Producing the Pacific Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567-1606) Portada Hispánica 18 Consejo de dirección Patrick Collard (Universidad de Gante) Hub Hermans (Universidad de Groninga) Francisco Lasarte (Universidad de Utrecht) Maarten Steenmeijer (Universidad de Nimega) Rina Walthaus (Universidad de Groninga) Amsterdam - New York, NY 2005 Producing the Pacific Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567-1606) Mercedes Maroto Camino Cover illustration: Anon, Fool’s Cap Map (c.1590) ©National Maritime Museum (London) Cover design: Peggy Vogel The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence” ISBN: 90-420-1994-8 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2005 Printed in The Netherlands Contents Page Acknowledgements List of Illustrations and Credit Lines Introduction: Imag(in)ing the Southern Continent, 1567 – 1606 11 15 Exploring the South Pacific 29 2.1 Failure and Futility in the Voyages of Menda and Quirós 31 2.2 The (Mis)representation of Isabel Barreto: Woman, Governor and Admiral of the Isles of Solomon 44 Mapping the Pacific 3.1 Plotting the Southern Continent 3.2 Staging the Southern Continent Performing the South Pacific 101 Conclusion: Inventing, Performing and Practising: The Production of the Early Modern Pacific 121 Works Cited Index 69 72 82 127 135 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements The support I have received throughout the research and writing of this book makes it quite a collective endeavour It is certainly a pleasure to be able to name some of those people and institutions without whom this book could never have been completed First of all, my own institution, The University of Auckland, has given me the necessary support in terms of resources and time, including a sabbatical semester, three Research Grants and a Research Excellence Award, all of which have been important for the completion of the project The climate of collegiality in the Faculty of Arts and the School of European Languages and Literatures has also been essential I am extremely grateful to my colleagues Christine Arkinstall, Jan Crosthwaite, Kathryn Lehman, Walescka Pino-Ojeda and Wendy-Llyn Zaza as well as graduate students such as Gwyn Fox and Lara Anderson who make my work a very rewarding experience indeed My dear colleague and mentor, Michael Neill, deserves a very special mention for his unwavering support throughout the years I wish to thank Anne Salmond for giving me the opportunity to extend the project started with the present book in the years to come I am deeply indebted to many institutions for providing the financial support that has enabled me to complete the necessary archival research for the book In chronological terms, this project first received support from the Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography at the Newberry Library in Chicago During the cold winter months I spent there in 1999-2000, Jim Akerman, Robert Karrow, Pat Morris and Arthur Holzheimer were, as always, extremely generous with their time and knowledge Next, the American Geographical Society gave me a fourweek fellowship to work in its wonderful collection at the Golda Meir Library of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee I wish to acknowledge especially Chris Baruth and Jovanka Ristic for their kindness In the United Kingdom, the National Maritime Museum (Greenwich) awarded me a three-month Caird Fellowship during my sabbatical leave in 2001 In this wonderful setting, I was able to consult their bottomless archives in an atmosphere of scholarly and community vibrancy Besides everyone who worked with me there, I wish to thank especially Nigel Rigby While in London, I also had the opportunity to work at the British Library and the Royal Geographical Society The knowledge and hospitality of Peter Barber and Francis Herbert are indeed deeply appreciated During 2002 and 2003, the Royal Society of New Zealand gave me a generous two-year Marsden Grant which relieved me from some of my teaching and provided funds for travelling I could then dedicate some additional time to the book, undertake some further research in Spain and, more importantly, count on the efficient Research Assistantship of Gwyn Fox, who now knows more about sources on Spanish navigation than me In fact, Gwyn has done the most thorough editing work one could have wished for and has completed the Index with the utmost efficiency, for which I am sure many readers will be thankful, as it is a remarkable piece of work in its scope and accuracy Igor Dreki from the Department of Geography of my university worked the wonderful maps that illustrate the journeys dealt with in this paper, and I am very grateful to him for them An earlier version of chapter 3.2 Staging the Southern Continent appeared in the journal of the Australian Map Circle The Globe 54 (2003): 13-22 I also have to acknowledge the invaluable help and encouragement of colleagues who generously read and appraise one’s work Among them, I owe the greatest debt to Tom Conley, Jonathan Lamb, John Brotherton and Jonathan Tittler And I am very grateful to Bill Richardson from Adelaide for introducing me to a lot of useful information about his own work and sources to consult in Australia, to Rina Walthaus, editor of the series for her careful and constructive editing, and to Marieke Schilling, for her patience and invaluable help with book’s layout Above all, Malcolm Read and Christine Arkinstall deserve a very special mention for having painstakingly read the whole manuscript and offered many invaluable suggestions Needless to say, remaining errors and inconsistencies are certainly the author’s I also want to mention that this book would not have been produced without the groundwork provided by the astonishing investigations of the late Celsus Kelly, O F M His Franciscan colleagues and the librarians of the St Paschal Library in Melbourne are keeping that tradition alive and I have also benefited from their hospitality Likewise, the investigations of Amancio Landín and of Francisco Mellen have also been instrumental in the development of the argument In addition, Paco has kindly answered many queries and has provided more than a few interesting insights Finally, many people, including friends and family, have also been helpful in other ways Special thanks are due to my parents and siblings, especially to my sister, Carmen, and to Chris, Paula, Pilar, Malcolm, Matthew, Gwyn, Lara, Antonio, Jayne, Elena, Geoff, Fiona, Rosita, Ali and, last but not least, Dave This book is for them 130 Works Cited misionales sobre la conversión de los nativos de las Tierras Australes (1617-1634) Traducción del prólogo e introducción por Pedro Borges Vol I, 1963; Vol II, 1965, Vol 3, 1967; Vol IV, 1969; Vol 5, 1971; Vol 6, 1973 Madrid: Franciscan Historical Studies (Australia)/Archivo IberoAmericano — 1961 ‘Some Early Maps Relating to the Queirós-Torres Discoveries of 1606.’ In: Actas (Congresso Internacional de História dos Descobrimentos) Vol II Lisboa: Comissao executiva das comemoracoes V Centenário da Morte Infante D Henrique: 203-54 Kelsey, Harry c1998 Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate New Haven: Yale University Press Kraus, Hans P 1970 Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography Amsterdam: N Israel Lamb, Jonathan, 2000 ‘Introduction’ In: Lamb, Smith and Thomas (2000): xiii-xv — 2000 ‘Introduction to Part I: “Adventurers and Explorers”’ In: Lamb, Smith and Thomas (2000): 3-7 — Vanessa Smith and Nicholas Thomas (eds) 2000 Exploration and Exchange: A South Seas Anthology 1680-1900 Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press Landín, Amancio 1992 Descubrimientos españoles en el mar del Sur vols Various authors Madrid: Editorial Naval — 1945 Vida y viajes de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Madrid: Instituto Histórico de la Marina Lefebvre, Henri 1991 The Production of Space (tr Donald Nicholson-Smith) Oxford and Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell Lessa, William A 1975 Drake’s Island of Thieves: Ethnological Sleuthing Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii Lopez de Velasco, Juan 1971 ‘Corografia de la Nueva Guinea y de las Islas de Salomón’ In: Marcos Jimenez de la Espada (ed.) Geografia y descripcion universal de las Indias (Biblioteca de autores españoles Vol 248) Madrid: Atlas: 305-9 Markham, Sir Clements, 1967 ‘Introduction’ Sir Clements Markham (ed.) The Voyages of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, 1595 to 1606 vols Hakluyt Society London, 1904 rpt Nendelm and Liechtenstein: Kraus: xi-xxxvi Marin, Louis 1988 Portrait of the King (tr Martha M Houle) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Maroto Camino, Mercedes 2001a Practising Places: Lazarillo, Saint Teresa and the Early Modern City Atlanta and Amsterdam: Rodopi — 2001b ‘Representaciones del Pacífico 1519-1606.’ In: Mª Dolores Elizalde, Josep M Fradera and Luis Alonso (eds) Imperios y Naciones en el Pacífico Madrid: AECI-CSIC 154-76 — 2001c ‘Maps, Traffic and Representation: The Iberian Pacific in the Sixteenth Century’ In: Rudolphus Teeuwen (ed.) Crossings: Travel, Art, Literature, Politics Taipei: Bookman.: 31-54 — 1997 ‘“Methinks I see an evil lurk unespied”: Visualizing Conquest in Spenser’s A View of the Present State of Ireland’ In: Spenser Studies 12: 169-94 — 1996 ‘“That map which deep impression bears’: The Politics of Conquest in Lucrece’ In: Robin Eaden, Madge Mitton and Heather Kerr (eds) Works Cited 131 Shakespeare: World Views Newark and London: University of Delaware Press and Associated Universities Press: 124-45 — 1993 ‘Mapping terra incognita: The Reification of American in the Works of Hernán Cortés, Amerigo Vespucci, and Thomas More’ In: Alun Kenwood (ed.) Travellers’ Tales, Real and Imaginary, in the Hispanic World and Its Literature Melbourne and Madrid: Voz Hispánica: 7-22 McIntyre, Kenneth Gordon 1977 The Secret Discovery of Australia: Portuguese Ventures 200 Years Before Captain Cook Medindie, S.A: Souvenir Press Major, R H 1859 Early Voyages to Terra Australis, Now Called Australia: A Collection of Documents […] New York: Franklin Mauss, Marcel 1967 The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (tr Ian Cunnison) New York and London: Norton Mignolo, Walter D 2000 Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking Princeton: Princeton University Press — 1995 The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonisation Michigan: University of Michigan Press Mitchell, W J T 1994 Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation London and Chicago: University of Chicago Press Monmonier, Mark 1991 How To Lie With Maps Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press Mumford, Lewis 1975 The City in History Harmondsworth: Penguin Nebenzahl, Kenneth 1990 Maps From The Age of Discovery: Columbus to Mercator London: Times O’Gorman, Edmundo 1961 The Invention of America Bloomington: Indiana University Press Ortelius, Abraham 1570 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum — 1968 The theatre of the whole world (tr John Norton, London: 1606) Facsimile with an introduction by R.A Skelton, Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Padrón, Ricardo 2002 ‘Mapping Plus Ultra: Cartography, Space, and Hispanic Modernity’ In: Representations 79 (Summer): 28-60 Pagden, Anthony 1995 Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c.1500-c.1800 New Haven and London: Yale University Press Parry, John H 1984 ‘Drake and the World Encompassed’ In: Thrower (1984): 1-11 Pérez de Oliva, Hernán 1991 Historia de la invención de las Indias México, D F.: Siglo XXI Pigafetta, Antonio , 1975 Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Navigation (tr and ed R A Skelton) London: Folio Society — 1969 ‘Seventeen Contemporary Pigafetta Documents’ In: First Voyage Around the World and The Moluccis Insulis In: Carlos Quirino (ed.) Manila: Regal: 110-30 Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar 1989 Quirós y su utopía de las Indias Australes Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica Polo, Marco 1983 The Travels of Marco Polo Intro John Masefield London, Melbourne and Toronto: Dent Pratt, Mary Louise 1992 Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation London and New York: Routledge Purchas, Samuel 1905 Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes Vol Glasgow: MacLehose 132 Works Cited Quinn, David B 1984 ‘Early Accounts of the Famous Voyage’ In Thrower (1984): 33-48 — 1996 Sir Francis Drake as Seen by His Contemporaries Providence: The John Carter Brown Library Quirino, Carlos 1969 ‘Seventeen Contemporary Pigafetta Documents’ In: Carlos Quirino (ed.) First Voyage Around the World and The Moluccis Insulis Manila: Regal: 133-143 Quirós, Pedro Fernández 1986 Descubrimiento de las regiones austriales (ed Roberto Ferrando) (Crónicas de América 25) Madrid: Historia 16 — 1617 Terra Australis incognita, or a new Southerne Discoverie, containing a Fifth part of the World (tr Iohn Hodgett) London Rabasa, José 1993 Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrismo Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press Rabling, Harold 1965 The Story of the Pacific: Explorers of the Earth’s Mightiest Ocean New York: Norton Richardson, William A R 1998 ‘Enigmatic Indian Ocean Coastlines on Early Maps and Charts’ In: The Globe: 21-41 — 1995a ‘A Critique of Spanish and Portuguese Claims to Have Discovered Australia – 1’ In: Investigator 120: 83-107 — 1995b ‘A Critique of Spanish and Portuguese Claims to Have Discovered Australia – 2’ In: Investigator 121: 131-47 — 1982 ‘Jave-la-Grande: A Case of Cartographic Confusion.’ In: The Geographical Magazine 54.11 (November): 615-22 Sanz, Carlos 1973 Australia: su descubrimiento y denominación Madrid: Dirección General de Relaciones Culturales Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro c.1998 Historia de los Incas Madrid: Miraguano/Polifemo Schilder, Günter 1976 Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia (tr Olaf Richter) Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Seed, Patricia 1995 Ceremonies of Possession In Europe’s Conquest of the New World 1492-1640 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Shirley, Rodney 1983 The Mapping of the World: Early Printed Maps 1472-1700 London: Holland Press Skelton, R A 1958 Explorers’ Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery London: Routledge Smith, Bernard 1992 Imagining the Pacific: In the Wake of the Cook Voyages New Haven and London: Yale University Press Spate, Oskar H K 1979 The Pacific Since Magellan Vol I: The Spanish Lake Canberra: ANU Spriggs, Matthew 1997 The Island Melanesians Oxford, UK and Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell Stallybrass, Peter and Allon White 1999 ‘Bourgeois Hysteria and the Carnivalesque’… In: During (1999): 382-88 Stevens, Henry N and George F Barwick (eds) 1930 New Light on the Discovery of Australia as Revealed by the Journal of captain Don Diego de Prado y Tovar London: Stevens and Stiles Thomson, Basil 1901 “Introduction” In: Amherst and Thomson (1901) i-lxxxiii Thrower, Norman J W (ed.) 1984 Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 15771589 Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press Works Cited 133 Todorov, Tzvetan 1987 La Conquista de América: El problema del otro (tr Flora Botton Burlá) México, D F: Siglo XXI Tooley, Ronald V 1949 Maps and Map-Makers London: Batsford Turnbull, David 1996 ‘Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces’ In: Imago Mundi 48: 5-23 Turner, Victor 1982 ‘Introduction’ In Victor Turner (ed.) Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press: 11-30 Tyacke, Saran 2001 ‘Before Empire: The English World Picture in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’ London: Hakluyt Society Van der Krogt, Peter 1998 ‘The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum: The First Atlas?’ In: Van den Broeck, Van der Krogt and Meuren (1998): 55-78 Wallis, Helen 1984 ‘The Cartography of Drake’s Voyage’ In: Thrower (1984) 12163 ― (ed.) 1981 The Maps and Text of the Boke of Idrography presented by Jean Rotz to Henry VIII Now in The British Library Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, Oxford Waters, David W Lt Commander and Richard Boulind 1970 ‘Introduction’ In: Kraus (1970): 1-33 Welu, James A 1977 ‘Vermeer and Cartography.’ PhD Diss Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International White, Hayden 1987 The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press Whitfield, Peter 1994 The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps London: British Library Wilentz, Sean (ed.) 1985 Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics Since the Middle Ages Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press — 1985 ‘Introduction: Teufelsdröckh’s Dilemma: On Symbolism, Politics and History’ In: Wilentz (1985): 1-10 Woodward, David 1991 ‘Maps and the Rationalization of Geographic Space’ In: Jay A Leverson (ed.) Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration National Gallery of Art, Washington, New Haven and London: Yale University Press: 83-87 Wroth, Lawrence C 2000 The Early Cartography of the Pacific In: The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Vol 38 (Facsimile of Original) Mansfield Centre, CT: Marino Zaragoza, Justo 2000 Historia del descubrimiento de las regiones austriales hecho por el general Pedro Fernández de Quirós Madrid: Manuel G Hernández, 1876 vols Facsimile in one volume Madrid: Dove This page intentionally left blank Index A Concent of Scripture See Hugh Broughton Abreu, Antonio de, 32 Abyssinia, 47 Acapulco, 58 Acosta, José de, 24, 98 Adam, 92 Adventure, 42 Aegean, 26 Africa, 72, 98 Agnese, Battista, 75 Ahedo, Pedro de, 60 alcaldes ordinarios, 111 Alenỗon, Duke of, 62 Alexander VI, Pope, 71 Allen, Jim, 35 Allen, Oliver E., 37, 40 Almiranta, 35, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, See Todos los Santos Amazones, 98 America, figure of, 118 Americas, 25, 27, 59, 71, 79, 83, 88, 108, 109, 117 South America, 16, 22, 84, 108 South American Pacific coast, 36 Amherst of Hackney, Lord, 34, 38 Amsterdam, 84 Anatomy of Melancholy See Burton, Robert Anaximander of Miletus, 26 Antarctic Pole See South Pole Antarctica, 41 Antipodeans, 26 Arabs, 83 Argyre See Isles of Gold and Silver Arica See Peru Aristotle, 98 Armeebibliothek, Munich, 92 Asia, 25, 26, 41, 72, 76, 77, 95, 98 Atlantis, 98 Audiencia (High Court), 47 Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 19 Australasia, 24 Australia, 18, 24, 25, 36, 40, 42, 60, 62, 65, 77, 94, 124 Austrialia del Espíritu Santo See Vanuatu Badajoz, Congress of, 27, 77 Badger, Geoffrey, 61, 94 Baert, Annie, 106, 117 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 73 Barber, Peter, 96, 98 Barreto, Francisco, 47 Barreto, Isabel, 21, 22, 31, 32, 34, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 57, 65, 101 her brothers, 66 Barreto, Lorenzo, 50, 53 Barreto, Petronila de, 58 Barwick, George, 95 Batavia, 24 Baxos de la Candelaria, Island of, 117 Bay of Felipe and Santiago See Vanuatu, Bay of St Philip and St James Bay of St Philip and St James See Vanuatu Bayerische-Staatsbibliothek, 26 Beach See Isles of Gold and Silver Beaglehole, J C., 36, 63, 80, 92, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 116 Beatus of Liebana, 19, 26 Belmonte, Luis, 44, 113 Berger, John, 23, 70 Bible, 19, 20, 85 First Book of Kings (King James), 26 Genesis, Book of (King James), 25 Matthew, Book of (King James), 96 Psalm 72, 84 Revelation, Book of (King James), 118 136 Second Book of Chronicles, (King James), 27 Second Book of Paralipomemon (Septuagint), 27 Third Book of Kings (Vulgate), 26 Biblioteca Reale, Turin, 92 Big Bay, 41, See Vanuatu, Bay of St Philip and St James Bile Banara, 91 Black Sea, 26 Blaeu, Willem Jansz, 83 Boaistuau, Pierre, 96 Boorstin, Daniel, 32, 60, 74, 93 Bosch Barrett, Manuel, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 67 Bougainville, Louis de, 41, 60, 61, 64 Bouvet Island, 41 Bouvet, Lozier, 40, 41 Braudel, Fernand, 43, 123 Brazil, 71, 104 Breve Relacion de Mendaña, 105, 106, 116 Britain, 30 British Library, 26, 98 British Museum, 94, 95 Brosses, Charles de, 27 Broughton, Hugh, 84, 85 buccaneers, 24 Buena Vista, Island of, 116 Bull of Demarcation See Inter caetera Burghley, Lord Treasurer of England, 62 Burney, James, 41, 64, 65 Burton, Robert See Anatomy of Melancholy Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 119 Cabot, Sebastian, 20, 27, 74 Cadiz, 85 Callao See Peru Calvo, Manuel, 42 Cameron, Ian, 38, 65, 73, 80 Camoens, Luis de, 47 Cañete, Marquis of, See Hurtado de Mendoza, García Cape of Good Hope, 40, 62 Cape Verde Islands, 71 Index Capitana, 50, 51, See Los Reyes Caribbean islands, 117 Caribbean Sea, 85 Carlucci, April, 98 Carr, Edward H., 31, 60 carrera de las Indias, 85 Casa da Mina, 74 Casa de la Contratación, 73, 74, 126 Castile, 47 Castro, Fernando de, 57, 66 Castro, Garcia de, 33 Castro, Mariana de, 51, 52, 66 Castro, Teresa de, 48 Castrovirreyna, 49 Cathay, 20, 27 Catholicism, 30 Catholic Church, 112 Catholic Europe, 30 Catholics, 83, 114 Catoira, 59, 107, 116, 117 Cavendish, John, 22 Cavendish, Thomas, 36 Cermeño, Pedro Bernal de, 35, 111 Certeau, Michel de, 23, 24, 28, 31, 60, 115, 118, 122, 125 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 73, 83 Chile, 60, 98 Christ, 92 Christendom, 26 Christian Knight See Maps Christian Middle Ages, 18, 19 Chryse and Argyre See Isles of Gold and Silver Cipango, 20, 27, 90 Clarke, John, 91 Classical era, 18 Clement VIII, Pope, 38 Clifford, James, 28, 96 Columbus, Christopher, 20, 27, 44, 63, 71, 72, 77, 97, 106, 107, 108, 115, 117 Commentary on the Apocalypse of Saint John, 19, 26, See Beatus of Liebana Congosto, 66 Conley, Tom, 24, 93 Consejo de Estado, 39, 80 Consejo de Indias, 38, 80 Index Constantinople, 72 Cook, Andrew, 60, 64, 65 Cook, James, 16, 17, 24, 36, 39, 41, 42, 62, 65, 81, 95 Corpus Christi, Feast of, 112, 113 Cortesão, Armando, 80, 92, 95 Corzo, Felipe, 51 Council of State, Spain, 39, 80 Council of the Indies, Spain, 38, 80 Covarrubias, Sebastián de, 28 Cresques, Abraham, 26 Cuzco, 121 Dalrymple, Alexander, 17, 21, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 61, 64, 65 Dampier, William, 32 Darien See Panama de Morga, Antonio, 64 De natura novi orbis, 98 Delamarre, Catherine, 45, 46 Delisle, Guillaume, 61 Demarcacion y Diuision de las Indias, 77 Dening, Greg, 65 Desceliers, Pierre, 76 Descripcion, 59, See also "Indies" Descubrimientos en los Mares del Sur, 32 Desliens, Nicolas, 76 Dido, 55 Drake, Sir Francis, 22, 27, 36, 62, 63, 84, 96, 103, 108, 109, 116 During, Simon, 28 Duyfken, 77 East Africa, 97 East India Company British, 62 Dutch, 40, 63 French Compagnie des Indes Orientales, 25, 60 Easter Island, 17 Edgerton, Samuel, 83, 96 Eighth Memorial See Quirós, Pedro Fernández de El Escorial, 48 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 62, 63, 96, 109 Eloth, 20 137 Endeavour, 41 Erasthones of Alexandria, 98 Española, Island of, 97 Espiritu Santo See Vanuatu Estensen, Miriam, 25, 62 Estupián, Luis, 39 Ezionber, 20 Fabian, Johannes, 91 Far East, 20 Fatu Hiva See Marquesas Islands, Magdalena Faussett, David, 26, 98 Fermosa (Taiwan), 90 Fernández Vázquez, Vicente, 66 Ferrando, Roberto, 57 Fiji, 24 Fijians, 63 Finé, Oronce, 75, 93 Foucault, Michel, 78, 123 Francis I, King of France, 94 Francis, Saint, 112 Franciscan Order, 34, 66, 105, 111, 112 Fuggers, the, 126 Gades See Cadiz Galapagos Islands, 33 Galicia, 47 Gallego, Hernán, 34, 59, 61, 95, 108 Gálvez, Fray Francisco de, 105 Ganges, 19, 25 García de Castro, Lope, 47, 48 García de Toreno, No, 73 Gastaldi, Giacomo, 75 Geertz, Clifford, 16 Gelolo, 20, 21 Gerritsz, Hessel, 40, 64 Gibraltar, 83 Giesey, Ralph E., 118 Gil, Juan, 63, 95 Gillies, John, 84, 88, 96, 97 God, 83, 84 Golden Khersonese See Isles of Gold and Silver González de Leza, Gaspar, 65, 104, 111 Gospel, 92 Gourmont, Jean de, 85 Index 138 Graves, Robert, 46, 50, 55, 57, 66 Greece, 26 Greek, 25 Green, Roger, 35 Greenblatt, Stephen, 101, 107, 114, 115 Greenwich Observatory, 65 Grijalva, Hernando de, 33 Grosz, Elizabeth, 116 Grynaeus, Simon, 93 Guadalcanal See Solomon Islands Guanahaní See San Salvador Guanomilla Queen of Amazones, 98 Gulliver, 32 Habsburgs Austrian Habsburgs, 35 Habsburg kings, 109 Hack, William, 95 Hahuachumbi and Ninachumbi, Islands of, 33 Hakluyt Society, 30, 34 Hakluyt, Richard, 20 Hall, Stuart, 91 Hamlet, 82 Hampden, John, 27 Hao, 41 Harkness collection, 66 Harley, Brian, 70, 91 Harrison, John, 65 Hawkins, Richard, 109 Hebdige, Dick, 91 Henri II, King of France, 118 Henri IV, King of France, 96 Hercules, Pillars of, 83 Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, 59, 64 Historia de los Ingas del Perú, 33 Hessel Gerritsz See Maps Hilder, Brett, 35 Hiram, 20 Histoire des Navigations Australes, 27 Historia de los Ingas del Perú See Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de Holy Ghost, 86 Holy Land, 96 Holy Roman Emperor, 73 Holy Sacrament, 112 Holy Spirit, 109 Holy Trinity, 112 Hondius family, 90 Hondius, Jodocus, 83, 84, 85, 96 Honiara See Solomon Islands Honiara Museum, 62 Hours, Book of, 56 Houyhnhmns, Land of, 32 Hurtado de Mendoza, García, 34, 48, 51, 60, 63, 107 Iapan, 98 Iberian expansions, 37 Iberian Peninsula, 83 Iberian-sponsored explorations, 22 In Somnium Scipionis See Macrobius India, 25, 89 Indian Ocean, 26, 42, 96, 98 Indians, 104, 110, 112 Indies, 24, 25, 27, 94 East Indies, 72 Portuguese, 47 indigenous cultures, 30 indigenous peoples, 42 Indonesia, 37 Indus, 19 Insula Regina Elizabetha, 84, 109 Inter caetera, 71 Ireland, 117 Isabel and Ferdinand, King & Queen of Spain, 93 Isabel and Ferdinand, King and Queen of Spain, 72 Isidore of Seville, St, 19, 26 Isla de Flores, 116 Island of Solomon See Isles of Gold and Silver Isles of Gold and Silver, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 48, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98 Isles of Unwisdom See Robert Graves Isles of Unwisdom, The, 46, 55 Iturbe, Juan de, 61, 107, 112 Jack-Hinton, Colin, 38, 76, 92, 95 Jansz, Willem, 77 Japan, 90 Java, 18, 77 Java Minor See Sumatra Java-la-Grande, 76, 94 Index Jefferson, Tony, 91 Jerome, St, 26 Jerusalem, 20, 27, 48, 83, 89 Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos, 33 John of God, 117 John of Mandeville, 20 Jordan, river, 106, 117 Keere, Peter van den, 83 Kelly, Celsus, 42, 45, 47, 61, 62, 63, 65, 79, 80, 95 King Solomon’s Mines, 97 Knights of the Holy Spirit, 109 Kondur, 18 Kraus Hans P., 116 Krogt, Peter van der, 86, 87, 96, 97 La Concepción, Convent of, 59 La Conversion de San Pablo See Hao La Coruña, 32 La Galera, Island of, 116 Labayen, Carlos de, 39 Lamb, Jonathan, 22, 30, 32, 37, 60, 62 Landín, Amancio, 32, 33, 60, 61 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 106 Le Maire, Jacob, 39, 40, 64, 77 Lefebvre, Henri, 15, 16, 24, 115, 119, 122 Leiva, Alonso de, 51 Lemos, Count of, 38 León, province of, 47 Lequeos Islands, 20, 90, 97 Lerma, Duke of, 38 Lessa, William, 27 Letters of Marque and Reprisal, 62 Levant Company, 62 Library of Congress, 66 Lima See Peru Loaísa, García Jofre de, 32 Locach See Isles of Gold and Silver London, 84 longitude, 42, 65 López de Velasco, Juan, 126 López Palacios Rubios, Juan, 116 Los Ladrones See Marianas Islands Los Reyes, 33, 34 Louis XIV, King of France, 118 Lucayos, 107 139 Macrobius, Ambrosius, 19 Madrid, 36, 38, 79 Magdalena, Island of See Marquesas Islands, 116 Magellan, Ferdinand, 16, 17, 18, 20, 32, 41, 42, 60, 62, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 92, 93, 97, 102, 103, 104, 116, 124 Magellanic route, 32 Magellan, Strait of, 73, 75, 76, 92, 94 Magellanic exploration, 39 Magi, 26 Magna Margarita, 107 Malaiur See Malaya Malaya, 32, 77, 89, 95 Maletur See Isles of Gold and Silver Malope, 52, 53 Mandeville, John of, 26 Manicolo, 80 Manila See Philippines Manila Galleon, 22 Manrique, Pedro Marino, 50, 51, 52, 53 mapmakers, 17, 18 Maps, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 43, 59, 61, 63 "Ramusio", 94 Agnese (1536), 75 America, 59 Americae sive Novi Orbis Nova Description, 95 Asia, 90 Australia 1541, 94 Beschryvinghe Van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien, 64 cartas de marear, 80 Catalan Atlas of 1375, 26 Christian Knight, 85 Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 87 Dauphin Map, 94 derroteros, 78 Desceliers, Pierre, 76 Diego Ribeiro, 73, 75, 78 Dieppe school, 76, 94 Dutch school, 83, 96 Epitome, 88 Finé's cordiform, 75 Fool's Cap Map, 85 Fra Mauro, 26 140 Francesco Rosselli, 72, 75 Francisco Monachus, 93 Giovanni Camocio, 75 Guillaume Delisle, 61 heart shaped world, 84 Hessel Gerritsz, 40 Hubert Jaillot, 64 Isolari, 73 Jean Rotz, 94 Kuntsmann IV, 92 López de Velasco, 59 manuscript maps, 26, 69, 77 mappamundi, 19, 21, 72 Maris Pacifici, 78, 90 Mercator, 77, 93 Nicolas Desliens, 76 Novus Orbis, 93 Ortelius’ atlas, 17, 25, 86, 90 Ortelius’ world, 59, 96 oval projection, 72 padrón general, 73, 74 Parergon, 88 Ptolemaic map, 98 Quirós' world map, 79 Robert Thorne, 20 Sanson world map, 64 Schöner's planiglobe, 93 Sebastian Münster, 94 Terra Australis, 17 Terrestrial Globe, 61 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 17, 25, 86, 88, 89, 90, 95 Typus Orbis Terrarum, 17, 25, 84, 85, 95 Venetian school world, 75 William Berry, 64 William Hack, 95 world, 23, 82 Mar del Sur, 93, See Pacific Ocean Mare Magellanicum, 93, See Pacific Ocean Marianas Islands, 92 Marin, Louis, 118 Mariñas, Governor of Philippines, 57 Markham, Sir Clements, 38, 40, 64 Marquesas Islands, 34, 51, 61, 107, 124, Magdalena, 51, 116, Nouka Hiva, 51, Index San Bernardo, 52 Marquis of Cañete See Hurtado de Mendoza, García Marx, Karl, 28, 95 masculinism, 30, 31 Mauro, Fra, 26 McIntyre, Kenneth, 40, 64, 77, 94 McKechnie, Paul, 25 Mediterranean Sea, 26, 98 Meinicke, 65 Mela See Pomponius Mela Melanesia, 34 Melanesians, 43, 63, 65 Memorial Xa (Ya) he dicho, 41 Mendaña Fishing Society, 42 Mendaña, Álvaro de, 17, 21, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 77, 79, 80, 83, 85, 91, 92, 95, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 113, 116, 124 Mendonỗa, Cristovóo de, 94 Mercator, Gerard, 25, 75, 77, 89, 93, 95, 98 Mercator, Rumold, 90 Mexico, 33, 58, 77 Middle Ages, 19, 26, 82, 83, 97, 123 Mignolo, Walter, 126 Mitchell, W J T., 23 Moabar, 20, 21 Moll, Herman, 95 Moluccan archipelago, 20, 24, 27, 33, 60, 71, 77, 98 Spice Islands, 20, 27, 60, 90 Molyneux, Emery, 61 Monachus, Francisco, 93 Monmonier, Mark, 71, 82 Monomotapa, 47 monsters, 26 Moran, Cardinal P F., 40 More, Sir Thomas, 32, 60 Mundus, Peccatum Caro, Diabolus and Mors, 86 Munich, 26, 92 Munilla, Fray Martín de, 110, 111, 112, 117 Muñoz, Juan Bautista, 41, 62 Münster, Sebastian, 76, 94 Index Narborough, 22 National Maritime Museum, 92 Navigation, 29 Ndeni See Santa Cruz Archipelago, 105 Nebenzahl, Kenneth, 72 Netherlands, 84 New Britain, 61 New Guinea, 21, 32, 33, 61, 65, 95, 98, 107, Papua New Guinea, 124 New Holland, 32, See also Australia New Jerusalem, 109, 110, 111, 117, 118 New World, 102, 114 New Zealand, 17, 18, 24, 36, 42, 65 Noah, 25 Nombre de Jesús, Island of, 106 Non plus ultra, 83 Noort, Olivier van, 36 Northern Hemisphere, 18 Norton, John, 89 Nouka Hiva See Marquesas Islands Nuestra Señora de Loreto, island of, 110 Nueva Albion, 109 Nueva España See Mexico Nueva Jerusalem, 106 O’Gorman, Edmund, 27 Oceania, 60 oikumene, 19 Oliva, Hernán Pérez de, 27 Ophir See Isles of Gold and Silver Order of the Holy Spirit, 112, 118 Orosco, Juan de, 92 Ortega, Pedro de, 33, 116 Ortelius, Abraham, 25, 59, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97 Orwell, George, 15 Otago Museum, 62 Oviedo, 94 Pacific, 22 Pacific Ocean Mar del Sur, 73, 76 Mar Pacifico, 73 Mare Magellanicum, 73, 75, 76 South Sea, 73 Padrón, Ricardo, 123 141 Paita See Peru Panama, 48, 73 Darien, 73 Papua See New Guinea Papua New Guinea See New Guinea Paris, 118 Parmenides, 26 Pedro the Taumako, 112 Peru, 16, 33, 36, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 66, 79, 97, 98, 106 Arica, 79 Callao, 21, 33, 34, 35, 61 City of Los Reyes, 60 Lima, 21, 47, 58, 95, 98 Paita, 79 Peter Martyr, 94 Philip II, King of Spain, 48, 85, 112, 121 Philip III, King of Spain, 38, 39, 58, 64 Philippines, 21, 32, 34, 47, 54, 56, 58, 61, 66, 71, 77, 92 Lequio, 90 Manila, 21, 34, 35, 45, 53, 56 Pigafetta, Antonio, 39, 73, 92 Pinochet, Oscar, 39, 118 Plato, 98 Pliny, 19, 26 Plus ultra, 83 Polo, Marco, 18, 25, 77, 89, 90, 95, 97, 98 Polynesians, 43, 65, 80 Pomponius Mela, 19, 26 Pope, the, 58 Prado y Tovar, Diego de, 27, 35, 44, 78, 107, 109, 110 Pratt, Mary, 91 printing press, 74 Protestants, 114 Ptolemy, Claudius, 26, 72, 87, 90, 92, 97, 98 Purchas, Samuel, 41, 64 Quechua, 33 Quir, de See Pedro Fernández de Quirós Quirós, Pedro Fernández de, 17, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 142 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 95, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 124 Eighth Memorial, 30, 39, 40, 41 Historia, 44 Treatise of Navigation, 79 Rabasa, José, 28 Ramos, Isla de, 116 Red Sea, 20, 26, 96 Reformers, Christian, 83 Regidores, 111 Regio Lucach See Isles of Gold and Silver Reinel, Pedro and Jorge, 92 Requerimiento, 103, 108, 112, 116 Resolution, 42 Reyes Católicos See Isabel and Ferdinand, King & Queen of Spain Ribeiro, Diego, 73, 75, 78, 92, 94 Rica de Oro and Rica de Plata See Isles of Gold and Silver Richardson, William, 40, 77, 94 Rio de Janeiro, 104 Roberts, Brian, 91 Rome, 79, 80 Roossingen, Jan Lodewycksz van, 77 Rosselli, Francesco, 72, 73, 75 Rotz, Jean, 94 Royal Society, 64 Ryukyu islands See Lequeos Islands Saavedra Cerón, Álvaro de, 33 Sallard, Bertrand, 45, 46 Salvador, river, 117 Samoa, 24 Samoans, 63 San Bernardo See Marquesas Islands San Cristobal See Solomon Islands San Dimas, Island of, 116 San Felipe, 51 San Felipe y Santiago, Bay of, 117 San Jerónimo, 34, 51 San Pedrico, 35 San Pedro y San Pablo, 35 San Salvador, 106 Index Santa Catalina, 51 Santa Clara, Convent of, 58 Santa Cruz Archipelago, 21, 34, 35, 61, 105, 106, 107 Santa Isabel, 49, 51 Santa Maria de la Victoria, Church of, 103 Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 33, 37, 47, 60, 61, 121 Schilder, Günter, 24, 76, 93, 94 Schouten, Willem, 64, 77 Seed, Patricia, 91, 92, 102, 103, 112, 115, 118 Semiramis, 55 Seville, 73, 103 Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference See John Gillies Sheba, Queen of, 47, 48, 56 Ships Adventure, 42 Almiranta, 33, 35, 51, 52,53, 54 Capitana, 33, 50, 51 Duyfken, 77 Endeavour, 41 Los Reyes, 33 Los Tres Reyes, 35 Resolution, 42 San Felipe, 51 San Jerónimo, 34, 51 San Pedrico, 35 San Pedro y San Pablo, 35 Santa Catalina, 51 Santa Isabel, 49, 51 Todos los Santos, 33 Victoria, 73, 125 Shirley, Rodney, 40, 90, 96, 98 Sierra Leone, 73 Simancas, Palace of, 41, 62, 78 Sind See Indus Skelton, R A., 81, 93, 95, 125 Sofala, 97 Solinus, 26 Solomon, 89 Solomon Islands, 17, 21, 34, 35, 36, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 61, 62, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81, 95, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 116, 124 Guadalcanal, 34, 48, 116 Honiara, 42 Index Malaita, 116 Pamua, 35 San Cristobal, 34, 53 San Marcos, 104 Santa Ysabel, 34, 42, 48, 80, 104, 106, 108 Solomon, Island called See Isles of Gold and Silver Solomon, King, 20, 27, 47, 48 Solomon, Temple of, 109 Sondur, 18 South Pole, 18, 117 South Sea See Pacific Ocean Southern Continent, 15, 17, 18, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 60, 65, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 98, 109 Antipodes, 24 Terra Australis, 15, 17, 19, 27, 29, 32, 33, 39, 75, 86, 93, 109 Southwest Passage, 20 Spanish Crown, 23, 80 Spanish Empire, 22 Spate, Oskar, 20, 27, 59, 76, 92, 95, 97, 125 Spice Islands See Moluccan archipelago Spriggs, Matthew, 61, 65 Stallybrass, Peter, 59 Stevens, Henry, 40 Stradanus, see Straet, Jan van der, 118 Straet, Jan van der, 118 Strait of Anian, 27 Sumario breve, 107 Sumatra, 95 Tahiti, 24, 42 Taiwan, 90 Taming of the Shrew, 57 Tamu, 19, 25 Taproban, 20 Tarshish See Isles of Gold and Silver Tartessus See Cadiz Tasman, Abel, 17, 24, 64 Tasmania, 17, 24 Taumako, 61, 80, 107, 112 Te Deum laudamus, 51, 105, 108 Terra de Quirós See Vanuatu 143 Terre Australe du Saint Esprit See Vanuatu Terrestrial Paradise, 19 Theatre du Monde, Le, 96 Thevenot, 64 Thomson, Basil, 34, 36, 43, 61, 63 Thorne, Robert, 20, 21, 27 Tierra del Fuego, 41, 76, 77, 109 Todorov, Tzvetan, 116, 117 Todos los Santos, 33 Toledo, Francisco de, 48 Tooley, 39 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 71 Torquemada, J de, 41, 64, 65 Torre, Hernando de la, 73 Torres Strait, 21, 27 Torres, Luis Vaez de, 21, 27, 35, 36, 41, 44, 59, 62, 64, 65, 77, 107, 111, 124 Torrid Zone, 19 Toscanelli, Pietro, 72 Treatise of Navigation See Quirós Tropics, 18 True Cross, 38 Tuamotu Archipelago, 24, 124 Tumai, 80 Tupac Yupanqui, 97 Turin, 92 Turnbull, David, 74, 93 Turner, Victor, 101 Unfortunate Islands, 76 utopias, 60 Utopias More's Utopia, 32 Valentijn, 64 Valladolid, 78 vanitas, 23, 83, 96 Vanuatu, 17, 21, 40, 41, 86, 106, 109, 124 Austral Region of the Holy Ghost, 117 Austrialia del Espíritu Santo, 17, 35, 40, 41, 86, 109 Bay of St Philip and St James, 17, 65 Espiritu Santo, 17, 21, 35, 41, 42, 106 144 Terra de Quirós, 39 Terre Australe du Saint Esprit, 39 Vega, Lope de, 51, 66 Velasco, López de, 59, 77, 78 Venice, 72 Venus, 105 Vera Cruz, Port of, 117 Vespucci, Amerigo, 118 Vexilla Regis, 105 Victoria, 73, 125 Vinci, Leonardo da, 96 Virgin of Candelaria, 117 Vitruvian Man, 96 Voisin, Lancelot du, 24 Wallis, Helen, 27, 63, 94, 109 Index Welsers, the, 126 Welu, J A., 96 White, Allon, 59 White, Hayden, 59 Whitehall, Palace of, 96 Whitfield, Peter, 25, 63, 69, 72, 75, 85, 86, 90, 97, 98 Woodward, David, 91 World as a stage, 23, 71 World War II, 92 World, partition of, 71 Wroth, Lawrence, 19, 30, 32, 59, 60, 61, 92, 93, 94 Zaragoza, Justo, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 67 Zenobia, 55 ... famous of medieval apocryphal travellers, John of Mandeville, suggested that the islands of silver and gold could be found next to Taproban In fact, two distinct wealthy and mythical islands are... journey of 1526 was likewise directed to encounter the islands of Ophir and Tarshish, the search for which is amalgamated with that of Cathay, Cipango and the Spice Islands.16 The goal of Cabot’s... narratives, maps and rituals, which are central to the idea of producing the Pacific This process, which originates in the representation of exploration in written narratives, is also embedded in maps and