Charles d michener the bees of the world 2nd Ed(BookZZ org)

The Bees of the World The Bees of theWorld Charles D Michener University of Kansas Natural History Museum and Department of Entomology The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London © 2000 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved Published 2000 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data Michener, Charles Duncan, 1918– The bees of the world / Charles D Michener p cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-8018-6133-0 (alk paper) Bees Classification I Title QL566.M53 2000 595.79Ј9—dc21 99-30198 CIP A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Title page illustration from H Goulet and J T Huber (1993) Used with permission To my many students, now scattered over the world, from whom I have learned much and to my family, who lovingly tolerate an obsession with bees Contents Preface ix New Names xiv Abbreviations xiv 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 About Bees and This Book What Are Bees? The Importance of Bees Development and Reproduction Solitary versus Social Life Floral Relationships of Bees 13 Nests and Food Storage 19 Parasitic and Robber Bees 26 Body Form, Tagmata, and Sex Differences 38 Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults 40 Structures and Terminology of Larvae 53 Bees and Sphecoid Wasps as a Clade 54 Bees as a Holophyletic Group 55 The Origin of Bees from Wasps 58 Classification of the Bee-Sphecoid Clade 60 Bee Taxa and Categories 61 Methods of Classification 71 The History of Bee Classifications 72 Short-Tongued versus Long-Tongued Bees 78 Phylogeny and the Proto-Bee 83 The Higher Classification of Bees 88 Fossil Bees 93 The Antiquity of Bee Taxa 94 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 48 Diversity and Abundance 96 Dispersal 99 Biogeography 100 Reduction or Loss of Structures 104 New and Modified Structures 106 Family-Group Names 111 Explanation of Taxonomic Accounts in Sections 36 to 119 112 Some Problematic Taxa 114 The Identification of Bees 115 Key to the Families, Based on Adults 116 Notes on Certain Couplets in the Key to Families (Section 33) 120 Practical Key to Family-Group Taxa, Based on Females 121 Family Stenotritidae 123 Family Colletidae 126 38 Subfamily Colletinae 130 39 Subfamily Diphaglossinae 164 40 Tribe Caupolicanini 165 41 Tribe Diphaglossini 168 42 Tribe Dissoglottini 170 43 Subfamily Xeromelissinae 171 44 Tribe Chilicolini 172 45 Tribe Xeromelissini 177 46 Subfamily Hylaeinae 178 47 Subfamily Euryglossinae 210 Family Andrenidae 225 49 Subfamily Alocandreninae 228 50 Subfamily Andreninae 229 51 Subfamily Panurginae 260 52 Tribe Protandrenini 262 vii 59 66 73 83 53 Tribe Panurgini 273 54 Tribe Melitturgini 278 55 Tribe Protomeliturgini 281 56 Tribe Perditini 282 57 Tribe Calliopsini 292 58 Subfamily Oxaeinae 301 Family Halictidae 304 60 Subfamily Rophitinae 307 61 Subfamily Nomiinae 317 62 Subfamily Nomioidinae 330 63 Subfamily Halictinae 333 64 Tribe Halictini 339 65 Tribe Augochlorini 377 Family Melittidae 396 67 Subfamily Dasypodainae 399 68 Tribe Dasypodaini 400 69 Tribe Promelittini 405 70 Tribe Sambini 406 71 Subfamily Meganomiinae 409 72 Subfamily Melittinae 412 Family Megachilidae 417 74 Subfamily Fideliinae 419 75 Tribe Pararhophitini 420 76 Tribe Fideliini 421 77 Subfamily Megachilinae 424 78 Tribe Lithurgini 427 79 Tribe Osmiini 431 80 Tribe Anthidiini 474 81 Tribe Dioxyini 521 82 Tribe Megachilini 526 Family Apidae 570 84 Subfamily Xylocopinae 575 85 Tribe Manueliini 577 86 Tribe Xylocopini 578 87 Tribe Ceratinini 593 88 Tribe Allodapini 600 Color plates follow page 32 viii 89 Subfamily Nomadinae 614 90 Tribe Hexepeolini 618 91 Tribe Brachynomadini 620 92 Tribe Nomadini 624 93 Tribe Epeolini 627 94 Tribe Ammobatoidini 633 95 Tribe Biastini 636 96 Tribe Townsendiellini 639 97 Tribe Neolarrini 640 98 Tribe Ammobatini 641 99 Tribe Caenoprosopidini 646 100 Subfamily Apinae 647 101 Tribe Isepeolini 652 102 Tribe Osirini 654 103 Tribe Protepeolini 658 104 Tribe Exomalopsini 660 105 Tribe Ancylini 665 106 Tribe Tapinotaspidini 667 107 Tribe Tetrapediini 674 108 Tribe Ctenoplectrini 676 109 Tribe Emphorini 679 110 Tribe Eucerini 686 111 Tribe Anthophorini 720 112 Tribe Centridini 731 113 Tribe Rhathymini 739 114 Tribe Ericrocidini 740 115 Tribe Melectini 747 116 Tribe Euglossini 754 117 Tribe Bombini 761 118 Tribe Meliponini 779 119 Tribe Apini 806 Literature Cited 809 Addenda 871 Index of Terms 873 Index of Taxa 877 Preface In some ways this may seem the wrong time to write on the systematics of the bees of the world, the core topic of this book Morphological information on adults and larvae of various groups has not been fully developed or exploited, and molecular data have been sought for only a few groups The future will therefore see new phylogenetic hypotheses and improvement of old ones; work in these areas continues, and it has been tempting to defer completion of the book, in order that some of the new information might be included But no time is optimal for a systematic treatment of a group as large as the bees; there is always significant research under way Some genera or tribes will be well studied, while others lag behind, but when fresh results are in hand, the latter may well overtake the former I conclude, then, that in spite of dynamic current activity in the field, now is as good a time as any to go to press This book constitutes a summary of what I have been able to learn about bee systematics, from the bees themselves and from the vast body of literature, over the many years since I started to study bees, publishing my first paper in 1935 Bee ecology and behavior, which I find fully as fascinating as systematics, are touched upon in this book, but have been treated in greater depth and detail in other works cited herein After periods when at least half of my research time was devoted to other matters (the systematics of Lepidoptera, especially saturniid moths; the biology of chigger mites; the nesting and especially social behavior of bees), I have returned, for this book, to my old preoccupation with bee systematics There are those who say I am finally finishing my Ph.D thesis! My productive activity in biology (as distinguished from merely looking and being fascinated) began as a young kid, when I painted all the native plants that I could find in flower in the large flora of Southern California When, after a few years, finding additional species became difficult, I expanded my activities to drawings of insects With help from my mother, who was a trained zoologist, I was usually able to identify them to family How I ultimately settled on Hymenoptera and more specifically on bees is not very clear to me, but I believe it had in part to with Perdita rhois Cockerell, a beautiful, minute, yellow-and-black insect that appeared in small numbers on Shasta daisies in our yard each summer The male in particular is so unbeelike that I did not identify it as a bee for several years; it was a puzzle and a frustration and through it I ix 900 Megilla sesquicincta, 721 Megomalopsis, 664 Megommation, 377, 378k, 382k, 385, 387, 390, 392393, 392k, 395 Megommation (Cleptommation), 28t, 65t, 336, 391f, 392, 392k, 393 Megommation (Megaloptilla), 392 Megommation (Megaloptina), 65t, 392k, 393, 393 Megommation (Megommation s str.), 65t, 392, 392k, 393 Megommation (Stilbochlora), 65t, 392, 392k, 393 Megommation eickworti, 393 Megommation insigne, 381f, 393 Megommation minutum, 391f Megommation s str., 65t, 392, 392k, 393 Mehelya, 200 Mehelyana, 62t, 184, 188t, 191f, 191k-192k, 193f, 194, 200 Melacentris, 69t, 732, 733k, 734-735, 736, 737f Melaliphanthus, 64t, 266, 266k Melanapis, 63t, 242k, 244k, 253, 871 Melanapis violaceipennis, 253 Melandrena, 63t, 237k, 240k241k, 243k, 245k, 247k248k, 253 Melanempis, 39, 68t, 104, 633, 641, 642k, 643 Melaneutricharaea, 556-557 Melanoanthidium, 489-490 Melanobombus, 70t, 767f, 768k, 770, 770k, 775, 777 Melanocentris, 735 Melanocoelioxys, 530 Melanomada, 68t, 615f, 620f, 621, 621k Melanomia, 64t, 320-321, 321k, 323 Melanosarus, 67t, 540t, 541k542k, 561 Melanosmia, 66t, 455, 459-460, 460k, 461, 461k, 462, 462k, 464, 465-466, 465f, 467 Melanostelis, 515 Melanostelis betheli, 515 Melanthidium, 484, 489 Melanthidium carri, 489 Melea, 69t, 724k, 725, 725k, 726, 727 Melecta, 73-74, 747-748, 748k, 750-751, 750k, 752-753 Melecta (Eupavlovskia), 69t, 747, 750-751, 750k Melecta (Melecta s str.), 69t, 749f, 750k, 751, 752, 752f Melecta (Melectomimus), 69t, 748, 750k, 751, 752 Melecta (Paracrocisa), 69t, 748, 750, 750k, 751, 752 Melecta (Pseudomelecta), 69t, 750, 750k, 751, 752-753 Melecta (Xeromelecta), 753 Melecta aegyptiaca, 750 Melecta albifrons, 742f, 750-751 Melecta bicolor, 745 Melecta californica, 753 Melecta chalybeia, 751 Melecta diacantha, 751 Melecta edwardsii, 751 Index of Taxa Melecta emodi, 751-752 Melecta fumipennis, 749f Melecta funeraria, 750 Melecta haitensis, 753 Melecta histrionica, 752 Melecta maculata, 753 Melecta megaera, 750 Melecta mucida, 750 Melecta oreina, 748 Melecta pacifica, 752f Melecta s str., 69t, 749f, 750k, 751, 752, 752f Melecta thoracica, 751 Melectini (Tribe), 29-30, 29t, 69t, 80, 110, 110f, 120, 571k-572k, 648, 651, 739740, 742f, 747-753, 748f749f, 752f; biogeography of, 102t; of Eastern Hemisphere, 748k; of Western Hemisphere, 748k Melectoides, 68t, 652k, 653 Melectoides kiefferi, 652f Melectoides politus, 652f Melectoides senex, 653 Melectoides triseriatus, 652f Melectoides tucumanus, 653 Melectomimus, 69t, 748, 750k, 751, 752 Melectomorpha, 69t, 742f, 747, 747f-748f, 749, 752, 752f, 753, 753k Melikerria, 793-794 Melikertes [fossil], 93, 807 Meliphila, 684 Meliphila ipomoeae, 684 Meliphilopsis, 68t, 679, 680k, 683-684 Meliphilopsis melanandra, 683684 Meliphilopsis ochrandra, 684 Meliplebeia, 70t, 785f, 787, 788f, 794, 794k, 795 Melipona, 5, 9, 17, 40, 70t, 72, 105f, 783, 785, 790k, 793794 Melipona (Eomelipona), 793794 Melipona (Melikerria), 793-794 Melipona (Micheneria), 793 Melipona (Michmelia), 793 Melipona cacciae, 793 Melipona caerulea, 797 Melipona denoiti, 798 Melipona fasciata, 780f Melipona ferruginea, 794 Melipona fulva, 786f Melipona impunctata, 796 Melipona marginata, 779, 793 Melipona prosopiformis, 796 Melipona quadrifasciata, 793 Melipona quadripunctata, 798 Melipona rufiventris, 763f, 785f Melipona schrottkyi, 797 Melipona scutellaris, 793 Melipona testacea, 797 Melipona testaceicornis, 795 Meliponidae (Family), 76, 92 Meliponinae (Subfamily), 48 Meliponini (Tribe), 48, 70t, 71, 76, 86, 92, 95-99, 103, 105, 105f, 106, 111, 521, 571k, 647-651, 761, 763f, 779805, 780f, 783f, 785f -789f, 796f, 806-807; African, 790k-791k; of Asia and Sunda Islands, 791k; of Aus- tralia and New Guinea, 791k; biogeography of, 102t; neotropical, 789k-790k; recent genera of, 788-805 Meliponini (Tribe) [fossil], 93, 651 Meliponorytes [fossil], 93, 788 Meliponorytes succini [fossil], 93, 788 Meliponula, 649, 783, 786, 790k, 794-795, 794k, 799800 Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 70t, 794, 794k Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 70t, 785f, 787, 788f, 794, 794k, 795 Meliponula (Meliponula s str.), 70t, 780f, 783, 785, 785f, 788f, 794-795, 794k, Plate 10 Meliponula beccarii, 785f, 788f, 794-795 Meliponula bocandei, 763f, 780f, 785f, 788f, 794-795, Plate 10 Meliponula lendliana, 794 Meliponula s str., 70t, 780f, 783, 785, 785f, 788f, 794795, 794k, Plate 10 Melissa, 746 Melissa decorata, 746 Melissa diabolica, 744 Melissa duckei, 741 Melissa lendliana, 743 Melissina, 717-718 Melissina viator, 717 Melissoda, 741 Melissoda latreillii, 741 Melissode, 710 Melissodes, 38, 99, 630, 688, 692f, 692k, 695k-696k, 698k, 700, 704-705, 708711, 708k-709k, 713-714, Plate 11 Melissodes (Apomelissodes), 69t, 708k, 709, 709k Melissodes (Brachymelissodes), 713 Melissodes (Callimelissodes), 69t, 709-710, 709k Melissodes (Ecplectica), 69t, 693f, 709k, 710 Melissodes (Eumelissodes), 69t, 709k, 710 Melissodes (Heliomelissodes), 709k, 710 Melissodes (Idiomelissodes), 714 Melissodes (Martinella), 708 Melissodes (Melissodes s str.), 69t, 693f, 709k, 710 Melissodes (Psilomelissodes), 69t, 709k, 710 Melissodes (Tachymelissodes), 69t, 709k, 710-711 Melissodes agilis, 697f, 710 Melissodes albata, 717 Melissodes atripes, 713 Melissodes atropos, 705 Melissodes bimaculata, 687f Melissodes bombiformis, 684 Melissodes callophila, 699 Melissodes compta, 713 Melissodes condigna, 705 Melissodes crassidentata, 712 Melissodes dagosa, 710 Melissodes desponsa, 694f, 710 Melissodes duplocincta, 714 Melissodes edwardsii, 704 Melissodes enavata, 682 Melissodes exquisita, 714 Melissodes fimbriata, 709 Melissodes fonscolombei, 710 Melissodes fulvitarsis, 704 Melissodes intorta, 710 Melissodes latreillei, 741 Melissodes leprieuri, 710 Melissodes lupina, 680f, 709 Melissodes luteicornis, 708 Melissodes nigrifrons, 682 Melissodes nigroaenea, 693f Melissodes pallidisignata, 688 Melissodes pygmaea, 661 Melissodes s str., 69t, 693f, 709k, 710 Melissodes stearnsi, 695 Melissodes strenua, 719 Melissodes tepaneca, 693f Melissoptila, 630, 690k, 695k, 697k-698k, 704-705, 711, 711k, 714, 871 Melissoptila (Comeptila), 69t, 711, 711k Melissoptila (Melissoptila s str.), 69t, 711, 711k Melissoptila (Ptilomelissa), 69t, 688f, 693f, 697f, 706, 711, 711k Melissoptila bonaerensis, 693f, 711 Melissoptila s str., 69t, 711, 711k Melissoptila tandilensis, 711 Melitoma, 68t, 630, 659, 679680, 680k, 683, 684 Melitoma ameghinoi, 684 Melitoma euglossoides, 682, 684 Melitoma paraensis, 683 Melitoma taurea, 681f Melitome, 684 Melitomella, 68t, 680k-681k, 684 Melitomella grisescens, 683-684 Melitomella murihirta, 684 Melitomella schwarzi, 684 Melitomina (Subtribe), 679 Melitomini (Tribe), 76, 679 Melitribus, 125 Melitribus greavesi, 125 Melitta, 30, 72, 74, 90, 125, 258, 397-399, 405, 412, 412f, 413k, 414-415, 414k, 415f, 626 Melitta (Dolichochile), 65t, 397398, 412f, 414, 414k, 415, 415f Melitta (Melitta s str.), 65t, 412f, 414, 414k, 415, 415f Melitta (Promelitta), 405 Melitta americana, 415f Melitta annularis, 199 Melitta barbilabris, 253 Melitta bimaculata, 254 Melitta californica, 415 Melitta dimidiata, 413f, 415 Melitta dorsata, 255 Melitta haemorrhoidalis, 412 Melitta labialis, 252 Melitta leporina, 118f, 396f, 412f, 415 Melitta melittoides, 412f, 414415, 415f Melitta minutissima, 361 Melitta minutula, 253 Index of Taxa Melitta nigriceps, 250 Melitta ovatula, 256 Melitta s str., 65t, 412f, 414, 414k, 415, 415f Melitta smeathmanella, 361 Melitta swammerdamiella, 401 Melitta tibialis, 254 Melitta tricincta, 397f, 415 Melitta trimmerana, 252 Melitta xanthopus, 363 Melittidae (Family), 14-15, 20, 24, 30, 60t, 65t, 75, 78, 82, 84, 87-90, 95, 105f, 106, 111, 117k, 120, 120k, 125, 127, 258, 330, 373, 396398, 396f-398f, 398k, 417, 626, 654, 665, 675-676; biogeography of, 101t Melittidia, 323 Melittinae (Subfamily), 15, 17, 30, 65t, 76, 396f, 397-399, 398f, 398k, 405, 412-416, 413f, 413k; biogeography of, 101t Melittini, 412 Melittoides, 64t, 226, 229k, 230, 230k, 233, 243k, 245k, 258 Melittoides melittoides, 258, 259f Melittosmithia, 63t, 213k, 221 Melittosmithia carinata, 213f Melittoxena, 636-637 Melitturga, 64t, 72, 75, 78, 8182, 108, 226-227, 278, 278k, 279, 301, 337, 373 Melitturga (Petrusianna), 871 Melitturga clavicornis, 118f, 278f-279f Melitturga spinosa, 871 Melitturgini (Tribe), 64t, 261k, 273, 278-280, 278k, 279f, 871; biogeography of, 101t Meliturga, 278, 635 Meliturgopsis, 729 Meliturgula, 64t, 261, 278k, 279-280, 635 Meliturgula (Flavomeliturgula), 279 Meliturgula arabica, 279 Meliturgula braunsi, 279, 279f Meliturgula brevipennis, 279 Meliturgula dzheddaensis, 279 Meliturgula ornata, 279 Meliturgula scriptifrons, 279 Meliturgula tapana, 260f, 280 Meliwillea, 70t, 790k, 795 Meliwillea bivea, 795 Mellinus bipunctatus, 202 Mellinus variegatus, 203 Mellitidia, 64t, 319k, 323, 327, 521 Mellitidia gressitti, 318f, 328f Mellitidia metallica, 323 Mellitidia simplicinotum, 323 Melliturga, 278 Mendacibombus, 70t, 71, 765, 767k, 770k, 775 Mentzelia decapetela, 13 Mermiglossa, 64t, 278k, 280 Mermiglossa rufa, 279f, 280 Meroglossa, 63t, 85-86, 88, 120, 126, 179-180, 180k, 182, 204, 205 Meroglossa (Meroglossula), 205 Meroglossa canaliculata, 181f, 186f, 205 Meroglossa eucalypti, 205 Meroglossa impressifrons penetrata, 183f Meroglossa lactifera, 209 Meroglossa sculptifrons, 182 Meroglossa torrida, 178f Meroglossula, 205 Merrophites, 311 Mesanthidiellum, 66t, 482, 482k, 483-484, 485 Mesanthidiellum amoenum, 483 Mesanthidium, 66t, 481, 481k, 482-483, 484 Mesocheira, 69t, 740k, 741, 745 Mesocheira azurea, 746 Mesocheira bicolor, 742f-744f, 745, 745f Mesocheira velutina, 744 M[eso]chira, 745 Mesonychium, 69t, 653, 741k, 743, 745 Mesonychium coerulescens, 745 Mesonychium garleppi, 743f Mesoplia, 632, 653, 741, 741k, 745-746, 745k-746k Mesoplia (Eumelissa), 69t, 746, 746k Mesoplia (Mesoplia s str.), 69t, 745k, 746 Mesoplia azurea, 740f, 742f744f Mesoplia imperatrix, 745f Mesoplia s str., 69t, 745k, 746 Mesotrichia, 67t, 579, 579f, 584k-586k, 588-589, 590 Mesotrichia chiyakensis, 591 Mesotrichia torrida, 588 Mesoxaea, 64t, 302f, 303, 303k Metadioxys, 67t, 521, 522k, 524; positions of spines and carinae on thoracic sclerites of, 522t Metallinella, 66t, 425t, 460k, 466, 492 Metamegachile, 554 Metapsaenythia, 64t, 226f, 263k, 268k, 269, 635 Metapsithyrus, 776 Metasamba, 65t, 406, 407f, 407k, 408 Metatrachusa, 67t, 516, 517k, 518, 519 Metylaeus, 63t, 188t, 193k, 197, 197f, 200, 201 Metylaeus cribratus, 200 Metziella, 63t, 88, 188t, 190k, 200 Mexalictus, 65t, 340, 343k344k, 366, 366, 370 Mexalictus (Georgealictus), 366 Mexalictus micheneri, 366 Mexalictus polybioides, 340, 366 Michanthidium, 66t, 499-500, 501k, 503 Michenerapis, 63t, 181, 205, 206k, 208 Michenerella, 66t, 441, 442k, 443, 470-471 Micheneria, 793 Michenerula, 64t, 313, 315, 315k Michenerula beameri, 315 Michmelia, 793 Micralictoides, 64t, 307, 309k, 313 Micralictoides altadenae, 307f Micramegilla, 721 Micrandrena, 63t, 237k, 240k, 242k-246k, 248k, 253 Micrandrena pacifica, 253 Micranthidium, 67t, 500, 509, 509k, 510 Micranthophora, 726 Micrapis, 807 Micraugochlora, 395 Micraugochlora sphaerocephala, 395 Micreriades, 449, 454-455 Microcolletes, 153 Microdontura, 63t, 212, 217, 218k, 219 Microdontura mellea, 219 Microhalictus, 361 Microhesma, 63t, 212f-213f, 214, 214k, 215 Microhoplitis, 66t, 446, 447k, 451, 454 Micromelecta, 753 Micrommation, 65t, 378k, 381, 392, 393 Micrommation larocai, 393 Micronomada, 625 Micronomadopsis, 64t, 226f, 295, 296k, 298, 640, 643 Micronychapis, 69t, 692k, 695k, 711 Micronychapis duckei, 711 Micropasites, 68t, 637, 637k, 643 Microrophites, 311 Microsphecodes, 26, 28t, 65t, 336-337, 342k, 344k, 366, 372-373 Microsphecodes kathleenae, 366 Microsphecodes truncaticaudus, 341f Microstelis, 515 Microthurge, 65t, 427-428, 428k, 429-430 Microthurge corumbae, Microthurge pharcidontus, 427f429f Mielkeanthidium, 66t, 501k, 503 Mielkeanthidium nigripes, 503 Mimandrena, 255 Mimoxylocopa, 587 Mimulapis, 311-312 Mimulapis versatilis, 311 Minutodufourea, 311 Mirnapis inca, 871 Mitchellapis, 67t, 537, 538t, 539, 540t, 548k, 553, 561 Mitsukuriapis, 254-255 Mitsukuriella, 254 Monia, 135 Monia grisea, 135 Monidia, 135 Monilapis, 65t, 350f, 351k, 352, 352k Monilosmia, 465-466 Monoeca, 68t, 667-668, 668k, 670-671, 673 Monoeca brasiliensis, 670 Monoeca lanei, 668f, 671f Monoepeolus, 631 Monosmia, 66t, 458, 460k461k, 466, 467 Monoxylocopa, 67t, 580k, 583k, 587, 589 Monumetha, 66t, 445, 447k, 448, 448k, 449, 449k, 452, 454-455, 455, 460 Morawitzella, 64t, 309k, 313 901 Morawitzella nana, 313 Morawitzia, 64t, 78, 308, 310k, 313, 314 Morawitzia panurgoides, 313 Morgania, 643-644 Morphanthidium, 489 Morphella, 550-551 Moureana, 67t, 540t, 541k542k, 561-562 Moureanthidium, 66t, 500, 502, 502k, 503 Mourecotelles, 130, 131k, 135136, 159, 159k Mourecotelles (Hemicotelles), 62t, 159-160, 159k Mourecotelles (Mourecotelles s str.), 62t, 159, 159k, 160 Mourecotelles (Xanthocotelles), 62t, 159, 159k, 160 Mourecotelles mixta, 160 Mourecotelles s str., 62t, 159, 159k, 160 Mourella, 797-798 Mucidobombus, 70t, 765, 769k, 772k, 775 Mucidobombus (Exilobombus), 774 Mucidobombus eversmanniellus, 774 Mucidobombus exil, 774 Mutillidae (Family) (wasps), 55 Mycterochlora, 385 Mydrosoma, 62t, 170, 170k Mydrosoma bohartorum, 170f Mydrosoma brooksi, 164f Mydrosoma metallicum, 170 Mydrosomella, 62t, 164, 170, 170k Mydrosomella gaullei, 170 Mystacanthophora, 69t, 723f, 724k-725k, 727 Mystacosmia, 66t, 459, 461k462k, 463-464, 466-467 Nananthidium, 491-492, 871 Nananthidium bettyae, 491 Nannotrigona, 70t, 786, 790k, 793, 795, 796-797, 799 Nanocolletes, 135 Nanosmia, 66t, 452, 469, 470k, 471 Nanoxylocopa, 67t, 580, 580k, 583k, 589, 591 Nasutapis, 68t, 604, 604k-605k, 608, 613 Nasutapis straussorum, 27t, 30f, 603f, 612f, 613 Nasutitermes, 798 Nasutosmia, 66t, 445-446, 447k, 453-454, 455 Navicularia, 203 Neagapostemon, 65t, 371, 371k Nealictus, 65t, 351k, 352-353, 352k Neanthidium, 67t, 474t, 476k, 505 Neanthidium octodentatum, 505 Nectarodiaeta, 69t, 689k, 718, 718k Nectarodiaeta oliveirae, 718 Neffapis, 64t, 104, 261, 262k263k, 267 Neffapis longilingua, 6f, 81f, 267 Neglectella, 563-564 Nemandrena, 63t, 235k-236k, 238k, 253 Neoashmeadiella, 436, 553 902 Neoceratina, 68t, 596k, 597, 598 Neoceratina australensis, 598 Neochalicodoma, 568 Neochelynia, 67t, 540t, 542k543k, 562 Neochelynia paulista, 562 Neocoelioxys, 67t, 529k, 532 Neocorynura, 65t, 333, 362, 380k, 384, 384k, 389, 393394 Neocorynura (Neocorynuroides), 393 Neocorynura colombiana, 394 Neocorynura perpectinata, 389 Neocorynura pubescens, 380f Neocorynurella, 65t, 381k, 384385, 384k Neocorynurella seeleyi, 384 Neocorynuroides, 393 Neocressoniella, 67t, 537f, 544k545k, 557, 562 Neoeutricharaea, 556-557 Neofidelia, 65t, 421, 421k, 422423 Neofidelia longirostris, 421f, 422 Neofidelia profuga, 419f, 422 Neohalictoides, 311 Neolarra, 640, 640f, 640k Neolarra (Neolarra s str.), 68t, 640, 640f, 640k Neolarra (Phileremulus), 68t, 640, 640f, 640k Neolarra pruinosa, 640 Neolarra s str., 68t, 640, 640f, 640k Neolarra verbesinae, 615f, 640f Neolarra vigilans, 615f, 640f Neolarrini (Tribe), 68t, 572k, 636, 640 Neoliphanthus, 64t, 265k, 266, 266k Neomegachile, 562 Neopanurgus, 280 Neopanurgus richteri, 280 Neopasiphae, 62t, 132k, 140, 160 Neopasiphae mirabilis, 160 Neopasites, 633, 635f, 636, 636k, 637, 637k, 637t, 640 Neopasites (Micropasites), 68t, 637, 637k Neopasites (Neopasites s str.), 68t, 637, 637k Neopasites (Odontopasites), 635 Neopasites (Trichopasites), 635 Neopasites arizonicus, 635 Neopasites cressoni, 637 Neopasites fulviventris, 615f, 636f Neopasites insoletus, 635 Neopasites s str., 68t, 637, 637k Neopasitini (Tribe), 633 Neoperdita, 289 Neoscirtetica, 700 Neosmia, 66t, 460k-461k, 467 Neotrypetes, 66t, 442k, 443 Neoxylocopa, 67t, 99, 580, 580f, 582k, 583, 587, 589, 591 Neshylaeus, 201 Nesocolletes, 62t, 139, 140f, 142t, 144k, 151, 155 Nesoeupetersia, 64t, 349, 349k Nesohalictus, 360-361 Nesohylaeus, 198-199 Nesomelecta, 69t, 747f, 752753, 753, 753k Index of Taxa Nesomonia, 65t, 411, 411k Nesoprosopis, 28t, 30, 63t, 185186, 188t, 192k, 193f, 201, 203 Nesothrincostoma, 374 Nesylaeus, 63t, 186, 188t, 201, 202 Nevadensibombus, 773 Nigranthidium, 66t, 481k, 483, 484, 485, 490, 521 Nigranthidium tergofasciatum, 485 Nigrocoelioxys, 531 Niltonia, 62t, 80, 131k, 140, 160 Niltonia virgilii, 126f, 160 Nitocris, 325 Nivanthidium, 66t, 488, 489k, 490, 512 Nobandrena, 63t, 243k, 245k, 253 Nobilibombus, 772 Noctoraptor, 28t, 65t, 336, 391f, 391k, 392 Nodocolletes, 140f, 149, 151 Nodocolletes dentatus, 149 Nodula, 67t, 578, 584k-585k, 586, 588, 589, 590, 592 Nogueirapis, 70t, 784f, 786, 789k-790k, 795, 804; fossil, 795 Nogueirapis silacea [fossil], 787 Nomada, 2, 29-32, 37-38, 68t, 71-72, 74, 102, 267, 516, 573k, 617-618, 620, 624626, 624f, Plate Nomada (Asteronomada), 625 Nomada (Callinomada), 625 Nomada (Heminomada), 625 Nomada (Holonomada), 615f Nomada (Laminomada), 625 Nomada (Melanomada), 621 Nomada (Micronomada), 625 Nomada (Nomada s str.), 625 Nomada (Nomadula), 625 Nomada (Pachynomada), 625 Nomada (Phelonomada), 625 Nomada adducta, 625 Nomada albilabris, 372 Nomada americana, 625 Nomada annulata, 625f Nomada antonita, 625 Nomada armata, 625, Plate Nomada articulata, 625 Nomada basalis, 625 Nomada belfragei, 625 Nomada bella, 625 Nomada bifasciata, 625 Nomada coxalis, 624f Nomada crotchii, 615f Nomada cruralis, 625 Nomada erigeronis, 625 Nomada furva, 625-626 Nomada gibba, 372 Nomada gigas, 625-626 Nomada grindeliae, 621 Nomada hattorfiana, 250 Nomada hesperia, 625 Nomada histrio, 752 Nomada imbricata, 620f Nomada integerrima, 625 Nomada integra, 625-626 Nomada japonica, 626 Nomada luteola, 625 Nomada modesta, 625 Nomada obliterata, 625 Nomada odontophora, 625 Nomada penangensis, 624f Nomada pilosula, 655 Nomada roberjeotiana, 625-626 Nomada ruficornis, 625-626 Nomada s str., 625 Nomada schottii, 636 Nomada scutellaris, 752 Nomada scutellata, 752 Nomada superba, 625-626 Nomada texana, 625 Nomada tibialis, 753 Nomada trispinosa, 625 Nomada truncata, 636 Nomada vegana, 625-626 Nomada vincta, 625-626 Nomadidae (Family), 74 Nomadinae (Subfamily), 28, 29t, 30, 32, 33f, 35f, 36, 37f, 50, 56, 68t, 71-72, 75-76, 78, 90, 92, 110, 120, 121k, 302, 521, 570-571, 572k573k, 575, 614-617, 614f615f, 617f, 620f, 624, 631, 635, 646-647, 652, 654, 658, 747; biogeography of, 102t Nomadini (Tribe), 68t, 76, 573k, 617, 620, 624-626, 627; biogeography of, 102t Nomadita, 624-626 Nomadita montana, 624 Nomadopsis, 64t, 226f, 260f, 295, 296k, 298, 643 Nomadopsis (Macronomadopsis), 298 Nomadopsis (Micronomadopsis), 298 Nomadopsis fracta, 298 Nomadopsis micheneri, 298 Nomadosoma, 625 Nomadula, 625 Nomia, 61, 89, 110, 151-152, 318, 319k, 321, 323-326, 324k, 367, 630 Nomia (Acunomia), 64t, 317, 317f, 318, 318f, 323, 324325, 324k, 326, 328 Nomia (Austronomia), 318, 321 Nomia (Clavinomia), 322 Nomia (Crocisaspidia), 64t, 324, 324k, 325 Nomia (Curvinomia), 324, 326 Nomia (Dinomia), 329 Nomia (Epinomia), 322 Nomia (Halictonomia), 320 Nomia (Hoplonomia), 64t, 318, 318f, 323-324, 324k, 325, 326, 327f Nomia (Leuconomia), 64t, 317, 324k, 325 Nomia (Lobonomia), 326 Nomia (Macronomia), 322 Nomia (Maculonomia), 324 Nomia (Meganomia), 410 Nomia (Nomia s str.), 64t, 323, 324k, 325 Nomia (Nomiapis), 326 Nomia (Nubenomia), 323 Nomia (Pachynomia), 326 Nomia (Paranomia), 324 Nomia (Paranomina), 324 Nomia (Paulynomia), 64t, 324, 324k, 326, 327f, xiv Nomia (Ptilonomia), 327 Nomia (Reepenia), 327 Nomia (Spatunomia), 328 Nomia (Trinomia), 323 Nomia amboinensis, 323 Nomia amoenula, 326 Nomia andrei, 322 Nomia andrenoides, 322 Nomia angustitibialsis, 318f Nomia aurantifer, 326, 327f Nomia australica, 318, 321 Nomia binghami, 410 Nomia burmica, 322 Nomia californiensis, 324 Nomia candida, 317, 325 Nomia chalybeata, 324 Nomia chlorosoma, 318f Nomia clavicornis, 322 Nomia coelestina, 367 Nomia diversipes, 325-326 Nomia filifera, 328 Nomia flavilabris, 665 Nomia flavipennis, 323 Nomia flaviventris, 411 Nomia fuscipennis, 324 Nomia halictoides, 360 Nomia japonica, 254 Nomia joergenseni, 151 Nomia kirbii, 320 Nomia lobata, 326 Nomia lutea, 325 Nomia luteofasciata, 326 Nomia lyonsiae, 318f, 327f Nomia maynei, 323 Nomia melanderi, 24, 304f, 317, 317f, 325, Plate Nomia melanderi howardi, 318f Nomia melanosoma, 323 Nomia nortoni, 317, 324 Nomia nubecula, 323 Nomia persimilis, 320 Nomia picardi, 321 Nomia platycephala, 322 Nomia plumosa, 327 Nomia pulawskii, 325 Nomia punctulata, 318, 325 Nomia robinsoni, 318f Nomia ruficornis, 318 Nomia rugiventris, 326 Nomia s str., 64t, 323, 324k, 325 Nomia senticosa, 324 Nomia speciosa, 324 Nomia swainsoniae, 326 Nomia taiwana, 329 Nomia terminata, 324 Nomia testacea, 323 Nomia tetrazonata, 318, 318f, 324 Nomia theryi, 324 Nomia thoracica, 324 Nomia triangulifera, 320 Nomia tridentata, 323 Nomia tsavoensis, 411 Nomia variabilis, 327 Nomia yunnanensis, 324 Nomiapis, 326 Nomiinae (Subfamily), 30, 64t, 74-75, 80, 95, 110, 121k, 304, 304f, 305, 306k, 308, 317-329, 317f-318f, 327f328f, 330, 333, 367, 644; biogeography of, 101t; of Eastern hemisphere, 318k319k; of North America, 319k Nomiini (Tribe), 103 Nomiocolletes, 62t, 137, 139, 142k, 142t, 151-152, 160 Nomioides, 40, 64t, 308, 330, Index of Taxa 330k, 331-332, 373, 401, 643 Nomioides (Cellaria), 331 Nomioides (Cellariella), 331 Nomioides (Erythronomioides), 331 Nomioides (Eunomioides), 331 Nomioides (Paranomioides), 332 Nomioides arnoldi, 331 Nomioides karachensis, 331 Nomioides minutissimus, 330f331f Nomioides socotranus, 331 Nomioides somalica, 331 Nomioides steinbergi, 332 Nomioidinae (Subfamily), 64t, 121k, 305, 306k, 330-332, 330f, 330k, 331f-332f, 333, 337; biogeography of, 101t Nomioidini (Tribe), 76, 103, 106 Noonadania, 63t, 206k, 208 Notandrena, 63t, 236k, 239k, 243k, 246k-248k, 253 Notanthidium, 474t, 479, 480k, 505-506, 505k Notanthidium (Allanthidium), 67t, 505-506, 505k Notanthidium (Chrisanthidium), 67t, 505k, 506 Notanthidium (Notanthidium s str.), 67t, 505, 505k, 506 Notanthidium rodolfi, 506 Notanthidium s str., 67t, 505, 505k, 506 Notanthidium steloides, 506 Noteopsis, 199-200 Noteriades, 66t, 431, 432k, 432t, 434k, 458, 466, 473 Nothosmia, 462, 465-466 Nothylaeus, 63t, 188t, 193k, 195, 197, 200, 201-202, 201f Nothylaeus (Anylaeus), 201 Nothylaeus aberrans, 201 Notocolletes, 147 Notocolletes heterodoxus, 147 Notolonia, 69t, 699k, 711-712 Notolonia astragali, 711-712 Notomegilla, 721 Notomelitta, 415 Notoxaea, 64t, 303, 303k Notoxylocopa, 67t, 579f, 580k, 582k, 589, 589f Nubenomia, 64t, 320-321, 321k, 323 Nyctomelitta, 67t, 583k, 585k, 589 Nylaeus, 198 Nyssonidae (Family) (wasps), 58 Obertibombus, 777 Obertobombus, 777 Ochreriades, 66t, 425t, 432t, 433k, 458 Odontalictus, 65t, 350f, 351k, 352, 352k, 353 Odontanthocopa, 66t, 457f, 457k, 458 Odonterythrosmia, 458 Odontobombus, 775 Odontochlora, 385 Odontocolletes, 62t, 138-139, 142t, 144k-145k, 152 Odontopasites, 635 Odontostelis, 500 Odontotrigona, 801-802 Odyneropsis, 68t, 627f, 628k, 631-632, 739 Odyneropsis holosericea, 631 Odyneropsis veseyi, 614f Oediscelis, 62t, 172, 173, 173k, 175 Oediscelis (Pseudiscelis), 175 Oediscelis friesei, 175 Oediscelis herbsti, 173 Oediscelis inermis, 173 Oediscelis paradoxus, 175 Oediscelis plebeia, 175 Oediscelis prosopoides, 175 Oediscelis vernalis, 175 Oediscelisca, 175 Oestropsis, 125 Oestropsis pubescens, 125 Oligandrena, 63t, 234k, 239k, 253 Oligeucera, 69t, 702, 703, 703k Oligochlora [fossil], 93, 338 Oligochlora eickworti [fossil], 93 Oligotropus, 553 Oligotropus campanulae, 553 Olmecanthidium, 519 Omachtes, 644 Omachtes capensis, 644 Omachthes, 643-644 Omachthes capicola, 644 Omachthes carnifex, 643 Onagrandrena, 63t, 233, 235k, 237k-238k, 241k, 254 Opacula, 69t, 701k, 702 Opacula donatica, 702 Opandrena, 252 Oragapostemon, 372 Orandrena, 63t, 241k, 246k, 254 Oranthidium, 66t, 477, 481k, 482-484, 484, 485, 488, 495 Orbitella, 588 Oreomelissa, 63t, 233, 244k, 248k, 254 Oreopasites, 29, 68t, 615f, 641, 642k, 643, 644 Oreopasites (Perditopasites), 643 Oreopasites arizonica, 643 Oreopasites barbarae, 641, 643 Oreopasites euphorbiae, 641f Oreopasites linsleyi, 643 Oreopasites scituli, 643 Oreopasites vanduzeei, 615f Orfilana, 629-630 Orientalibombus, 70t, 765, 767k, 770k, 775 Orientalobombus, 775 Orientocoelioxys, 531 Orientocressoniella, 567-568 Orientoheriades, 442 Orientosmia, 66t, 459, 460k461k, 467, 469 Orientotrachusa, 510 Orphana, 64t, 125, 226-228, 229k-230k, 256, 258-259 Orphana inquirenda, 257f, 258 Orthanthidium, 67t, 517k, 518, 519 Osirini (Tribe), 29t, 30, 68t, 120, 570, 573k-574k, 647, 651, 654-657, 654f, 654k655k, 655f-656f; biogeography of, 102t Osirinus, 68t, 655-656, 655k, 657 Osirinus lemniscatus, 655 Osirinus rutilans, 656f Osiris, 29t, 36, 68t, 654, 654f, 655, 655k, 656, 657-658 Osiris obtusus, 656 Osiris pallidus, 656 Osiris variegatus, 656f Osmia, 17, 21, 72, 114, 431432, 432f, 432k, 432t, 433k434k, 435-438, 444-446, 454, 456, 458-469, 465f, 516, 871, Plate 6; of Eastern Hemisphere, 460k-461k; of Western Hemisphere, 461k462k Osmia (Acanthosmia), 449 Osmia (Acanthosmioides), 66t, 459, 462, 462k, 465-466, 465f, 466 Osmia (Aceratosmia), 467 Osmia (Allosmia), 66t, 434, 458-459, 460k-461k, 462463, 468 Osmia (Annosmia), 450 Osmia (Arctosmia), 450 Osmia (Aspidosmia), 492 Osmia (Atoposmia), 438 Osmia (Caerulosmia), 468 Osmia (Caposmia), 473 Osmia (Centrosmia), 465-466 Osmia (Cephalosmia), 66t, 459, 459f, 461k-462k, 463, 467 Osmia (Ceratosmia), 467 Osmia (Chalcosmia), 464 Osmia (Chenosmia), 465-466 Osmia (Cryptosmia), 464 Osmia (Ctenosmia), 453 Osmia (Diceratosmia), 66t, 459, 461k, 463, 464, 468-469 Osmia (Erythrosmia), 66t, 434, 458-459, 460k-461k, 463 Osmia (Euthosmia), 66t, 435, 459, 461k-462k, 463-464, 466-467 Osmia (Exosmia), 464-465 Osmia (Foveosmia), 440 Osmia (Furcosmia), 450 Osmia (Glossosmia), 450 Osmia (Helicosmia), 66t, 451, 454, 459, 460k-462k, 464, 465f, 466-468, Plate 16 Osmia (Hemiosmia), 66t, 459, 460k-461k, 463, 464-465 Osmia (Heterosmia), 468 Osmia (Hoplosmia), 457 Osmia (Liosmia), 449 Osmia (Lithosmia), 450 Osmia (Megalosmia), 454 Osmia (Melanosmia), 66t, 455, 459-460, 460k, 461, 461k, 462, 462k, 464, 465-466, 465f, 467 Osmia (Metallinella), 66t, 425t, 460k, 466, 492 Osmia (Microhoplitis), 454 Osmia (Monilosmia), 466 Osmia (Monosmia), 66t, 458, 460k-461k, 466, 467 Osmia (Mystacosmia), 66t, 459, 461k-462k, 463-464, 466467 Osmia (Neosmia), 66t, 460k461k, 467 Osmia (Nothosmia), 466 Osmia (Orientosmia), 66t, 459, 460k-461k, 467, 469 Osmia (Osmia s str.), 66t, 431f, 451, 454, 458f, 460, 460k461k, 467, 492, Plate 16 903 Osmia (Ozbekosmia), 66t, 459, 460k-461k, 467, 468, 469 Osmia (Pachyosmia), 467 Osmia (Pentadentosmia), 455 Osmia (Platosmia), 456 Osmia (Protosmia), 471 Osmia (Pyrosmia), 66t, 106, 431, 458-460, 460k, 461, 461k, 463-464, 468-469 Osmia (Tergosmia), 66t, 458459, 460k-461k, 467-468, 469 Osmia (Trichinosmia), 66t, 462k, 466, 469 Osmia (Tridentosmia), 449 Osmia (Viridosmia), 468 Osmia agilis, 469 Osmia albiventris, 465 Osmia alticola, 465f Osmia andrenoides, 463 Osmia annulata, 450 Osmia apicata, 466 Osmia argyropyga, 464 Osmia armaticeps, 463 Osmia arnoldi, 492 Osmia atriventris, Osmia atrocaerulea, 466 Osmia aurulenta, 464, Plate 16 Osmia avosetta, 468-469 Osmia azteca, 459, 463 Osmia balearica, 464-465 Osmia bicolor, 467 Osmia bidentata, 458 Osmia bischoffi, 463 Osmia brachyura, 441 Osmia braunsi, 473 Osmia brevicornis, 466 Osmia bruneri, 466 Osmia bucephala, 462, 465-466 Osmia californica, 463 Osmia canadensis, 465 Osmia capensis, 403 Osmia cephalotes, 106, 431, 458, 461, 469 Osmia claviventris, 449 Osmia coerulescens, 464 Osmia conjuncta, 463 Osmia copelandica, 438 Osmia cordata, 465 Osmia cornifrons, Osmia cornuta, 468 Osmia curvipes, 456 Osmia denudata, 452 Osmia difficilis, 464 Osmia dimidiata, 464 Osmia distincta, 465 Osmia emarginata, 467-468 Osmia enceliae, 438 Osmia eremoplana, 473 Osmia excavata, 467 Osmia fallax, 458 Osmia fedtschenkoi, 467 Osmia ferruginea, 460, 468-469 Osmia flavicornis, 472 Osmia fuciformis, 465 Osmia fulgida, 455 Osmia gallarum, 468 Osmia gaudiosa, 466 Osmia gemmea, 468 Osmia georgica, 464 Osmia glauca, 464 Osmia gracilicornis, 467 Osmia grandis, 454 Osmia hohmanni, 454 Osmia hypocrita, 452 Osmia inermis, 461, 466 Osmia integra, 462 904 Osmia laboriosa, 454 Osmia latipes, 441 Osmia latisulcata, 469 Osmia latreillei, 464 Osmia lignaria, 431f, 458f Osmia maritima, 459, 465-466 Osmia maxillaris, 467 Osmia melanogaster, 464 Osmia mirhyi, 466 Osmia mongolica, 468 Osmia montana, 463 Osmia montivaga, 449 Osmia mustelina, 467-468 Osmia nana, 468 Osmia nasuta, 455 Osmia nemoris, 466 Osmia nigrifrons, 465f Osmia nigriventris, 461, 466 Osmia nigrobarbata, 459 Osmia nigrohirta, 467 Osmia niveata, 465f Osmia notata, 464 Osmia odontogaster, 462 Osmia oxypyga, 452 Osmia paradoxa, 471 Osmia penstemonis, 465 Osmia pinquis, 458 Osmia platalea, 456 Osmia platycera, 450 Osmia pumila, 466 Osmia 4-dentata, 463 Osmia quinquespinosa, 455 Osmia remotula, 456 Osmia rhodoensis, 469 Osmia ribifloris, 467 Osmia robusta, 452 Osmia robustula, 438 Osmia rufa, 468, Plate 16 Osmia rufigastra, 467 Osmia rufohirta, 462-463 Osmia rutila, 463 Osmia s str., 66t, 431f, 451, 454, 458f, 460, 460k-461k, 467, 492, Plate 16 Osmia sanrafaelae, 466 Osmia satoi, 464 Osmia saxicola, 468 Osmia schultzei, 470 Osmia signata, 464 Osmia simillima, 465 Osmia singularis, 450 Osmia subaustralis, 459f Osmia sybarita, 463 Osmia tanneri, 462, 466 Osmia tenuicornis, 453 Osmia tergestensis, 469 Osmia teunisseni, 468 Osmia texana, 464 Osmia tigrina, 454 Osmia tridentata, 449 Osmia triodonta, 438 Osmia versicolor, 460, 468-469 Osmia viridana, 468 Osmia xanthomelana, 465, 465f, 466 Osmia xerophila, 456 Osmia zandeni, 454 Osmiina (Subtribe), 431-432, 432t Osmiinae (Subfamily), 441, 454, 458 Osmiini (Tribe), 17, 28t, 66t, 74, 104, 110, 114, 418, 424, 425t, 426k, 429, 431-473, 431f-432f, 432t, 485, 492, 521, 526, 528, 539, 557, 566; biogeography of, 101t; Index of Taxa of Eastern Hemisphere, 432k-434k; of Western Hemisphere, 434k-435k Osychnyukandrena, 63t, 233, 254, xiv Othinosmia, 431-432, 432t, 433k-434k, 457, 469-470, 469k Othinosmia (Afrosmia), 66t, 434k, 469, 469k Othinosmia (Megaloheriades), 66t, 431, 469k, 470 Othinosmia (Othinosmia s str.), 66t, 469k, 470, 471 Othinosmia globicola, 470 Othinosmia s str., 66t, 469k, 470, 471 Othinosmia stupenda, 469-470 Oxaea, 64t, 74-76, 90, 104, 302-303, 302k, 632 Oxaea ferruginea, 303 Oxaea flavescens, 89f, 302, 302f Oxaea nigerrima, 303 Oxaeidae (Family), 76 Oxaeinae (Subfamily), 64t, 85, 88-90, 103, 105-106, 108, 117k, 120, 121k, 124-125, 164, 225-227, 227k, 301303, 302f, 302k, 630, 632; biogeography of, 101t Oxyandrena, 63t, 235k, 241k, 254 Oxyanthidium, 511 Oxybelini (Tribe) (wasps), 58 Oxybiastes, 631 Oxybiastes bischoffi, 631 Oxyhalictus, 360-361 Oxynedis, 744 Oxynedys, 744 Oxynedys beroni, 744 Oxystoglossa, 385 Oxystoglossa decorata, 385 Oxystoglossa ephyra, 386 Oxystoglossa jocasta, 394 Oxystoglossa theia, 386 Oxystoglossella, 65t, 385, 385k, 386 Oxystoglossidia, 386 Oxystoglossidia uraniella, 386 Oxytrigona, 70t, 786, 789k, 795-796, 799-800, 803 Oxytrigona obscura, 796f Oxyxylocopa, 588 Ozbekosmia, 66t, 459, 460k461k, 467, 468, 469 Pachyanthidium, 106, 474t, 475, 475k-478k, 491, 499, 506-507, 506k, 518 Pachyanthidium (Ausanthidium), 67t, 506, 506k Pachyanthidium (Micranthidium), 510 Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium s str.), 67t, 506k, 507 Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidiodes), 67t, 506k, 507 Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium), 67t, 506, 506k, 507, 510 Pachyanthidium ausense, 506 Pachyanthidium bicolor, 507 Pachyanthidium micheneri, 506 Pachyanthidium occipitale, 507 Pachyanthidium prionognathum, 499 Pachyanthidium s str., 67t, 506k, 507 Pachyanthidium semiluteum, 507 Pachyceble, 353 Pachyceble lanei, 353 Pachycentris, 670 Pachycentris schrottkyi, 670 Pachycerapis, 662 Pachycolletes, 135 Pachyhalictus, 65t, 100, 354, 367, 367f-368f, 368k, 369, 370 Pachyhalictus (Dictyohalictus), 369 Pachyhalictus (Rugalictus), 369 Pachyhalictus (Pachyhalictus s str.) binghami, 368 Pachyhalictus s str., 368 Pachyhalonia, 69t, 705, 706k, 707 Pachyheriades, 66t, 441k-442k, 443 Pachymelopsis, 69t, 105, 729, 729k, 730 Pachymelus, 721k, 729-730, 729k Pachymelus (Pachymelopsis), 69t, 105, 729, 729k, 730 Pachymelus (Pachymelus s str.), 69t, 729-730, 729k Pachymelus bicolor, 730 Pachymelus conspicuus, 729 Pachymelus heydenii, 730 Pachymelus hova, 730 Pachymelus micrelephas, 729730 Pachymelus ocularis, 729-730 Pachymelus peringueyi, 729-730 Pachymelus reichardti, 730 Pachymelus s str., 69t, 729-730, 729k Pachymelus unicolor, 730 Pachynomada, 625-626 Pachynomia, 64t, 326, 326k, 329 Pachyodonta, 133 Pachyosmia, 467 Pachyprosopina, 63t, 218, 218k, 219 Pachyprosopis, 88, 128, 210212, 212k, 214, 218, 220, 221-222, 221k Pachyprosopis (Pachyprosopina), 219 Pachyprosopis (Pachyprosopis s str.), 63t, 218, 221-222, 221k Pachyprosopis (Pachyprosopula), 63t, 220-221, 221k, 222 Pachyprosopis (Parapachyprosopis), 63t, 221, 221k, 222 Pachyprosopis angophorae, 221222 Pachyprosopis atromicans, 220 Pachyprosopis cornuta, 218, 221 Pachyprosopis flavicauda, 221222 Pachyprosopis haematostoma, 221 Pachyprosopis indicans, 221-222 Pachyprosopis kellyi, 222 Pachyprosopis mirabilis, 221 Pachyprosopis s str., 63t, 218, 221-222, 221k Pachyprosopis xanthodonta, 221 Pachyprosopula, 63t, 220-221, 221k, 222 Pachysvastra, 69t, 688, 690k, 694k, 701, 712, 714 Pachysvastra leucocephala, 712 Paedia, 633 Paidia, 633 Palaeapis [fossil], 93 Palaeorhiza, 85, 88, 120, 126, 179, 180k-181k, 185, 198, 205-209, 206k-207k, 209 Palaeorhiza (Anchirhiza), 63t, 181f, 206k, 207 Palaeorhiza (Callorhiza), 63t, 181f, 186f, 205, 207, 207k Palaeorhiza (Ceratorhiza), 63t, 181f, 205, 206k, 207 Palaeorhiza (Cercorhiza), 63t, 206, 207, 207k Palaeorhiza (Cheesmania), 63t, 206k, 207 Palaeorhiza (Cnemidorhiza), 63t, 207-208, 207k Palaeorhiza (Eupalaeorhiza), 63t, 207k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Eusphecogastra), 63t, 206k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Gressittapis), 63t, 206k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Hadrorhiza), 63t, 207k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Heterorhiza), 63t, 205, 206k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Michenerapis), 63t, 181, 205, 206k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Noonadania), 63t, 206k, 208 Palaeorhiza (Palaeorhiza s str.), 63t, 206k, 208-209 Palaeorhiza (Paraheterorhiza), 63t, 206k, 209 Palaeorhiza (Sphecogaster), 208 Palaeorhiza (Trachyrhiza), 63t, 206k, 209 Palaeorhiza (Xenorhiza), 209 Palaeorhiza (Zarhiopalea), 63t, 206k, 209 Palaeorhiza amabilis, 207 Palaeorhiza bicolor, 181, 205, 208 Palaeorhiza conica, 181f, 205, 207 Palaeorhiza flavomellea, 205 Palaeorhiza gigantea, 200 Palaeorhiza gressittorum, 207 Palaeorhiza hamada, 209 Palaeorhiza hilara, 209 Palaeorhiza mandibularis, 181f, 207 Palaeorhiza melanura, 208 Palaeorhiza melliceps, 182 Palaeorhiza miranda, 208 Palaeorhiza paradisea, 208 Palaeorhiza paradoxa, 209 Palaeorhiza parallela, 84 Palaeorhiza rugosa, 209 Palaeorhiza s str., 63t, 206k, 208-209 Palaeorhiza sculpturalis, 208 Palaeorhiza stygica, 181f, 186f Paleoeuglossa melissiflora [fossil], 871 Palinepeolus, 653 Pallandrena, 63t, 242k, 245k, 254 Pallhalictus, 363 Panomalopsis, 661 Index of Taxa Panurgidae (Family), 72-74 Panurgillus, 871 Panurginae (Subfamily), 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 24, 41, 53, 64t, 75, 78, 80-82, 85, 87-90, 95, 104, 105f, 106, 108, 117k, 120, 120k, 225-228, 226f, 227k, 260-261, 260f, 261k, 301, 308, 330, 401, 620621, 635, 640, 643, 646 Panurgini (Tribe), 64t, 261k, 273-277, 273k, 276f; biogeography of, 101t Panurginus, 64t, 72, 273, 273k, 275, 276-277 Panurginus albopilosus, 275 Panurginus calcaratus, 107f Panurginus clavatus, 273, 275, 276f Panurginus niger, 275 Panurginus occidentalis, 273f Panurginus polytrichus, 275, 276f Panurginus vagabundus, 871 Panurgomia, 65t, 402k, 403, 639 Panurgomia fuchsi, 403 Panurgus, 43, 72, 261, 273, 273k, 275-277, 276k, 626 Panurgus (Avpanurgus), 274 Panurgus (Clavipanurgus), 275 Panurgus (Flavipanurgus), 64t, 261, 276, 276f, 276k Panurgus (Panurgus s str.), 64t, 273f, 275-276, 276f, 276k, 277 Panurgus (Simpanurgus), 64t, 276k, 277 Panurgus aethiops, 270 Panurgus anatolicus, 275 Panurgus andrenoides, 254 Panurgus annulatus, 275 Panurgus calcaratus, 118f, 273f, 275, 276f Panurgus chalybaeus, 251 Panurgus clavatus, 275 Panurgus farinosus, 275 Panurgus flavofasciatus, 274 Panurgus flavus, 276 Panurgus lustrans, 363 Panurgus manifestus, 249 Panurgus marginatus, 311 Panurgus maurus, 311 Panurgus nadigi, 274 Panurgus novaeangliae, 311 Panurgus ovatulus, 275 Panurgus phyllopodus, 277 Panurgus s str., 64t, 273f, 275276, 276f, 276k, 277 Panurgus venustus, 276f Papualictus, 65t, 354, 355, 355k Papuanorhiza, 209 Papuatrigona, 70t, 788, 797, 800, 801k, 802-803 Paraanthidiellum, 510 Paraanthidium, 67t, 493, 507, 517k, 518-519 Paraanthidium (Orthanthidium), 518 Paracella, 67t, 537f, 540t, 544k547k, 556-557, 562 Paracentris, 15f, 69t, 732-733, 733k, 734, 735, 736, 742f Paracentris fulvohirta, 735 Parachalicodoma, 67t, 537, 539, 540t, 544k-545k, 552, 562563 Paracoelioxys, 530, 568 Paracoelioxys barrei, 568 Paracolletes, 132, 132k, 134, 139-140, 160-161, 160k, 163 Paracolletes (Anthoglossa), 62t, 160, 160k, 161 Paracolletes (Heterocolletes), 150 Paracolletes (Lysicolletes), 147 Paracolletes (Paracolletes s str.), 62t, 160k, 161 Paracolletes capillatus, 150 Paracolletes crassipes, 139, 160161 Paracolletes cygni, 160 Paracolletes halictiformis, 153 Paracolletes minutus, 154 Paracolletes montanus, 132 Paracolletes moretonianus, 134 Paracolletes pachyodontus, 152 Paracolletes plumatus, 160-161 Paracolletes s str., 62t, 160k, 161 Paracolletes singularis, 147 Paracolletini (Tribe), 84, 111, 130 Paracrocisa, 69t, 748, 750, 750k, 751, 752 Paracrocisa sinaitica, 751 Paradialictus, 28t, 65t, 336, 356t, 358k, 364-365, 365f Paradialictus synavei, 364 Paradioxys, 67t, 521, 522k, 524; positions of spines and carinae on thoracic sclerites of, 522t Parafidelia, 65t, 417, 421, 422, 422k Parafidelia friesei, 422 Parafriesea, 293 Paragapostemon, 65t, 341, 343, 344k, 348, 367, 371 Paragapostemon coelestinus, 367 Parahalictoides, 311 Parahesma, 63t, 216, 217 Paraheterorhiza, 63t, 206k, 209 Paralictus, 336, 341, 361-362, 364, 604 Paramacropis, 65t, 405, 412413, 414, 414k Paramegachile, 556 Paramegalochila, 556 Paramegilla, 69t, 724k-725k, 727-728 Parammobates, 631-632 Parammobates brasiliensis, 631 Parammobatodes, 39, 68t, 641, 641k, 643 Parandrena, 63t, 234k, 238k, 246k, 252, 254 Parandrena atypica, 254 Parandrenella, 63t, 242k, 245k, 254 Paranomada, 68t, 573k, 620, 620k, 622 Paranomada nitida, 622 Paranomada velutina, 622f Paranomia, 324 Paranomina, 324 Paranomioides, 332 Paranthidiellum, 510 Paranthidium, 474, 474t, 479k480k, 495, 507-508, 507k, 519 Paranthidium (Mecanthidium), 496 Paranthidium (Paranthidium s str.), 67t, 507, 507k Paranthidium (Rapanthidium), 67t, 507-508, 507k Paranthidium jugatorium, 496 Paranthidium jugatorium perpictum, 474f, 478f, 507 Paranthidium s str., 67t, 507, 507k Paranthidium sonorum, 496 Paranthidium vespoides, 508 Paranthocopa, 66t, 457k, 458 Paranychium, 64t, 300, 300k Parapachyprosopis, 63t, 221, 221k, 222 Parapartamona, 70t, 797, 797, 797k Parapolyglossa, 161 Paraprosopis, 63t, 186, 188t, 190k, 191f, 191k-192k, 193f, 200, 202 Parapsaenythia, 64t, 106, 262k263k, 267, 271f Parapsaenythia paspali, 267, 271f Parapsaenythia serripes, 267 Pararhophites, 65t, 76, 86, 91, 114, 120, 417-418, 420, 423, 492 Pararhophites orobinus, 419f420f Pararhophites quadratus, 420 Pararhophitini (Tribe), 65t, 76, 84, 91-92, 102, 120k, 417, 418f, 419, 419k, 420, 420f; biogeography of, 101t Parasarus, 64t, 267, 268k, 269270, 621 Parasarus atacamensis, 269 Paraseladonia, 28t, 30, 65t, 336, 345, 346k, 350, 351k, 353 Parasphecodes, 65t, 356t, 357, 358f, 358k, 359, 359k, 365 Parasphecodes (Aphalictus), 365 Parasphecodes bribiensis, 365 Parasphecodes hilactus, 365 Parasphecodes tooloomensis, 359 Paratetrapedia, 29t, 654, 667, 668f, 669, 669k, 671-672, 671k, 673, 675 Paratetrapedia (Amphipedia), 68t, 668, 671-672, 671k Paratetrapedia (Lophopedia), 68t, 671f, 671k, 672 Paratetrapedia (Paratetrapedia s str.), 68t, 667, 671k, 672 Paratetrapedia (Tropidopedia), 68t, 671k, 672 Paratetrapedia (Xanthopedia), 68t, 667, 671k, 672 Paratetrapedia calcarata, 667f Paratetrapedia haeckeli, 672 Paratetrapedia lugubris, 572f, 667f-668f Paratetrapedia pygmaea, 671f Paratetrapedia s str., 68t, 667, 671k, 672 Paratetrapedia seabrai, 672 Paratetrapedia swainsonae, 672 Paratetrapedia tricolor, 672 Parathrincostoma, 28t, 65t, 336, 345k, 367 Parathrincostoma seyrigi, 367 Paratrigona, 70t, 779, 786, 790k, 796, 803 Paratrigona (Aparatrigona), 796 Paratrigona opaca, 796 Paratrigona prosopiformis, 796 Paraugochlora, 388 905 Paraugochloropsis, 65t, 383f, 387k, 388, 388f, 394 Paremisia, 735 Parepeolus, 654k, 656, 656k Parepeolus (Ecclitodes), 68t, 654, 656, 656k Parepeolus (Parepeolus s str.), 68t, 654, 656, 656k Parepeolus minutus, 654f Parepeolus niger, 654, 655f Parepeolus s str., 68t, 654, 656, 656k Parepeolus stuardi, 654, 656 Parepicharis, 69t, 737k, 738 Pareucera, 703 Parevaspis, 499 Parevaspis basalis, 499 Pariotrigona, 70t, 785, 791k, 792, 796 Paroxystoglossa, 65t, 378k, 383k, 384, 384k, 392, 394 Paroxystoglossa jocasta, 379f Paroxystoglossa transversa, 385f Partamona, 38, 779, 784f, 786, 790k, 795, 797, 797k, 801 Partamona (Nogueirapis), 795 Partamona (Parapartamona), 70t, 797, 797k Partamona (Partamona s str.), 70t, 797, 797k Partamona bilineata, 785f, 789f Partamona grandipennis, 797 Partamona s str., 70t, 797, 797k Partamona testacea, 23f Partamona xanthogastra, 797 Pasiphae, 155 Pasiphae caerulescens, 155 Pasiphae flavicornis, 152 Pasites, 39, 68t, 622, 633, 641, 642k, 643-644 Pasites (Ebmeriana), 643 Pasites (Micropasites), 643 Pasites (Spinopasites), 645 Pasites dichroa, 643 Pasites gnoma, 644 Pasites maculata, 643 Pasites maculatus, 104, 622, 644 Pasites pilipes, 625 Pasites punctatus, 636 Pasites pygmaeus, 644 Pasites spinotus, 645 Pasitomachtes, 644 Pasitomachthes, 644 Pasitomachthes nigerrimus, 644 Passiflora lutea, 16-17 Patagiata, 198-199, 201 Patellapis, 341, 346k, 349, 354355, 367-370, 368f, 368k369k, 370f, 373 Patellapis (Archihalictus), 65t, 354, 367-368, 368k, 369 Patellapis (Chaetalictus), 65t, 368f, 369, 369k, 370, 370f Patellapis (Dictyohalictus), 65t, 367, 369, 369k Patellapis (Lomatalictus), 65t, 367, 368k, 369 Patellapis (Pachyhalictus), 65t, 354, 367, 367f-368f, 368k, 369, 370 Patellapis (Patellapis s str.), 65t, 340, 367, 368f, 369, 369k, 370 Patellapis (Zonalictus), 65t, 346, 368, 368f, 368k, 370, 370f 906 Patellapis albofasciata, 368f, 370f Patellapis braunsella, 340, 349, 367, 370 Patellapis carinostriata, 367 Patellapis concinnula, 346 Patellapis intricata, 370 Patellapis joffrei, 367 Patellapis laevata, 367, 369 Patellapis malachurina, 367 Patellapis merescens, 367f-368f Patellapis partita, 370f Patellapis pearstonensis, 368f, 370f Patellapis perineti, 367, 369 Patellapis plicata, 367 Patellapis retigera, 367 Patellapis s str., 65t, 340, 367, 368f, 369, 369k, 370 Patellapis schultzei, 368f Patellapis (Madagalictus) suarezensis, 346, 367 Patellapis zacephala, 370f Patera, 797 Paulynomia, 64t, 317, 324, 324k, 326, 327f, xiv Pauphalictus, 361 Pavostelis, 515 Pectinapis, 69t, 690f, 696k, 697f, 699k, 716, 716k, 717, 727 Pectinapis fasciata, 717 Pectinata, 198 Pelandrena [fossil], 93 Pelandrena reducta [fossil], 93 Pelicandrena, 63t, 236k-237k, 254 Pemphredoninae (Subfamily) (wasps), 2, 56-58 Penapis, 64t, 307-308, 309k, 310, 312, 313, 314 Penapis penai, 308f, 313 Peniella, 300 Pentadentosmia, 66t, 441, 445, 446k, 447, 448k, 454, 455456 Pentaperdita, 64t, 286, 287k, 289 Penteriades, 66t, 435, 445, 448k, 449, 449k, 453, 456, 458 Penthemisia, 735 Peponapis, 69t, 630, 687-688, 689k, 690f, 692k, 694k, 696k, 698k-699k, 701, 711, 712, 715, 719 Peponapis (Austropeponapis), 712 Peponapis (Colocynthophila), 712 Peponapis (Eopeponapis), 712 Peponapis (Xenopeponapis), 712 Peponapis (Xeropeponapis), 712 Peponapis crassidentata, 712 Peponapis fervens, 19f, 701, 712 Peponapis pruinosa, 688f, 694f, 696f Peponapis timberlakei, 698, 712 Perdita, 20, 24, 81-82, 104106, 112, 225, 260-261, 277, 282, 282f, 283, 283k, 285-291, 286f, 286k-288k, 330, 337, 373, 401, 640 Perdita (Allomacrotera), 64t, 286k, 288, 288k Perdita (Alloperdita), 64t, 285, 287k, 288 Index of Taxa Perdita (Callomacrotera), 64t, 282f, 286, 287k, 288 Perdita (Cockerellia), 64t, 286, 288, 288f, 288k Perdita (Epimacrotera), 64t, 286k, 288-289, 288f, 643 Perdita (Geoperdita), 289 Perdita (Glossoperdita), 64t, 286k, 289 Perdita (Hesperoperdita), 64t, 286k, 289 Perdita (Heteroperdita), 286, 286k, 289 Perdita (Hexaperdita), 64t, 286, 287k, 288f, 289, 643 Perdita (Lutziella), 283 Perdita (Macroterella), 284 Perdita (Pentaperdita), 64t, 286, 287k, 289 Perdita (Perdita s str.), 64t, 282, 282f, 288, 288f, 288k, 289, 290f, 643, Plate Perdita (Perditella), 287k, 290 Perdita (Procockerellia), 64t, 286, 287k, 288, 288f, 290 Perdita (Pseudomacrotera), 64t, 286k, 290 Perdita (Pygoperdita), 64t, 288k, 291 Perdita (Tetraperdita), 289 Perdita (Xeromacrotera), 64t, 286, 287k, 291 Perdita (Xerophasma), 64t, 285, 286k, 291, 291f Perdita acapulconis, 282f Perdita ainsliei, 288 Perdita albipennis, 85f, 105f, 288 Perdita albonotata, 288f, 290 Perdita albovittata, 289 Perdita beata, 288 Perdita bequaertiana, 291, 291f Perdita bishoppi, 288f Perdita cephalotes, 291 Perdita chamaesarachae, 289 Perdita chihuahua, 282f Perdita coreopsidis, 288f Perdita euphorbiae, 288f Perdita graenicheri, 260 Perdita halictoides, 282, 288f, 289 Perdita hyalina, 288 Perdita ignota, 289 Perdita interrupta, 291 Perdita kiowi, 13 Perdita laneae, 290 Perdita larreae, 290 Perdita latior, 284 Perdita maculigera maculipennis, 282, 282f Perdita maritima, 288 Perdita maura, 289 Perdita mortuaria, 284 Perdita novaeangliae, 288 Perdita octomaculata, 286f, 288f Perdita opuntiae, 283 Perdita rhodogastra, 289 Perdita rhois, ix-x Perdita ruficauda, 289 Perdita s str., 64t, 282, 282f, 288, 288f, 288k, 289, 290f, 643, Plate Perdita sexmaculata, 289 Perdita sphaeralceae, 288f Perdita stathamae, 290f Perdita stephanomeriae, 288 Perdita tridentata, 108f Perdita turgiceps, 290 Perdita zebrata, 289 Perdita zebrata zebrata, 108f Perdita zonalis, 288f, 298 Perditella, 287k, 290 Perditini (Tribe), 18, 53, 64t, 104, 261k, 282-291, 282f, 283k, 284f-286f, 288f, 290f -291f; biogeography of, 101t Perditomorpha, 55f-56f, 62t, 139, 141f, 142, 142f, 142t, 143k, 146, 149, 152-153, 154, 621 Perditomorpha brunerii, 152 Perditopasites, 643 Pereirapis, 65t, 380f, 386, 386k, 387 Pereirapis rhizophila, 387 Perezia, 556 Perezia maura, 556 Perissander, 64t, 295, 295k296k, 297, 298, 299, 299f Perixylocopa, 591 Petalosternon, 69t, 724k-725k, 726, 728 Petrusianna, 871 Phaceliapis, 64t, 308f, 310-311, 310k Phaenosarus, 567-568 Phaeosmia, 438 Phanomalopsis, 68t, 663k, 664 Pharohylaeus, 63t, 180k, 183, 205, 209 Pharohylaeus lactiferus, 181f, 183f, 186f, 209 Pharohylaeus papuanus, 209 Phelonomada, 625 Phenacolletes, 62t, 132k, 140, 161 Phenacolletes mimus, 134f, 140f, 161 Phenosarus, 539 Phiarus, 633 Phiarus minutus, 643 Philanthinae (Subfamily) (wasps), 57-58 Philanthini (Tribe) (wasps), 58 Philanthus gibbosus, 58f Phileremulus, 68t, 640, 640f, 640k Phileremulus vigilans, 640 Phileremus, 642 Phileremus (Melanempis), 643 Phileremus abdominalis, 633 Phileremus ater, 643 Phileremus emarginatus, 636 Phileremus fulviventris, 637 Phileremus illinoiensis, 635 Phileremus oraniensis, 642 Phileremus productus, 523 Philotrachusa, 518 Philoxanthus, 288 Phor, 625 Phyllotoma, 450 Physostetha, 443 Pileteucera, 703 Pithitis, 68t, 594, 595k, 598 Planiandrena, 63t, 254 Planihylaeus, 63t, 179, 185f, 188t, 189k, 202, 204 Plastandrena, 63t, 233, 233k, 238k, 240k, 242k, 244k, 246k-248k, 254-255 Platandrena, 255 Platinopoda, 588 Platosmia, 66t, 447k-448k, 454, 456 Platychile, 549 Platycoelioxys, 67t, 529k, 532533 Platyhalictus, 65t, 351k, 352, 352k, 353 Platynopoda, 588-589 Platyspatulariella, 204 Platysta, 67t, 540t, 546k-547k, 557, 563 Platysvastra, 69t, 687-688, 694k, 712 Platysvastra macraspis, 712 Platytrigona, 801-802 Plebeia, 97, 570, 782-783, 784f, 786, 790k, 793, 795, 797-798, 797k, 799-801, 804 Plebeia (Plebeia s str.), 70t, 649f, 780, 780f-781f, 789f, 791, 794, 797-798, 797k, 799 Plebeia (Scaura), 70t, 780, 797, 797k, 798, 798f, 800 Plebeia (Schwarziana), 70t, 783, 797k, 798 Plebeia caerulea, 781f, 797-799 Plebeia frontalis, 49f, 649f, 780f, 789f Plebeia intermedia, 798 Plebeia latitarsis, 798, 798f Plebeia quadripunctata, 798 Plebeia s str., 70t, 649f, 780, 780f-781f, 789f, 791, 794, 797-798, 797k, 799 Plebeia schrottkyi, 780f, 797798, 804 Plebeia (Nogueirapis) silacea [fossil], 795 Plebeia tica, 798 Plebeia timida, 797-798 Plebeiella, 794 Plebeina, 70t, 783, 786, 791, 791k, 794, 798-799 Plebeina denoiti, 788f, 799 Plesianthidium, 474t, 477k, 492, 508-509, 508k, 511 Plesianthidium (Carinanthidium), 67t, 492, 508, 508k Plesianthidium (Plesianthidium s str.), 67t, 508, 508k, 509 Plesianthidium (Spinanthidiellum), 67t, 477, 508, 508k, 509 Plesianthidium (Spinanthidium), 67t, 477, 508-509, 508k Plesianthidium callescens, 509 Plesianthidium cariniventre, 508 Plesianthidium fulvopilosum, 508 Plesianthidium rufocaudatum, 508 Plesianthidium s str., 67t, 508, 508k, 509 Plesianthidium volkmanni, 508 Plesiopanurgus, 64t, 261, 278k, 280 Plesiopanurgus cinerarius, 279f, 280 Plistotrichia, 665 Plusia, 758 Plusia superba, 758 Podalirius, 725 Podalirius (Amegilla), 721 Podalirius (Paramegilla), 727 Index of Taxa Podalirius grisescens, 684 Podalirius vallorum, 726 Podasys, 401 Poecilandrena, 63t, 243k, 245k, 247k-248k, 255 Poecilobombus, 776 Poecilocentris, 734 Poecilomelitta, 279 Poecilomelitta flavida, 279 Poliandrena, 63t, 243k, 245k246k, 255, 256 Policana, 168 Polistes (wasps), 631, 643 Polybiapis, 625 Polybiapis mimus, 625 Polyglossa, 161 Polyglossa (Parapolyglossa), 161 Polyglossa capensis, 161 Polyglossa heterodoxa, 161 Pomibombus, 777 Pomobombus, 777 Pontanthidium, 489-490 Popovapis, 65t, 401, 401k Porterapis, 62t, 153f, 156, 157k, 158-159, 158f Pratibombus, 776 Pratobombus, 776 Presbia, 577 Pressibombus, 70t, 768k, 770k771k, 775 Prionohoplitis, 66t, 446, 447k, 450, 456 Proanthidium, 66t, 476, 480, 488, 489k, 490-491, 510 Probombus [fossil], 93, 765 Probombus hirsutus [fossil], 93 Prochelostoma, 66t, 431f, 439, 439k, 440, 441 Procockerellia, 64t, 286, 287k, 288, 288f, 290 Prodasyhalonia, 69t, 705, 706k, 707 Prodioxys, 67t, 425, 521, 522k, 525; positions of spines and carinae on thoracic sclerites of, 522t Prodioxys cinnabarina, 525 Prohalictus, 353 Promelitta, 65t, 398-399, 405 Promelitta alboclypeata, 400f, 405 Promelitta plumipes, 405 Promelittini (Tribe), 65t, 399, 399k, 400f, 405; biogeography of, 101t Pronomia, 325 Pronomia pulawskii, 325 Proplebeia [fossil], 93, 788 Proplebeia dominicana [fossil], 787-788 Prosamba, 65t, 406, 407k, 408 Prosapis, 202 Prosopalictus, 361-362 Prosopalictus micans, 361 Prosopella, 63t, 188t, 189k190k, 198, 202 Prosopis, 63t, 182-183, 188t, 190k-192k, 193f, 193k, 202-203 Prosopis (Amblyspatulariella), 204 Prosopis (Auricularia), 203 Prosopis (Barbata), 200 Prosopis (Brachyspatulariella), 204 Prosopis (Campanularia), 202 Prosopis (Cingulata), 202 Prosopis (Dentigera), 195 Prosopis (Fasciata), 203 Prosopis (Fascista), 203 Prosopis (Hoploprosopis), 197 Prosopis (Imperfecta), 195 Prosopis (Koptobaster), 199 Prosopis (Koptogaster), 199 Prosopis (Lambdopsis), 199 Prosopis (Mehelya), 200 Prosopis (Navicularia), 203 Prosopis (Nylaeus), 198 Prosopis (Paraprosopis), 202 Prosopis (Patagiata), 198-199, 201 Prosopis (Pectinata), 198 Prosopis (Platyspatulariella), 204 Prosopis (Pseudobranchiata), 199 Prosopis (Spatularia), 204 Prosopis (Spatulariella), 204 Prosopis (Trichota), 198 Prosopis alcyonea, 200 Prosopis annulata, 198 Prosopis apicatus, 207 Prosopis aterrima, 194 Prosopis basalis, 194 Prosopis bifasciata, 199 Prosopis cenibera, 204 Prosopis chalybaea, 200 Prosopis cruenta, 197 Prosopis curvicarinata, 195 Prosopis cyanophila, 199 Prosopis difformis, 198-199 Prosopis dromedaria, 195 Prosopis eburniella, 196 Prosopis elegans, 207 Prosopis elegantissima, 207 Prosopis euxantha, 196 Prosopis facialis, 203 Prosopis facilis, 201 Prosopis fijiensis, 200 Prosopis freisei, 200 Prosopis frontalis, 274 Prosopis fulvicornis, 196 Prosopis heraldica, 201 Prosopis husela, 195 Prosopis imperialis, 208 Prosopis mexicana, 198 Prosopis morosa, 182 Prosopis nubilosa, 198 Prosopis nubilosellus, 182 Prosopis perhumilis, 203 Prosopis perviridis, 208 Prosopis philoleucus, 196 Prosopis potens, 200 Prosopis pulchricrus, 198 Prosopis punctata, 204 Prosopis quadricornis, 197 Prosopis ruficeps, 196 Prosopis sparsa, 200 Prosopis sulphuripes, 204 Prosopis trilobata, 202 Prosopis trinotata, 203 Prosopis vidua, 200 Prosopis xanthopoda, 196 Prosopisteroides, 63t, 185, 188k, 188t, 203, 204 Prosopisteron, 63t, 179, 182, 184-185, 187f, 188t, 189k, 193k, 194-196, 200, 202, 203, 204 Prosopisteron serotinellum, 203 Prosopoides, 62t, 172, 173f, 173k, 175 Prosopoxylocopa, 67t, 583k, 586k, 589-590, 592 Protandrena, 106, 120, 225, 262, 263k, 267-270, 273 Protandrena (Austrandrena), 270 Protandrena (Austropanurgus), 64t, 267-268, 268k, 269, 269k Protandrena (Heterosarus), 64t, 89, 264, 264f, 268, 268k, 269, 272-273, 635, 871 Protandrena (Metapsaenythia), 64t, 226f, 263k, 268k, 269, 635 Protandrena (Parasarus), 64t, 267, 268k, 269-270, 621 Protandrena (Protandrena s str.), 64t, 262, 262k, 263, 263k, 267-269, 268f, 268k, 270, 271f Protandrena (Pseudosarus), 262 Protandrena (Pterosarus), 64t, 267, 268f, 268k, 270, 271f, 635 Protandrena abdominalis, 269 Protandrena abdominalis tricolor, 226f Protandrena atacamensis, 270 Protandrena bakeri, 269 Protandrena bancrofti, 108f Protandrena maculata, 262-263, 267, 270 Protandrena meridionalis, 264 Protandrena mexicanorum, 268f, 270 Protandrena neomexicana, 264f Protandrena platycephala, 269 Protandrena punctata, 269 Protandrena readioi, 269 Protandrena rudbeckiae, 268f Protandrena s str., 64t, 262, 262k, 263, 263k, 267-269, 268f, 268k, 270, 271f Protandrena sonorana, 269 Protandrena virescens, 269 Protandrenini (Tribe), 64t, 261k, 262-272, 262k-264k, 268f, 271f, 273, 292, 871; biogeography of, 101t Protandrenopsis, 270 Protandrenopsis fuscipennis, 270 Protanthidium, 518-519 Protepeolini (Tribe), 29t, 30, 68t, 110, 120, 570, 574k, 614, 617, 647, 651-652, 658-659; biogeography of, 102t Protepeolus, 659 Protepeolus singularis, 659 Proteraner, 372 Proteriades, 17, 66t, 431, 435, 444-445, 448, 448k, 449, 449k, 452-453, 456-457, 458 Proteriades (Penteriades), 456 Proteriades group (of Hoplitis), 17, 66t, 431, 435, 444-445, 448, 448k, 449, 449k, 453, 456-457, 458 Proteriades semirubra, 456 Protoanthidium, 518 Protoanthidium rufobalteatum, 518 Protoanthidium rufomaculatum, 487 Protobombus [fossil], 93, 651, 807 Protobombus indecisus [fossil], 93 Protodiscelis, 55f, 62t, 142t, 907 143k, 148, 153, 153f, 154155 Protodiscelis fiebrigi, 153 Protodufourea, 64t, 309, 309k, 313-314, 636, 638 Protodufourea parca, 311f Protodufourea wasbaueri, 313 Protohalictus, 65t, 350f, 351k, 352, 352k, 353 Protomelissa, 752 Protomelissa iridescens, 752 Protomeliturga, 64t, 78, 120, 281, 281f, 308 Protomeliturga turnerae, 260f, 281, 281f Protomeliturgini (Tribe), 64t, 261k, 281; biogeography of, 101t Protomorpha, 62t, 138, 140f, 142t, 144, 144k, 145, 145k, 152, 153-154 Protomorpha tarsalis, 153 Protopithitis, 68t, 594, 595k, 598-599 Protosiris, 68t, 655, 655k, 656657 Protosiris obtusus, 657 Protosmia, 39, 431-432, 432k, 432t, 434k-435k, 444, 455, 457, 459, 470-471, 470k, 472 Protosmia (Afrosmia), 469 Protosmia (Chelostomopsis), 66t, 470-471, 470k, 471f Protosmia (Dolichosmia), 66t, 432, 470, 470k, 471 Protosmia (Nanosmia), 66t, 452, 469, 470k, 471 Protosmia (Protosmia s str.), 66t, 469, 470k, 471 Protosmia asensioi, 471 Protosmia burmanica, 470-471 Protosmia capitata, 471 Protosmia rubifloris, 471, 471f Protosmia s str., 66t, 469, 470k, 471 Protostelis, 67t, 512-513, 513f, 513k, 514-515 Protoxaea, 100, 302k, 303, 303k, 630 Protoxaea (Mesoxaea), 64t, 302f, 303, 303k Protoxaea (Notoxaea), 64t, 303, 303k Protoxaea (Protoxaea s str.), 64t, 302f, 303, 303k Protoxaea ferruginea, 303 Protoxaea gloriosa, 118f, 301f302f Protoxaea nigerrima, 302f Protoxaea s str., 64t, 302f, 303, 303k Proxylocopa, 67t, 95, 575, 578579, 579f, 580, 583k, 586k, 590 Proxylocopa (Ancylocopa), 590 Proxylocopa s str., 590 Psaenythia, 64t, 261, 262k263k, 264, 270, 272, 621 Psaenythia (Parapsaenythia), 267 Psaenythia argentina, 267 Psaenythia bergi, 263f Psaenythia nigra, 266 Psaenythia parvula, 266 Psaenythia philanthoides, 270, 271f 908 Psammandrena, 63t, 237k, 241k, 255 Pseudagapostemon, 335, 337f, 341, 343k-344k, 370-371, 371k Pseudagapostemon (Brasilagapostemon), 65t, 370, 371, 371k Pseudagapostemon (Neagapostemon), 65t, 371, 371k Pseudagapostemon (Pseudagapostemon s str.), 65t, 371, 371k Pseudagapostemon amabilis, 371 Pseudagapostemon brasiliensis, 371 Pseudagapostemon cyanomelas, 371 Pseudagapostemon fluminensis, 371 Pseudagapostemon jenseni, 341, 371 Pseudagapostemon perzonatus, 371 Pseudagapostemon puelchanus, 341 Pseudagapostemon s str., 65t, 371, 371k Pseudapis, 317-318, 319k, 322, 326-327, 326k, 329, 644 Pseudapis (Pachynomia), 64t, 326, 326k, 329 Pseudapis (Pseudapis s str.), 64t, 318f, 326-327, 326k, 328f Pseudapis anomala, 326 Pseudapis bispinosa, 318 Pseudapis diversipes, 318 Pseudapis s str., 64t, 318f, 326327, 326k, 328f Pseudapis umesaoi, 318f Pseudaugochlora, 40, 95, 337, 377, 381k, 384k, 389, 394 Pseudaugochlora graminea, 334f, 379f-380f, 394f Pseudaugochlora sordicutis, 378f, 394 Pseudaugochloropsis, 388, 394 Pseudaugochloropsis costaricensis, 389 Pseudepeolus, 68t, 628-629, 629k, 630 Pseudepeolus fasciatus, 630 Pseudeucera, 69t, 701k, 702 Pseudhylaeus, 63t, 188t, 189k, 202, 203-204 Pseudiscelis, 62t, 172, 173f, 173k, 175 Pseudiscelis rostrata, 175 Pseudoanthidium, 474t, 476k, 480, 482, 491, 499, 504505, 509-511, 509k Pseudoanthidium (Carinellum), 510 Pseudoanthidium (Exanthidium), 67t, 476, 509, 509k Pseudoanthidium (Micranthidium), 67t, 500, 509, 509k, 510 Pseudoanthidium (Paraanthidiellum), 510 Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium s str.), 67t, 509k, 510 Pseudoanthidium (Royanthidium), 67t, 476, 509, 509k, 510 Pseudoanthidium (Semicarinella), 67t, 509k, 510 Pseudoanthidium (Tuberanthid- Index of Taxa ium), 67t, 475f, 509, 509k, 510-511 Pseudoanthidium brachiatum, 475f, 509, 511 Pseudoanthidium eximium, 509 Pseudoanthidium latitarse, 510 Pseudoanthidium ochrognathum, 510 Pseudoanthidium reticulatum, 476 Pseudoanthidium s str., 67t, 509k, 510 Pseudoanthidium truncatum, 510 Pseudoanthidium wahrmanicum, 509 Pseudobranchiata, 199 Pseudocentron, 67t, 534-535, 540t, 541k-542k, 549-550, 560-561, 563 Pseudocentron (Grafella), 559 Pseudocentron (Leptorachina), 559 Pseudocentron crotalariae, 559 Pseudochilalictus, 65t, 356t, 358f, 358k, 365 Pseudocilissa, 415 Pseudocosmia, 450 Pseudodichroa, 68t, 643, 644, 644k Pseudoheriades, 66t, 425t, 431432, 432t, 433k-434k, 435, 441, 458, 471-472 Pseudoheriades (Afroheriades), 435 Pseudoheriades (Stenoheriades), 472 Pseudoheriades hofferi, 472 Pseudoheriades primus, 435 Pseudoliphanthus, 64t, 265f, 266, 266k Pseudomacrotera, 64t, 286k, 290 Pseudomegachile, 67t, 534, 537f, 540t, 541k, 543k-546k, 547f, 547k, 552, 555, 558559, 561, 563-564 Pseudomegalochila, 563 Pseudomelecta, 69t, 750, 750k, 751, 752-753 Pseudoosmia, 450 Pseudo-osmia, 450 Pseudopanurgus, 64t, 262k263k, 267-268, 270-271, 635 Pseudopanurgus aethiops, 118f, 264f, 268f, 271f Pseudopanurgus crenulatus, 271f Pseudopasites, 644 Pseudopeolus, 630 Pseudophilanthus, 409k, 410411, 410k Pseudophilanthus (Dicromonia), 65t, 410, 410k Pseudophilanthus (Pseudophilanthus s str.), 65t, 410k, 411 Pseudophilanthus s str., 65t, 410k, 411 Pseudophilanthus taeniatus, 411 Pseudophilanthus tsavoensis, 409f-410f Pseudophilanthus wenzeli, 410 Pseudosarus, 262, 269 Pseudosarus virescens, 269 Pseudosmia, 450-451 Pseudostelis, 67t, 513k, 514, 515 Psilomelissodes, 69t, 709k, 710 Psilylaeus, 203 Psilylaeus sagiops, 203 Psithyrus, 26, 27t, 33, 36, 70t, 71-73, 604, 678, 762f-763f, 764-766, 767k, 770k, 775776, 776f, 778 Psithyrus (Allopsithyrus), 776 Psithyrus (Ashtonipsithyrus), 775 Psithyrus (Ceratopsithyrus), 776 Psithyrus (Eopsithyrus), 776 Psithyrus (Fernaldaepsithyrus), 776 Psithyrus (Laboriopsithyrus), 729 Psithyrus (Metapsithyrus), 776 Psithyrus cornutus, 776 Psithyrus fernaldae, 776 Psithyrus klapperichi, 776 Pteneucera, 69t, 702, 703-704, 703k Pterandrena, 249 Pterandrena pallidifovea, 255 Pterandrena pallidiscopa, 255 Pterosarus, 64t, 267, 268f, 268k, 270, 271f, 635 Ptilandrena, 63t, 234k-235k, 239k-240k, 243k, 246k, 255 Ptilocentris, 69t, 733k-734k, 735 Ptilocleptis, 28t, 65t, 336-337, 342k, 349, 366, 371, 372373 Ptilocleptis polybioides, 36f Ptilocleptis tomentosa, 36f, 340f, 371 Ptiloglossa, 62t, 165k, 167, 630, 632 Ptiloglossa (Ptiloglossodes), 167 Ptiloglossa chalybaea, 166 Ptiloglossa ducalis, 167 Ptiloglossa tarsata, 167 Ptiloglossa zikani, 166 Ptiloglossidia, 62t, 170, 170k Ptiloglossidia fallax, 170 Ptiloglossodes, 167 Ptilomelissa, 69t, 688f, 693f, 697f, 706, 711, 711k Ptilomelissa (Melissoptila), 630 Ptilonomia, 64t, 319k, 327 Ptilonomia plumosa, 318, 318f, 328f Ptilopoda, 135-136 Ptilosaroides, 67t, 540t, 542k543k, 562, 564 Ptilosarus, 67t, 533, 540t, 541k, 543k, 562, 564, 565 Ptilothrix, 18, 68t, 100, 105, 659, 679, 681k, 683, 684685 Ptilothrix bombiformis, 85f, 685 Ptilothrix fructifer, 681f Ptilothrix plumatus, 565, 680, 684 Ptilothrix relatus, 684 Ptilothryx, 684 Ptilotopus, 15f, 69t, 731-732, 732f, 733k, 735, 736, 741 Ptilotopus americanus, 735 Ptilotrigona, 787, 803 Ptoleglossa, 258 Puncthalictus, 361-362 Puncticolletes, 135 Pycnanthidium, 66t, 486, 486k, 487 Pycnanthidium solomonis, 487 Pyganthophora, 69t, 722f, 723k725k, 727, 728 Pyghalictus, 361 Pygidialia, 57, 74 Pygnanthidiellum, 487 Pygnanthidium, 487 Pygnanthidium (Pygnanthidiellum), 487 Pygopasiphae, 55f, 62t, 142t, 143k, 152, 154 Pygoperdita, 64t, 287, 288k, 291 Pyrobombus, 70t, 768k, 770k771k, 776-777, 776f Pyrobombus (Festivobombus), 774 Pyrosmia, 66t, 106, 431, 458460, 460k, 461, 461k, 463464, 468-469 Pyrrhobombus, 776 Pyrrhomelecta, 631 Pyrrhopappus, 17-18 Quasihesma, 63t, 218, 218k, 219-220 Quasihesma moonbiensis, 219 Quasilictus, 65t, 354, 355, 355k Radoszkowskiana, 28t, 30, 67t, 526k, 568, 568 Ramalictus, 65t, 351k-352k, 353 Ramphorhina, 437 Ranthidiellum, 66t, 486, 486k, 487, 494 Rapanthidium, 67t, 507-508, 507k Raphidostoma, 470 Raphidostoma ceanothi, 470 Rathymus, 739 Reanthidium, 510 Rediviva, 13, 13f, 15, 65t, 90, 398, 412-413, 413k, 415, 675 Rediviva emdeorum, 13f-14f Rediviva longimanus, 13f Rediviva neliana, 415 Rediviva peringueyi, 13f, 413f Rediviva rufocincta, 13f Redivivoides, 65t, 413k, 415-416 Redivivoides simulans, 415 Reedapis, 55f, 62t, 131, 139, 142k, 142t, 145, 152, 154 Reepenia, 64t, 317, 319k, 327 Reepenia bituberculata, 318f, 328f Rhacandrena, 63t, 236k-237k, 241k, 255 Rhamphorhina, 437 Rhanthidiellum, 487 Rhaphandrena, 63t, 235k, 240k, 255 Rhathymini (Tribe), 29-30, 29t, 69t, 98, 120, 572k, 648, 651, 739, 740; biogeography of, 102t Rhathymus, 69t, 72, 104, 654f, 739, 739 Rhathymus bicolor, 739 Rhectomia, 65t, 379k, 384k, 390, 394 Rhectomia pumilla, 394 Rhinepeolus, 68t, 628k, 629, 632 Rhinepeolus rufiventris, 632 Rhineta, 636 Rhinetula, 65t, 106, 341, 343k344k, 348, 371-372 Rhinetula denticrus, 344f, 371372 Index of Taxa Rhinochaetula, 403 Rhinochaetula ogilviei, 407 Rhinocoelioxys, 67t, 529k, 533 Rhinocolletes, 135-136 Rhinocorynura, 65t, 377, 379k, 383k, 394-395, 395 Rhinocorynura briseis, 380f Rhinocorynura inflaticeps, 381f Rhinomegilla, 69t, 724k, 725, 725k, 726-727, 728 Rhodanthidium, 474t, 478k, 505, 511-512, 511k Rhodanthidium (Asianthidium), 67t, 480, 511, 511k Rhodanthidium (Meganthidium), 67t, 478, 511-512, 511k Rhodanthidium (Rhodanthidium s str.), 67t, 477, 511, 511k, 512 Rhodanthidium (Trianthidium), 511 Rhodanthidium aculeatum, 511 Rhodanthidium glasunovi, 511 Rhodanthidium infuscatum, 512 Rhodanthidium s str., 67t, 477, 511, 511k, 512 Rhodanthidium septemdentatum, 512 Rhodanthidium siculum, 512, Plate Rhodanthidium sticticum, 512 Rhodobombus, 70t, 769k, 772k, 777 Rhodocentris, 734 Rhodohylaeus, 63t, 187f, 188t, 189k, 204 Rhodomegachile, 67t, 425t, 535536, 540t, 548k, 558, 564 Rhodosmia, 471 Rhogepeolus, 68t, 628k-629k, 632, 632 Rhogepeolus bigibbosus, 632 Rhopalictus, 390 Rhopaloheriades, 66t, 441k442k, 443, 472 Rhopalolemma, 36, 68t, 572k, 636, 636k, 637-638 Rhopalolemma robertsi, 637, 638f Rhopalomelissa, 318, 321-322 Rhopalomelissa (Lepidorhopalomelissa), 322 Rhopalomelissa (Trichorhopalomelissa), 322 Rhopalomelissa (Tropirhopalomelissa), 322 Rhopalomelissa hainanensis, 322 Rhopalomelissa nigra, 322 Rhopalomelissa xanthogaster, 322 Rhophites See Rophites Rhophites (Pararhophites), 420 Rhophites dispar, 401 Rhophites s str., 78 Rhophites vitellinus, 401 Rhophitoides, 64t, 314, 314k Rhophitoides distinguendus, 314 Rhophitulus, 263k, 264, 272, 272k Rhophitulus (Cephalurgus), 64t, 261, 262k, 269, 272, 272k Rhophitulus (Rhophitulus s str.), 64t, 263k, 264f, 272, 272k Rhophitulus frisei, 264f, 272 Rhophitulus s str., 64t, 263k, 264f, 272, 272k Rhophitulus testaceus, 264 Rhynchalictus, 361-362 Rhynchalictus rostratus, 361 Rhynchocolletes, 135-136 Rhynchocolletes albicinctus, 135 Rhynocorynura, 394 Rhynostelis, 66t, 479, 480k, 500, 500k, 501 Rhysoceratina, 68t, 596k, 599, xiv Rhysoxylocopa, 67t, 584k-585k, 586, 589, 590, 592 Rhyssomegachile, 67t, 540t, 542k-543k, 550, 562, 564565 Rhyteucera, 703 Rivalisia, 388 Rivalisia metallica, 388 Robertsonella, 66t, 445, 448k449k, 457 Robertsonella gleasoni, 457 Robustobombus, 70t, 769k, 771k, 777 Rophites, 72-73, 308-310, 310k, 312-313, 314, 314k, 636637 Rophites (Carinorophites), 311 Rophites (Cyprirophites), 311 Rophites (Dentirophites), 311 Rophites (Flavodufourea), 310, 314, 314k Rophites (Merrophites), 311 Rophites (Microrophites), 311 Rophites (Rhophitoides), 64t, 314, 314k Rophites (Rophites s str.), 17, 64t, 78, 308, 310, 314, 314k Rophites algirus trispinosus, 107f Rophites atrata, 311 Rophites cana, 314 Rophites canus, 314 Rophites flavicornis, 314 Rophites gusenleitneri, 314 Rophites quadridentatus, 311 Rophites quinquespinosus, 314 Rophites s str., 17, 64t, 308, 310, 314, 314k Rophitidae (Family), 73 Rophitinae (Subfamily), 17, 30, 39, 56, 64t, 74, 78, 80, 90, 106, 120k, 304, 304f, 305, 305f, 305k, 307-316, 307f308f, 315f, 320, 330, 614, 636-638; biogeography of, 101t; of Eastern Hemisphere, 309k-310k; of Western Hemisphere, 309k Rostratilapis, 374 Rostrohalictus, 361-362 Roussyana [fossil], 93, 651, 807 Royanthidium, 67t, 476, 509, 509k, 510, 511 Rubicundobombus, 70t, 767f, 769k, 771k, 774, 777 Ruderariobombus, 777 Rufandrena, 63t, 241k, 244k, 255 Rufipedibombus, 70t, 768k, 770k, 777 Rufipedobombus, 777 Rufocinctobombus, 773 Rugalictus, 369 Ruginomia, 326 Ruizantheda, 65t, 341, 343k344k, 370, 372 Ruizantheda (Ruizanthedella), 372 Ruizantheda divaricata, 107f, 335f, 372 Ruizantheda mutabilis, 372 Ruizantheda proxima, 372 Ruizanthedella, 372 Ruiziella, 294 Ruziapis, 294 Sabulicola, 372 Sabulicola cirsii, 372 Sakagamilla, 799 Sakagamilla affabra, 799 Salemanthidium, 66t, 477, 497k, 498 Samba, 65t, 397, 406, 407k, 408 Samba calcarata, 406f-407f, 408 Sambini (Tribe), 65t, 90, 399, 399k, 405, 406-498, 406f407f, 407k; biogeography of, 101t Santiago, 69t, 689k, 692k-695k, 705, 712-713, 871 Santiago mourei, 712-713 Saranthidium, 66t, 500, 501k, 503-504 Sarocolletes, 62t, 140, 142t, 143k, 154-155 Sarogaster, 553 Saropoda, 726 Saropoda bombiformis, 721 Sayapis, 21, 67t, 422, 533-537, 537f, 538t, 540t, 541k, 543k, 553, 555, 558, 561, 565, Plate Scaphandrena, 63t, 237k, 240k241k, 243k, 245k, 255 Scaptotrigona, 70t, 785-786, 790k, 793, 795-797, 799, 801 Scaptotrigona barrocoloradensis, 786f Scaptotrigona mexicana, 785f786f, 789f Scaura, 70t, 780, 786, 797, 797k, 798, 798f, 800 Sceliphron (wasp), 445 Schizandrena, 254 Schizocoelioxys, 530 Schizomegachile, 67t, 540t, 548k, 558, 565 Schmiedeknechtia, 68t, 633, 633k, 635, 635 Schmiedeknechtia oraniensis, 635 Schmiedeknechtia verhoeffi, 635 Schoenherria, 590 Schönherria, 590 Schonnherria, 67t, 580, 580f, 580k, 582k-583k, 587-589, 590, 591 Schrottkya, 670 Schrottkyapis, 67t, 534-535, 538t, 540t, 541k-542k, 553, 558, 565 Schwarziana, 70t, 783, 797k, 798 Schwarzula, 786, 798 Scirtetica, 700 Scirtetica antarctica, 700 Scirteticops, 700 Scitandrena, 63t, 242k, 244k, 255 Scoliandrena, 63t, 235k, 240k, 255 Scrapter, 62t, 102, 106, 127- 909 128, 130, 131k, 137, 161163, 162f, 210, 275, 644, 678 Scrapter albitarsis, 162 Scrapter armatipes, 163 Scrapter bicolor, 161 Scrapter brullei, 275 Scrapter carinata, 221 Scrapter heterodoxus, 161f, 162163, Plate Scrapter niger, 161 Scrapter nitidus, 161f Scrapteroides, 275 Scrapteroides difformis, 275 Scrapteropsis, 63t, 234k, 240k, 249, 255 Seladonia, 65t, 350, 350f, 351, 351k-352k, 353-354 Sellalictus, 65t, 356t, 357, 358k, 365 Semicarinella, 67t, 509k, 510 Senexibombus, 70t, 769k, 772k, 775, 777 Separatobombus, 70t, 768k, 770k, 777 Serapis, 512 Serapis denticulatus, 512 Serapista, 67t, 474t, 476k, 512 Sericogaster, 63t, 213k, 222 Sericogaster fasciatus, 213f, 222 Sericohalictus, 363 Series Apiformes, 59-60 Series Spheciformes, 59-60 Severanthidium, 66t, 488, 489k, 490, 491 Shornherria, 590 Sibiricobombus, 70t, 768k, 770k, 772k, 777 Sigmatapis, 807 Silphium, 18 Simandrena, 63t, 236k-237k, 240k-241k, 243k, 245k, 247k, 249k, 255-256 Simanthedon, 69t, 687, 697k698k, 708, 713 Simanthedon linsleyi, 687f, 690f, 713 Simcolletes, 135 Simioceratina, 68t, 596k, 598, 599 Simpanurgus, 64t, 276k, 277 Sinomacropis, 65t, 413, 414, 414k Sinomelecta, 69t, 748k, 751752 Sinomelecta oreina, 751 Smeathhalictus, 361 Smithia, 221 Solamegilla, 727 Solenopalpa, 251 Solenopalpa fertoni, 251 Solenopalpa solenopalpa, 251 Sophrobombus [fossil], 93, 651 Sophrobombus fatalis [fossil], 93 Soroeensibombus, 774 Spatularia, 204 Spatulariella, 63t, 184, 188t, 189k-190k, 191f, 191k192k, 201, 204 Spatulariella helenae, 204 Spatunomia, 64t, 319, 319k, 328 Sphaerhylaeus, 63t, 179, 185f, 188k, 188t, 204 Sphecidae (Family) (wasps), 5760, 60t 910 Spheciformes (wasps), 2, 58, 60, 83f; fossil, 94 Sphecinae (Subfamily) (wasps), 58 Sphecodes, 26-28, 28t, 32, 65t, 72-73, 134, 267, 304-305, 333, 336-337, 342k, 344k, 346k, 349, 366, 371, 372373, 760 Sphecodes (Austrosphecodes), 372-373 Sphecodes (Callosphecodes), 372 Sphecodes (Microsphecodes), 366 Sphecodes antennariae, 372 Sphecodes antipodes, 133 Sphecodes carolinus, 340f Sphecodes chilensis, 36f, 372 Sphecodes confertus, 372 Sphecodes cribrosa, 322 Sphecodes falcifer, 372 Sphecodes gibbus, 305f, 341f Sphecodes kathleenae, 366 Sphecodes monilicornis, 31f, 34f, 36f-37f, 345f Sphecodes ranunculi, 372 Sphecodes scotti, 349 Sphecodes stygius, 372 Sphecodes texana, 365 Sphecodinae (Subfamily), 74 Sphecodini (Tribe), 336 Sphecodium, 372 Sphecodium cressonii, 372 Sphecodogastra, 17, 65t, 305f, 333, 356t, 357k, 365 Sphecodopsis, 641k, 643, 644, 644k Sphecodopsis (Pseudodichroa), 68t, 643, 644, 644k Sphecodopsis (Pseudopasites), 644 Sphecodopsis (Sphecodopsis s str.), 68t, 644, 644k Sphecodopsis s str., 68t, 644, 644k Sphecodosoma, 307, 309k, 310, 314-315, 315k Sphecodosoma (Michenerula), 64t, 313, 315, 315k Sphecodosoma (Sphecodosoma s str.), 64t, 315, 315k Sphecodosoma dicksoni, Sphecodosoma pratti, 305f, 308f, 315 Sphecodosoma s str., 64t, 315, 315k Sphecogaster, 208 Sphecoidea (superfamily) (wasps), 60 See also Apoidea Sphecophala, 328 Sphegocephala, 64t, 319k, 320, 323, 328 Sphegocephala philanthoides, 328 Sphegodes, 372 Sphex (wasps), 60 Sphex gibba, 372 Sphex signata, 202-203 Spinanthidiellum, 67t, 477, 508, 508k, 509 Spinanthidium, 67t, 477, 508509, 508k Spinanthidium (Spinanthidiellum), 508 Spinanthidium volkmanni, 108f Spinasternella, 471 Spinasternella mevatus, 471 Spinokelita, 68t, 621, 621k Index of Taxa Spinolapis, 62t, 139, 142f, 142t, 143k, 152, 153f’, 154, 155 Spinoliella, 64t, 292, 293k, 295, 299, 300 Spinoliella (Claremontiella), 298 Spinoliella (Peniella), 300 Spinoliella euxantha, 298 Spinoliella nomadoides, 300f Spinopasites, 68t, 642k, 643, 645 Spinopasites spinotus, 645 Steganomus, 64t, 317, 319k, 329 Steganomus javanus, 329 Stegocephala, 328 Stelidiella, 515 Stelidina, 515 Stelidium, 372, 515 Stelidium trypetinum, 515 Stelidomorpha, 67t, 478, 513k, 515 Stelis, 28-30, 28t, 110, 425t, 474t, 477, 478k-479k, 485, 499-500, 505-507, 512-516, 513f, 513k, 521 Stelis (Dolichostelis), 67t, 495f, 499, 512f, 513-514, 513k, 514f Stelis (Heterostelis), 514 Stelis (Leucostelis), 515 Stelis (Malanthidium), 67t, 480, 513k, 514 Stelis (Pavostelis), 515 Stelis (Protostelis), 67t, 512-513, 513f, 513k, 514-515 Stelis (Pseudostelis), 67t, 513k, 514, 515 Stelis (Stelidiella), 515 Stelis (Stelidina), 515 Stelis (Stelidomorpha), 67t, 478, 513k, 515 Stelis (Stelis s str.), 67t, 513f, 513k, 514, 515-516 Stelis abnormis, 500 Stelis aliena, 500 Stelis annulata, 514 Stelis anthidioides, 514 Stelis australis, 513f Stelis bidentata, 523 Stelis freygessneri, 514 Stelis hemirhoda, 515 Stelis hurdi, 514 Stelis labiata, 515 Stelis lateralis, 515 Stelis laticincta, 495f, 513 Stelis louisae, 512f Stelis malaccensis, 480, 514 Stelis malaisei, 494 Stelis montana, 515 Stelis rubi, 480f, 513f, 515 Stelis rudbeckiarum, 514f Stelis s str., 67t, 513f, 513k, 514, 515-516 Stelis signata, 514-515 Stelis simillima, 513 Stelis strandi, 514-515 Stellenigris, 569 Stellenigris vandeveldii, 569 Stelodides, 67t, 534-536, 538t, 540t, 541k, 543k, 553, 565566 Stenandrena, 255 Stenanthidiellum, 66t, 494, 494k Stenanthidium, 489-490 Stenocolletes, 64t, 130, 270, 272 Stenocolletes pictus, 262, 272 Stenodiscelis, 173 Stenoheriades, 66t, 432, 432t, 433k-434k, 435, 444, 469, 472 Stenoheriades asiaticus, 434 Stenoheriades coelostoma, 434 Stenohesma, 63t, 213k, 222 Stenohesma nomadiformis, 222 Stenomegachile, 67t, 540t, 546k547k, 550, 557, 566 Stenomelissa, 63t, 233, 246k, 248k, 254, 256 Stenosmia, 66t, 432t, 433, 434k, 445, 472 Stenothisa, 630 Stenotritidae (Family), 15, 60t, 62t, 85, 87-89, 117k, 119f, 120, 120k, 123-125, 123f, 127, 164, 225, 301; biogeography of, 101t stenotritids See Stenotritidae (Family) Stenotritus, 60t, 62t, 88, 123, 124k, 125, 127 Stenotritus (Ctenocolletes), 124 Stenotritus elegans, 125 Stenotritus pubescens, 123f Stenoxylocopa, 67t, 580, 582k, 590-591 Stictonomia, 326 Stictonomia punctata, 326 Stilbeucera, 703 Stilbochlora, 65t, 392, 392k, 393 Stilbomalopsis, 68t, 663k, 664 Stilpnosoma, 217 Stilpnosoma clypeata, 220 Stilpnosoma laevigatum, 217 Stilpnosoma semisericea, 222 stingless bees, 39 See also meliponine bees (Meliponini) Strandiella, 161 Strandiella longula, 161 Suandrena, 63t, 242k, 245k, 256 Subterraneobombus, 70t, 769k770k, 772k, 777 Sudila, 65t, 356t, 358k, 362, 366, 366f Sudila bidentata, 366 Sulcobombus, 773 Sundatrigona, 801-802 Svastra, 630, 688, 692k-693k, 695k, 697k, 698, 698k, 705, 707-708, 713-714, 713k Svastra (Anthedonia), 17, 69t, 696k, 698k, 713, 713k Svastra (Brachymelissodes), 69t, 713, 713k Svastra (Epimelissodes), 69t, 694f, 713-714, 713k Svastra (Idiomelissodes), 69t, 694f, 697f, 713k, 714 Svastra (Svastra s str.), 69t, 713k, 714 Svastra bombilans, 714 Svastra duplocincta, 694f, 697f, 714 Svastra fulgurans, 706 Svastra obliqua, 16f, 33f, 37f, 688f, 694f Svastra s str., 69t, 713k, 714 Svastra sapucacensis, 707 Svastra subapicalis, 714 Svastrides, 69t, 630, 693k, 695k, 705, 712, 714, 871 Svastrina, 69t, 688, 692k, 701, 712, 714 Svastrina anaroliata, 714 Svastrina subapicalis, 714 Svastropsis, 69t, 693k, 708, 708k sweat bees, 9, 18, 304 See also Halictidae; Halictinae Symmorpha, 751 Synalonia, 704 Synapis, 807; fossil, 93 Synepeolus, 630 Synhalonia, 69t, 114, 630, 687688, 690f, 692f, 694f, 697k, 699k, 702, 702k, 703, 704, 715-717, 747 Synhalonia albicans, 662 Synocoelioxys, 67t, 529k, 533 Syntrichalonia, 69t, 697k-698k, 714 Syntrichalonia exquisita, 694f Systropha, 17, 39, 64t, 72, 87, 307, 309, 310k, 312, 315, 320, 636-637 Systropha (Systrophidia), 315 Systropha curvicornis, 119f, 304f, 307f Systropha ogilviei, 315 Systropha planidens, 307 Systrophidia, 315 Tachymelissodes, 69t, 709k, 710711 Tachysphex (wasps), 161 Tachytes (wasps), 58f Taeniandrena, 63t, 237k, 240k, 243k-244k, 247k, 249k, 256 Tanguticobombus, 775 Tapinorhina, 670 Tapinorrhina, 670 Tapinotaspidini (Tribe), 15, 30, 68t, 98, 572k, 574k, 647, 651, 654-655, 660, 667673, 667f-668f, 668k-669k, 669f, 671f, 673f, 679; biogeography of, 102t Tapinotaspis, 68t, 667, 668k, 670, 672 Tapinotaspis (Tapinorhina), 670 Tapinotaspis chacabucensis, 672 Tapinotaspoides, 68t, 668k669k, 670, 672-673 Tapinotaspoides tucumana, 654, 673f Tarsalia, 68t, 79, 665, 665k, 666 Tarsalia ancyliformis mediterranea, 665f Tarsalia hirtipes, 666 Tarsandrena, 63t, 243k, 246k, 256 Teleutemnesta, 684 Teleutemnesta fructifera, 684 Temnosoma, 28t, 65t, 110, 333, 336, 377, 378k, 383k, 395, 395f Temnosoma (Temnosomula), 395 Temnosoma metallicum, 395 Temnosoma platensis, 395 Temnosoma smaragdinum, 334f, 379f-380f, 388f Temnosoma sphaerocephala, 395 Temnosomula, 395 Teratognatha, 68t, 660, 661k, 662, 664 Teratognatha modesta, 662f, 664 Teratognathina (Subtribe), 661 Index of Taxa Teratognathini (Tribe), 660 Tergosmia, 66t, 458-459, 460k461k, 467-468, 469 Terrestribombus, 773 Tetrachlora, 388 Tetraglossula, 62t, 142t, 143k, 148-149, 153, 153f, 155, 158 Tetraglossula deltivaga, 155 Tetragona, 70t, 783, 787, 796f, 800-802, 800k, 803 Tetragonilla, 801-802 Tetragonisca, 70t, 783, 800k, 801-802, 803, 804 Tetragonula, 779-780, 800-802 Tetralonia, 30, 160, 660, 687, 699k, 700, 702, 704, 714716, 715k Tetralonia (Eucara), 69t, 715, 715f, 715k, 716 Tetralonia (Tetralonia s str.), 69t, 715, 715k, 716 Tetralonia (Thygatina), 69t, 100, 715, 715k, 716 Tetralonia bipunctata, 708 Tetralonia decorata, 708 Tetralonia duckei, 711 Tetralonia fervens, 712 Tetralonia gayi, 700 Tetralonia gilva, 700 Tetralonia hoozana, 752 Tetralonia leucocephala, 712 Tetralonia macrognatha, 715f Tetralonia malvae, 17, 715 Tetralonia melanura, 714 Tetralonia melectoides, 705 Tetralonia melonis, 712 Tetralonia mimetica, 706 Tetralonia mirabilis, 719 Tetralonia nigriceps, 716 Tetralonia niveata, 662 Tetralonia s str., 69t, 715, 715k, 716 Tetralonia spiniventris, 706 Tetralonia tarsata, 728-729 Tetralonia terminata, 718 Tetraloniella, 17, 114, 528, 555, 630, 642, 687-688, 697k699k, 702, 704, 714-715, 716-718, 716k Tetraloniella (Glazunovia), 69t, 716-717, 716k Tetraloniella (Loxoptilus), 69t, 690f, 696k, 698k, 716, 716k, 717 Tetraloniella (Pectinapis), 69t, 690f, 696k, 697f, 699k, 716, 716k, 717 Tetraloniella (Tetraloniella s str.), 69t, 690f, 696f, 715f, 716, 716k, 717-718 Tetraloniella albata, 690f, 695f696f Tetraloniella auricauda, 717 Tetraloniella dentata, 717 Tetraloniella fasciata, 717 Tetraloniella graja, 716 Tetraloniella junodi, 715f Tetraloniella longifellator, 690f Tetraloniella mastrucata, 716 Tetraloniella nigriceps, 717 Tetraloniella s str., 69t, 690f, 696f, 715f, 716, 716k, 717718 Tetralonioidella, 69t, 747, 748k, 751, 752 Tetranthidium, 489-490 Tetrapaedia, 675 Tetrapedia, 68t, 110, 572k, 671, 674-675, 674f, 674k Tetrapedia clypeata, 674f, 675 Tetrapedia diversipes, 674, 675f Tetrapedia globulosa, 672 Tetrapedia goeldiana, 670 Tetrapedia haeckeli, 671 Tetrapedia iheringii, 672 Tetrapedia muelleri, 670 Tetrapedia ornata, 675 Tetrapedia peckoltii, 674f Tetrapedia pygmaea, 672 Tetrapedia serraticornis, 672 Tetrapediini (Tribe), 15, 29, 68t, 76, 98, 120, 572k, 647, 651, 674-675, 674f, 674k, 675f Tetrapedium, 674 Tetraperdita, 289 Tetrigona, 801-802 Thalestria, 68t, 627, 628k, 629, 632, 632 Thalestria smaragdina, 632 Thalestria spinosa, 632 Thaumatosoma, 67t, 535, 536f, 540t, 548k-549k, 566 Thaumatosoma burmanicum, 471 Thaumatosoma duboulaii, 566 Thaumatosoma moniliferum, 470 Thectochlora, 65t, 379k, 383k, 395 Thectochlora alaris, 395 Thladiantha, 15 Thoracobombus, 26, 27t, 70t, 765, 769, 769k, 772k, 775, 777, 778 Thrausmus, 372-373 Thrausmus grandidieri, 372 Thrinchostoma, 39, 100, 333, 340, 346, 367, 370f, 373375, 373k-374k Thrinchostoma (Diagonozus), 65t, 374, 374f, 374k, 375 Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma), 65t, 367, 370f, 374, 374k Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma s str.), 65t, 370f, 374-375, 374k Thrinchostoma afasciatum, 370f Thrinchostoma lettowvorbecki, 374f Thrinchostoma productum, 370f, 374 Thrinchostoma renitantely, 374 Thrinchostoma s str., 65t, 370f, 374-375, 374k Thrincohalictus, 65t, 346k, 373 Thrincohalictus prognathus, 373 Thrincostoma, 374 Thrincostoma serricorne, 374 Thygater, 40, 687-688, 689k, 690f, 694k, 696k, 698k, 699, 708, 718, 718k, 719 Thygater (Nectarodiaeta), 69t, 689k, 718, 718k Thygater (Thygater s str.), 69t, 718, 718k Thygater analis, 688f, 690f, 694 Thygater s str., 69t, 718, 718k Thygatina, 69t, 100, 715, 715k, 716 Thygatina fumida, 716 Thynnus abdominalis, 499 Thyreothremma, 711 Thyreothremma paraguayensis, 711 Thyreothremma rhopalocera, 711 Thyreotremata, 711 Thyreus, 69t, 325, 747-748, 748k, 752, Plate 12 Thyreus histrionicus, Plate 12 Thyreus ramosus, 742f Thysandrena, 63t, 237k, 241k, 243k, 245k, 256 Tiphia brevicornis, 636 Titusella, 437 Titusella pronitens, 437 Tmetocoelia, 391 Torocolletes, 62t, 142k, 151, 155 Toromelissa, 68t, 680k, 683, 685 Toromelissa nemaglossa, 685 Torridapis, 67t, 526, 529f, 529k, 532, 533 Townsendiella, 68t, 639 Townsendiella (Eremopasites), 639 Townsendiella (Xeropasites), 639 Townsendiella californica, 615f, 638f, 639, 639f Townsendiella pulchra, 617f, 639 Townsendiella rufiventris, 639 Townsendiellini (Tribe), 68t, 573k, 636, 639, 640 Toxeriades, 66t, 442k, 443-444 Trachandrena, 63t, 234k, 240k, 242k, 244k, 246k, 248k, 249, 255, 256 Trachina, 69t, 731-733, 733k, 734, 735, 737f Trachusa, 17, 105, 474, 474t, 477k-478k, 480k, 490, 492493, 498, 507, 513-515, 516-519, 517k, 520, 555 Trachusa (Archianthidium), 67t, 516, 517, 517k, 521 Trachusa (Congotrachusa), 67t, 516, 517, 517k Trachusa (Heteranthidium), 67t, 492, 514, 516, 516f, 517518, 517k, 519, Plate Trachusa (Legnanthidium), 67t, 517k, 518, 519, 521 Trachusa (Massanthidium), 67t, 516, 517k, 518 Trachusa (Metatrachusa), 67t, 516, 517k, 518, 519 Trachusa (Orientotrachusa), 510 Trachusa (Orthanthidium), 67t, 517k, 518, 519 Trachusa (Paraanthidium), 67t, 493, 517k, 518-519 Trachusa (Philotrachusa), 518 Trachusa (Trachusa s str.), 67t, 516, 517k, 519, 528, 561 Trachusa (Trachusomimus), 67t, 478f, 514, 516-517, 517k, 519 Trachusa (Ulanthidium), 67t, 475f, 517k, 518, 519, 727 Trachusa aquifilum, 519 Trachusa bequaerti, 516f Trachusa byssina, 519 Trachusa catinula, 514 Trachusa cincta, 523 Trachusa cordaticeps, Plate Trachusa flavorufula, 518 Trachusa formosana, 518 Trachusa gummifera, 478f 911 Trachusa interdisciplinaris, 519 Trachusa interrupta, 519 Trachusa larreae, 492 Trachusa longicornis, 519 Trachusa occidentalis, 518 Trachusa orientalis, 518 Trachusa ovata, 493, 519 Trachusa pendleburyi, 518 Trachusa perdita, 519 Trachusa pueblana, 475f Trachusa ridingsii, 518 Trachusa s str., 67t, 516, 517k, 519, 528, 561 Trachusa schoutedeni, 517 Trachusa serratulae, 519 Trachusa strigata, 486 Trachusoides, 67t, 425t, 426, 474t, 477k, 492, 519-520 Trachusoides simplex, 519-520 Trachusomimus, 67t, 478f, 514, 516-517, 517k, 519 Trachyrhiza, 63t, 206k, 209 Trianthidiellum, 495 Trianthidium, 511 Trichanthidiodes, 67t, 506k, 507 Trichanthidium, 67t, 505-506, 506k, 507, 510 Trichchostoma, 374 Trichinosmia, 66t, 462k, 466, 469 Trichocentris, 735 Trichocerapis, 689k, 694k, 705, 708, 718-719, 718k Trichocerapis (Dithygater), 69t, 718k, 719 Trichocerapis (Trichocerapis s str.), 69t, 691f, 718k, 719 Trichocerapis mirabilis, 691f Trichocerapis s str., 69t, 691f, 718k, 719 Trichocerapis seabrai, 719 Trichocolletes, 132k, 139-140, 156, 160, 163, 163k Trichocolletes (Callocolletes), 62t, 163, 163k Trichocolletes (Trichocolletes s str.), 62t, 163, 163k Trichocolletes hackeri, 163 Trichocolletes pulcherrimus, 163 Trichocolletes s str., 62t, 163, 163k Trichocolletes venustus, 142f, 157f Tricholiphanthus, 64t, 265f, 266-267, 266k Trichonomada, 68t, 106, 620, 620k, 621, 622 Trichonomada roigella, 616f, 622 Trichopasites, 635 Trichorhopalomelissa, 322 Trichostoma, 374 Trichota, 198 Trichothurgus, 65t, 427-428, 428k, 429, 430 Trichothurgus dubius, 427f Trichothurgus wagenknechti, 427f Trichotosmia, 473 Trichotrigona, 70t, 106, 780, 786, 789k, 799, 799 Trichotrigona extranea, 799 Trichurochile, 67t, 540, 540t, 541k, 543k, 566 Tricornibombus, 70t, 769k, 772k, 778 912 Tridentosmia, 449, 455 Triepeolus, 68t, 617f, 620f, 627, 627f-628f, 628k, 629, 629k, 630, 631 Triepeolus (Synepeolus), 630 Triepeolus insolitus, 630 Triepeolus minimus, 631 Triepicharis, 69t, 732, 737k, 738 Trigona, 2, 9, 18, 24, 38, 55, 97, 103, 486-487, 570, 671, 675, 779, 783-784, 786788, 789k, 791k, 792-793, 795, 799-804; fossil, 784; Indo-Australian, 800k-801k; neotropical, 800k Trigona (Cephalotrigona), 791 Trigona (Duckeola), 70t, 796f, 800k, 801, 802 Trigona (Frieseomelitta), 70t, 780, 783, 796f, 799-800, 800k, 801, 802-803 Trigona (Geotrigona), 70t, 788, 797, 800k, 801, 802, 804 Trigona (Heterotrigona), 70t, 780, 783f, 800, 801-802, 801k, 803-804 Trigona (Homotrigona), 70t, 801, 801k, 802, 803 Trigona (Hypotrigona), 792 Trigona (Lepidotrigona), 70t, 788, 797, 800, 801k, 802, 803 Trigona (Lestrimelitta), 792 Trigona (Lophotrigona), 802 Trigona (Meliponula), 794 Trigona (Odontotrigona), 802 Trigona (Papuatrigona), 70t, 788, 797, 800, 801k, 802803 Trigona (Parapartamona), 797 Trigona (Partamona), 797 Trigona (Patera), 797 Trigona (Platytrigona), 802 Trigona (Plebeia), 797 Trigona (Ptilotrigona), 803 Trigona (Scaptotrigona), 799 Trigona (Scaura), 798 Trigona (Schwarziana), 798 Trigona (Sundatrigona), 801 Trigona (Tetragona), 70t, 796f, 800-802, 800k, 803 Trigona (Tetragonisca), 70t, 800k, 802, 803, 804 Trigona (Tetragonula), 800, 802 Trigona (Trigona s str.), 70t, 763f, 786, 789f, 796-797, 800k, 801, 803-804, Plate Trigona (Proplebeia) [fossil], 93, 788 Trigona acapulconis, 804 Trigona amalthea, 789f Trigona angustula, 803 Trigona apicalis, 801 Trigona atripes, 801 Trigona beccarii, 794 Trigona bottegoi, 793 Trigona butteli, 795 Trigona canifrons, 780, 800-801 Trigona capitata, 791 Trigona carbonaria, 94, 783f, 800 Trigona cassiae, 791 Trigona cilipes, 763f, 803-804 Trigona clavipes, 796f Trigona corvina, 804 short Index of Taxa Trigona dominicana [fossil], 93, 788 Trigona duckei, 804 Trigona elongata, 803 Trigona eocenica [fossil], 93, 788 Trigona ferricauda, Plate Trigona fimbriata, 802 Trigona flaveola mediorufa, 795 Trigona flaviventris, 800 Trigona fulviventris, 804 Trigona fuscobalteata, 780 Trigona genalis, 802-803 Trigona ghilianii, 796f, 801 Trigona gribodoi, 792 Trigona haematoptera, 801 Trigona heideri, 803 Trigona hockingsi, 800 Trigona huberi, 801 Trigona hypogea, 804 Trigona iridipennis, 800-802 Trigona itama, 801-802 Trigona jaty, 803 Trigona keyensis, 800 Trigona latitarsis, 798 Trigona lendliana, 794 Trigona limao, 792 Trigona longicornis, 804 Trigona longitarsis, 804 Trigona lurida, 800, 803 Trigona madecassa, 793 Trigona mombuca, 801 Trigona moorei, 801-802 Trigona mosquito, 797 Trigona muelleri, 804 Trigona nebulata, 794 Trigona necrophaga, 804 Trigona nitidiventris, 802 Trigona paranigra, 799 Trigona pendleburyi, 796 Trigona planifrons, 800-801 Trigona postica, 799 Trigona prisca [fossil], 94-95, 787-788, 804 Trigona s str., 70t, 763f, 786, 789f, 796-797, 800k, 801, 803-804, Plate Trigona savannensis, 796f Trigona silvestrii, 801 Trigona staudingeri, 792 Trigona terminata, 800 Trigona thoracica, 801-802 Trigona timida, 798 Trigona trochanterica, 802 Trigona varia, 783 Trigona williana, Plate Trigona zonata, 797 Trigonella, 801-802 Trigonisca, 70t, 780, 783, 785, 787, 789k, 793, 796, 801, 804-805 Trigonisca buyssoni, 780f, 786f Trigonisca longicornis, 785f Trigonisca longitarsis, 789f, 805 Trigonisca muelleri, 804 Trigonisca schulthessi, 805 Trigonopedia, 68t, 667, 668f, 669k, 673 Trigonopedia oligotricha, 10f, 673, 673f Trilia, 311-313 Trinchostoma, 375 Trinomia, 64t, 320, 321k, 323 Triopasites, 68t, 620, 620k, 622623 Triopasites penniger, 623f Triopasites timberlakei, 622 Troandrena, 63t, 243k-244k, 256 Tropandrena, 252 Trophocleptria, 68t, 628, 628f, 630, 631, 631k Trophocleptria variolosa, 631 Tropicocoelioxys, 531 Tropidopedia, 68t, 671k, 672 Tropirhopalomelissa, 322 Truncandrena, 255 Trypetes, 442 Trypetes productus, 443 Trypoxylonini (Tribe) (wasps), 58 Tuberanthidium, 67t, 475f, 509, 509k, 510-511 Tumidihesma, 63t, 212-214, 214k, 216-217, 222-223 Tumidihesma tridentata, 222 Turkanthidium, 66t, 489k, 490, 491 Turnerella, 219 Turnerella gilberti, 219 Tylandrena, 63t, 234k, 239k, 256 Tylanthidium, 67t, 504, 504k Tylanthidium tuberigaster, 504 Tylomegachile, 67t, 534, 540, 540t, 541k-543k, 566 Tytthalictus, 65t, 351k-352k, 354 Tyttheriades, 66t, 442k, 444 Ulandrena, 63t, 242k, 245k246k, 256 Ulanthidium, 67t, 475f, 517k, 518, 519, 727 Ulanthidium (Olmecanthidium), 519 Ulanthidium interdisciplinaris, 519 Ulanthidium mitchelli, 519 Uncobombus, 776 Urocolletes, 62t, 105, 139, 140f, 142t, 144k, 155-156 Urohalictus, 65t, 306, 333, 345, 346k, 375-376 Urohalictus lieftincki, 374f, 375, 375f Uromonia, 409k, 411, 411k Uromonia (Nesomonia), 65t, 411, 411k Uromonia (Uromonia s str.), 39, 65t, 411, 411k Uromonia flaviventris, 411 Uromonia s str., 39, 65t, 411, 411k Uromonia stagei, 410f, 411 Uruguay [fossil], 95 Varroa (mites), Verbenapis, 17, 64t, 294f, 295, 295k-296k, 299 Vespa concinna, 204 Vespa pratensis, 203 Vestitohalictus, 65t, 346, 350, 351k-352k, 353, 354, 356 Viereckella, 655 Viereckella obscura, 655 Viridosmia, 468 Volucellobombus, 777 Wagenknechtia, 69t, 732-733, 733k-734k, 735 Wainia, 432k, 432t, 434k, 470, 472-473, 472k-473k Wainia (Caposmia), 66t, 472, 473, 473k Wainia (Trichotosmia), 473 Wainia (Wainia s str.), 66t, 472k, 473 Wainia (Wainiella), 66t, 434k, 472, 472k, 473 Wainia albobarbata, 473 Wainia algoensis, 434, 472-473 Wainia braunsi, 473 Wainia consimilis, 473 Wainia elizabethae, 434, 473 Wainia eremoplana, 473 Wainia lonavlae, 473 Wainia s str., 66t, 472k, 473 Wainia sakaniensis, 473 Wainiella, 66t, 434k, 472, 472k, 473 Warnckeia, 484 Willinkapis, 62t, 165, 165k, 166 Xanthandrena, 251 Xanthemisia, 69t, 731-733, 733k, 735, 736 Xanthepicharis, 738 Xanthesma, 127, 210-211, 211f, 212, 214k, 216, 220, 223224, 223k Xanthesma (Argohesma), 63t, 223, 223k Xanthesma (Chaetohesma), 63t, 223, 223k Xanthesma (Xanthesma s str.), 63t, 223, 223k, 224 Xanthesma (Xenohesma), 63t, 108, 223k, 224 Xanthesma baringa, 223 Xanthesma foveolata, 223 Xanthesma furcifera, 211f, 213f Xanthesma infuscata, 223 Xanthesma isae, 223 Xanthesma levis, 223 Xanthesma s str., 63t, 223, 223k, 224 Xanthesma striolata, 223 Xanthidium, 625 Xanthoceratina, 68t, 596k, 599 Xanthocotelles, 62t, 159, 159k, 160 Xanthocotelles adesmiae, 160 Xanthopedia, 68t, 667, 671k, 672 Xanthosarus, 67t, 108f, 534f, 537f, 539-540, 540t, 542, 542k-545k, 566-568, 567f Xanthosarus s str., 567 Xanthosmia, 465 Xenanthidium, 66t, 481k, 484485 Xenanthidium biserratum, 484 Xenochalicodoma, 552 Xenochilicola, 62t, 172, 172k, 176, 177 Xenochilicola mamigna, 176 Xenochlora, 65t, 379k, 381, 391-392, 394, 395 Xenochlora ianthina, 395 Xenochlora ochrosterna, 395 Xenoglossa, 108, 630, 687-688, 696k, 698k, 701, 711-712, 715, 719, 719k Xenoglossa (Eoxenoglossa), 69t, 701, 719, 719k Xenoglossa (Xenoglossa s str.), 69t, 719, 719k Index of Taxa Xenoglossa angustior, Plate 11 Xenoglossa fulva, 719 Xenoglossa ipomoeae, 701 Xenoglossa kansensis, 692f Xenoglossa s str., 69t, 719, 719k Xenoglossa strenua, 696f Xenoglossa utahensis, 712 Xenoglossodes, 687, 716-717 Xenohesma, 63t, 108, 211, 223, 223k, 224 Xenohylaeus, 63t, 185, 187f, 187k, 188t, 202, 204, 205 Xenoliphanthus, 64t, 265f, 265k-266k, 267 Xenomegachile, 563-564 Xenopanurgus, 269 Xenopanurgus readioi, 269 Xenopeponapis, 712 Xenorhiza, 63t, 180k-181k, 206, 209 Xenorhiza (Papuanorhiza), 209 Xenorhiza krombeini, 209 Xenoxylocopa, 67t, 585k, 586, 586k, 591 Xeralictoides, 65t, 402, 402k, 404 Xeralictus, 64t, 307-309, 309k, 313, 316, 333, 404 Xeralictus timberlakei, 315f, 316 Xerammobates, 68t, 642-643, 642k Xerocentris, 69t, 731-732, 733k, 734-735, 736 Xerocoelioxys, 67t, 528f, 529k, 533 Xeroheriades, 431-432, 432t, 435k, 473 Xeroheriades micheneri, 473 Xeromacrotera, 64t, 286, 287k, 291 Xeromegachile, 560-561, 568 Xeromelecta, 80, 748k, 752753, 753k Xeromelecta (Melectomorpha), 69t, 742f, 747, 747f-748f, 749, 752, 752f, 753, 753k Xeromelecta (Nesomelecta), 69t, 747f, 752-753, 753, 753k Xeromelecta (Xeromelecta s str.), 69t, 752, 753, 753k Xeromelecta alayoi, 747f Xeromelecta californica, 110f, 572f, 742f, 747f-748f, 752f Xeromelecta larreae, 752-753 Xeromelecta pantalon, 753 Xeromelecta s str., 69t, 752, 753, 753k Xeromelecta tibialis, 753 Xeromelissa, 62t, 104, 172, 177, 177k Xeromelissa wilmattae, 104, 177, 177f Xeromelissinae (Subfamily), 62t, 80, 87, 95, 110, 112, 120k, 127-128, 128k, 153, 161, 171, 171k, 210, 871 Xeromelissini (Tribe), 62t, 104, 171, 171k, 172, 177, 177f; biogeography of, 101t Xeropasites, 639 Xeropeponapis, 712 Xerophasma, 64t, 285, 286k, 291, 291f Xerophasma bequaerti, 291 Xerosmia, 456 Xilocopa, 591 Xiphandrena, 63t, 235k, 239k, 256 Xylocopa, 4, 13, 45, 48, 72, 76, 92, 100, 106, 108, 528, 536, 551, 575, 577-578, 580592, 580f; of Eastern Hemisphere, 583k-586k; of Western Hemisphere, 581k-583k Xylocopa (Acroxylocopa), 592 Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa), 588 Xylocopa (Alloxylocopa), 67t, 583k-584k, 586, 586k Xylocopa (Apoxylocopa), 591 Xylocopa (Audinetia), 588 Xylocopa (Biluna), 67t, 580, 584k-585k, 586-587, 590 Xylocopa (Bomboixylocopa), 67t, 583k-586k, 587 Xylocopa (Calloxylocopa), 591 Xylocopa (Cirroxylocopa), 67t, 580k, 583k, 587 Xylocopa (Copoxyla), 67t, 580, 584k, 586k, 587 Xylocopa (Ctenopoda), 587 Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa), 67t, 583k, 585k, 587, 591 Xylocopa (Cyphoxylocopa), 588 Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa), 67t, 582k, 587, 591 Xylocopa (Diaxylocopa), 67t, 580k, 583k, 587, 589 Xylocopa (Dinoxylocopa), 591 Xylocopa (Eoxylocopa), 588 Xylocopa (Epixylocopa), 591 Xylocopa (Euxylocopa), 592 Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa), 67t, 584k-585k, 587 Xylocopa (Hoplitocopa), 579f, 588 Xylocopa (Hoploxylocopa), 588 Xylocopa (Ioxylocopa), 590 Xylocopa (Koptortosoma), 67t, 579-580, 580f, 584k, 586k, 588, 590-591, Plate 10 Xylocopa (Lestis), 67t, 580f, 583k, 586k, 588 Xylocopa (Lieftinckella), 588 Xylocopa (Maaiana), 67t, 584k585k, 588, 589 Xylocopa (Maiella), 588 Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa), 589 Xylocopa (Mesotrichia), 67t, 579, 579f, 584k-586k, 588589, 590 Xylocopa (Mimoxylocopa), 587 Xylocopa (Monoxylocopa), 67t, 580k, 583k, 587, 589 Xylocopa (Nanoxylocopa), 67t, 580, 580k, 583k, 589, 591 Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa), 67t, 580, 580f, 582k, 583, 587, 589, 591 Xylocopa (Nodula), 67t, 578, 584k-585k, 586, 588, 589, 590, 592 Xylocopa (Notoxylocopa), 67t, 579f, 580k, 582k, 589, 589f Xylocopa (Nyctomelitta), 67t, 583k, 585k, 589 Xylocopa (Orbitella), 588 Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa), 588 Xylocopa (Perixylocopa), 591 Xylocopa (Platynopoda), 588589 Xylocopa (Prosopoxylocopa), 67t, 583k, 586k, 589-590, 592 Xylocopa (Proxylocopa), 67t, 575, 579, 579f, 580, 583k, 586k, 590 Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa), 67t, 584k-585k, 586, 589, 590, 592 Xylocopa (Schonnherria), 67t, 580, 580f, 580k, 582k-583k, 587-589, 590, 591 Xylocopa (Schönherria), 590 Xylocopa (Schoenherria), 590 Xylocopa (Stenoxylocopa), 67t, 580, 582k, 590-591 Xylocopa (Xenoxylocopa), 67t, 585k, 586, 586k, 591 Xylocopa (Xylocopa s str.), 67t, 584k, 586k, 591 Xylocopa (Xylocopina), 590-591 Xylocopa (Xylocopoda), 67t, 580k, 583k, 591 Xylocopa (Xylocopoides), 67t, 575, 579f, 580k, 582k, 591 Xylocopa (Xylocopsis), 67t, 582k, 589, 591 Xylocopa (Xylocospila), 590 Xylocopa (Xylomelissa), 67t, 584k-585k, 586, 586k, 589590, 591-592 Xylocopa (Zonohirsuta), 67t, 583k, 586k, 592 Xylocopa abbreviata, 589 Xylocopa absurdipes, 591 Xylocopa acutipennis, 588 Xylocopa amethystina, 578 Xylocopa appendiculata, 586 Xylocopa artifex, 590 Xylocopa assimilis, 579f, 588 Xylocopa augusti, 576f Xylocopa bambusae, 580, 590 Xylocopa bentoni, 588 Xylocopa bimaculata, 587 Xylocopa bomboides, 587 Xylocopa bombylans, 580f Xylocopa brasilianorum, 589 Xylocopa caffra, 580f, Plate 10 Xylocopa californica, 8, 579f Xylocopa cantabrita, 590 Xylocopa capitata, 592 Xylocopa carinata, 591 Xylocopa chrysopoda, 590 Xylocopa ciliata, 580, 589 Xylocopa collaris, 592 Xylocopa confusa, 588 Xylocopa cyanescens, 580, 587 Xylocopa darwini, 99 Xylocopa dejeanii, 592 Xylocopa elegans, 591 Xylocopa erythrina, 591-592 Xylocopa flavorufa, 579f Xylocopa fraudulenta, 592 Xylocopa funesta, 591 Xylocopa hottentotta, 591 Xylocopa io, 591 Xylocopa lugubris, 591 Xylocopa micans, 580f, 590 Xylocopa mirabilis, 589-590 Xylocopa muraria, 552, 560 Xylocopa nasalis, 586 Xylocopa nigrita, 580f Xylocopa nitidiventris, 579f, 590 Xylocopa ocularis, 588 Xylocopa olivieri, 590 Xylocopa orpifex, 49f, 109f Xylocopa ruficollis, 590-591 Xylocopa rufipes, 587 Xylocopa rufitarsis, 591 913 Xylocopa s str., 67t, 584k, 586k, 591 Xylocopa sicheli, 587 Xylocopa smithii, 588 Xylocopa tabaniformis, 579f, 589, 589f Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex, 91f, 579f, 581f Xylocopa tenuata, 591 Xylocopa truxali, 587 Xylocopa varipes, 588 Xylocopa varipuncta, 7, 580f Xylocopa vestita, 587 Xylocopa virginica, 8, 581f Xylocopa watmoughi, 580f Xylocopidae (Family), 73, 76, 92 Xylocopina, 582k, 590-591 Xylocopinae (Subfamily), 6, 910, 12, 20, 27t, 40, 67t, 76, 84, 92, 104, 120, 417, 570571, 571k, 575-576, 575k576k, 576f, 577-578, 647, 651; biogeography of, 101t Xylocopini (Tribe), 4, 24, 30, 56, 67t, 76, 95, 98, 105, 570, 571k, 575, 575k, 578592, 593, 601; biogeography of, 101t Xylocopoda, 67t, 580k, 583k, 591 Xylocopoides, 67t, 575, 579f, 580k, 582k, 591 Xylocopsis, 67t, 582k, 589, 591 Xylocospila, 590 Xylomelissa, 67t, 584k-585k, 586, 586k, 589-590, 591592 Zacesta, 65t, 402k, 404, 639 Zacesta rufipes, 404 Zacosmia, 69t, 105, 747, 748k, 750, 753 Zacosmia maculata, 748f Zadontomerus, 68t, 585f, 593f, 595-596, 596k, 598, 599 Zalygus, 218 Zalygus cornutus, 218 Zaodontomerus, 599 Zaperdita, 289 Zarhiopalea, 63t, 206k, 209 Zebramegilla, 721 Zikanapis, 62t, 100, 165, 165k, 166 Zikanapis (Crawfordapis), 166 Zikanapis (Foersterapis), 166 Zikanapis foersteri, 166 Zikaniella, 64t, 349k, 350 Zikaniella crassiceps, 350 Zonalictus, 65t, 346, 367-368, 368f, 368k, 370, 370f Zonalonia, 707 Zonamegilla, 721, Plate 13 Zonandrena, 63t, 243k, 245k, 256 Zonohalonia, 707 Zonohirsuta, 67t, 583k, 586k, 592 Zonolonia, 707 Zonomegachile, 67t, 540, 540t, 543k, 568 Zosteranthidium, 66t, 475, 481k, 482, 485 short