24 February 2017 120   105 Ross R, Pellerin R (1994) Nondestructive testing for assessing wood members in structures: A review U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory Technical Report: 70, Madison, p 42 106 Ross RJ, McDonald KA, Green DW, Schad KC (1997) Relationship between log and lumber modulus of elasticity For Prod J 47(2):89-92 107 Ross RJ, Pellerin RF (1988) NDE of wood-based composites with longitudinal stress waves For Prod J 38(5):39-45 108 Rozenberg P, Franc A, Mamdy C, Launay J, Schermann N, Bastien JC (1999) Genetic control of stiffness of standing Douglas fir from the standing stem to the standardized wood sample, relationships between modulus of elasticity and wood density parameters Part II Ann For Sci 56(2):145-154 109 Sadegh AN, Kiaei M, Samariha A (2012) Experimental characterization of shrinkage and density of Tamarix aphylla wood Cellulose Chem Technol 46:369-373 110 Sales A, Candian M, Cardin VS (2011) Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Brazilian lumber (Goupia glabra) by nondestructive techniques Constr Build Mater 25:1450-1454 111 Salmen L, Burgert I (2009) Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance A review COST Action E35 2004-2008: Wood machining-micromechanics and fracture Holzforschung 63(2):121-129 112 Shanavas A, Kumar BM (2006) Physical and mechanical properties of three agroforestry tree species from Kerala, India J Trop Agric 44:23-30 113 Sharma CL, Sharma M, Jamir L (2014) Radial variation in wood properties of plantation grown Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck and Muell-Arg in Nagaland, India Res J Recent Sci 3:9-14 121   114 Sharma SK, Rao RV, Shukla SR, Kumar P, Sudheendra R, Sujatha M, Dubey YM (2005) Wood quality of coppiced Eucalyptus tereticornis for value addition IAWA J 26(1):137– 147 115 Shmulsky R, Jones PD (2011) Forest products and wood science: An Introduction, 6th ed Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK 116 Skaar C (1988) Wood-water relations, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York 117 Taylor FW (1977) Variation in specific gravity and fiber length of selected hardwoods throughout the Mid-South For Sci 23(2):190-194 118 Taylor FW, Wooten TE (1973) Wood property variation of Mississipi Delta hardwoods Wood Fiber Sci 5(1):2-13 119 Todoroki CL, Low CB, McKenzie HM, Gea LD (2015) Radial variation in selected wood properties of three cypress taxa NZ J For Sci 45:24 120 Trianoski R, Iwakiri S, Matos JLM (2011) Potential use of planted fast-growing species for production of particleboard J Trop For Sci 23(3):311-317 121 Uetimane JE, Ali AC (2011) Relationship between mechanical properties and selected anatomical features of ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia) J Trop For Sci 23(2):166-176 122 Usta A, Yilmaz M, Kahveci E, Yilmaz S, Ozturk H (2014) Effects of different site conditions on some of the wood properties of Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner subsp barbata (C.A Meyer) Yalt) Fresenius Environ Bulletin 23(8):1840-1851 123 Vainio U, Andersson S, Serimaa R, Paakkari T, Saranpaa P, Treacy M, Evertsen J (2002) Variation of microfibril angle between four provenances of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) Plant Biol 4:27-33 124 Van Buijtenen JP, Einspahr DW, Peckham JR (1962) Natural variation in Populus tremuloides Michx II Variation in pulp and papermaking properties Tappi 45(1):58-61 122   125 Van Eck WA, Woessner RA (1964) A study of wood density in yellow poplar and red oak as related to environment West Virginia Acad Sci 36, p 126 Vazquez C, Goncalves R, Bertoldo C, Bano V, Vega A, Crespo J, Guaita M (2015) Determination of the mechanical properties of Castanea sativa Mill using ultrasonic wave propagation and comparison with static compression and bending methods Wood Sci Technol 49:607-622 127 Venson I, Guzman JAS, Talavera FJF, Richter HG (2008) Biological, physical and mechanical wood properties of Paraiso (Melia azedarach) from a roadside planting at Huaxtla, Jalisco, Mexico J Trop For Sci 20(1):38-47 128 Wahyudi I, Ishiguri F, Makino K, Aiso H, Takashima Y, Ohshima J, Iizuka K, Yokota S (2016) Evaluation of xylem maturation and the effects of radial growth rate on anatomical characteristics and wood properties of Azadirachta excelsa planted in Indonesia J Ind Acad Wood Sci 13(2):138-144 129 Walker JCF, Butterfield BG (1995) The importance of microfibril angle for the processing industries NZ For 40(3):34-40 130 Walker JCF, Butterfield BG, Harris JM, Langrish TAG, Uprichar JM (1993) Primary wood processing: Principles and practice Chapman and Hall, London SE1 8HN, UK 131 Wang E, Chen T, Pang S, Karalus A (2008) Variation in anisotropic shrinkage of plantation grown Pinus radiata wood Maderas Cienc Tecnol 10(3):243-249 132 Wang X, Ross RJ, McClellan M, Barbour RJ, Erickson JR, Forsman JW, McGinnis GD (2001) Nondestructive evaluation of standing trees with a stress wave method Wood Fiber Sci 33(4):522-533 133 Wang X, Simpson WT (2006) Using acoustic analysis to presort warp-prone ponderosa pine by 4s before kiln-drying Wood Fiber Sci 38(2):206-214 123   134 Wassenberg M, Chiu HS, Guo W, Spiecker H (2015) Analysis of wood density profiles of tree stems: incorporating vertical variations to optimize wood sampling strategies for density and biomass estimations Trees 29:551-561 135 Widmann R (2011) Grading of thermally modified beech Proceedings of the 17th international nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood symposium 1:293-298 136 Wiemann MC, Williamson GB (2002) Geographic variation in wood specific gravity: effects of latitude, temperature, and precipitation Wood Fiber Sci 34(1):96-107 137 Woodcock DW (1989) Climatic sensitivity of wood-anatomical features in a ring-porous oak (Quercusmacrocarpa) Can J For Res 19:639-644 138 Wu YQ, Hayashi K, Liu Y, Cai Y, Sugimori M (2006) Relationships of anatomical characteristics versus shrinkage and collapse properties in plantation-grown eucalypt wood from China J Wood Sci 52(3):187-194 139 Yamashita K, Hirakawa Y, Fujisawa Y, Nakada R (2000) Effects of microfibril angle and density on variation of modulus of elasticity of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) logs among eighteen cultivars (in Japanese) Mokuzai Gakkaishi 46(6): 510-522 140 Yamashita K, Hirakawa Y, Nakatani H, Ikeda M (2009a) Longitudinal shrinkage variations within trees of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) cultivars J Wood Sci 55:1-7 141 Yamashita K, Hirakawa Y, Nakatani H, Ikeda M (2009b) Tangential and radial shrinkage variation within trees in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) cultivars J Wood Sci 55:161-168 142 Yang JL, Evans R (2003) Prediction of MOE of eucalypt wood from microfibril angle and density Holz Roh Werkst 61(6):449-452 143 Yang JL, Fife D, Ilic J, Blackwell P (2002) Between-site and between-provenance differences in shrinkage properties of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill Aust For 65(4):220-226 124   144 Zang LY, Deng XW, Lei XD, Xiang WH, Peng CH, Lei PF, Yan WD (2012) Determining stem biomass of Pinus massoniana L through variations in basic density Forestry 85:601609 145 Zhang B, Fei BH, Yu Y, Zhao RJ (2007) Microfibril angle variability in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) using X-ray diffraction Forestry Studies China 9:33-38 146 Zhang SY, Zhong Y (1992) Structure-property relationship of wood in East-Liaoning oak Wood Sci Technol 26:139-149 147 Zhu J, Nakano T, Hirakawa Y (2000) Effect of radial growth rate on selected indices for juvenile and mature wood of Japanese larch J Wood Sci 46(6):417-422 148 Zhuang L, Axmacher JC, Sang W (2017) Different radial growth responses to climate warming by two dominant tree species at their upper altitudinal limit on Changbai mountain J For Res 28(4):795-804 149 Zobel BJ, Sprague JR (1998) Juvenile wood in forest trees Springer, New York 150 Zobel BJ, Van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood variation, its causes and control Springer, Heidelberg 125   Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank from my heart to my supervisor, Professor Junji Matsumura, for his guidance, support, and encouragement in scientific research I have been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who has always helped me to figure out the right direction about my research with his erudition and profession His teaching method is really special He has usually helped me step by step mature in scientific research In addition, he taught me the method of independent study, this will be really useful for me in the future when I come back to Vietnam I always hope that I will have more chances to work under the guidance of Professor Junji Matsumura in the future I would like to express my profound gratitude to Associate Professor Shinya Koga and Associate Professor Noboru Fujimoto for their professional review and valuable advice on my doctoral dissertation My sincerely appreciation and gratitude to Assistant Professor Masumi Hasegawa for his guidance and kind help during laboratory experiments, and for his care and help in my personal life in Japan I am grateful to Assistant Professor Hiroki Sakagami (Wood Material Technology Laboratory) for his kindness and support Many thanks to foreigner colleagues Missanjo Edward and Cui Xinjie for their encouragement and friendship with a multicultural atmosphere Specially, I also would like to express my gratefulness to all members of Wood Science Laboratory for kindness and good memories during the period of study Heartfelt appreciation to the Vietnam Government because of financial support for this study I sincerely thank my parents and sisters for their love, support, and encouragement To my wife (Anh Phuong) and daughters (Bao Ngan and Phuong Thao) thanks for your love and sharing throughout the hard journey in Japan You were always the solid rearguard to keep me going I am most grateful to you all 126 ...   Study on Within- tree Variation in Wood Properties of Melia azedarach Planted in Northern Vietnam By Duong Van Doan Laboratory of Wood Science, Division of Sustainable Bioresources... (2017) Variation in intrinsic wood properties of Melia azedarach L planted in northern Vietnam J Wood Sci 63(6):560-567 22   3.1 Abstract Variation in intrinsic wood properties [growth ring width... Within- ring variations; • Within- tree variations; • Between -tree variations on similar sites; • Between-site variations of the same genotype growing in different geographic regions In these variations,