S AT E L L I T E R E M O T E S E N S I N G F O R ARC H A E O L O G Y This handbook is the first comprehensive overview of the field of satellite remote sensing for archaeology and of how it can be applied to ongoing archaelogical fieldwork projects across the globe It provides a survey of the history and development of the field, connecting satellite remote sensing, archaeological method and theory, cultural resource management, and environmental studies With a focus on the practical use of satellite remote sensing, Sarah H Parcak evaluates satellite imagery types and remote sensing analysis techniques specific to the discovery, preservation, and management of archaeological sites Case studies from Asia, Central America, and the Middle East are explored, including Xi’an, China, Angkor Wat, Cambodia, and Egypt’s floodplains In-field surveying techniques particular to satellite remote sensing are emphasized, providing strategies for recording ancient features on the ground as observed from space The book also discusses broader issues relating to archaeological remote sensing ethics, looting prevention, and archaeological site preservation New sensing research is included and illustrated with the inclusion of over 160 satellite images of ancient sites With a companion website with further resources and colour images, Satellite Remote Sensing for Archaeology will provide anyone interested in scientific applications to uncovering past archaeological landscapes with a foundation for future research and study Sarah H Parcak, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA and Director of the University’s Laboratory of Global Health Observation She directs the Middle Egypt Survey Project, and is co-Director of the Survey and Excavation Projects in Egypt SAT ELL I TE R E M O TE SEN SI NG F O R ARC H A E O L O G Y Sarah H Parcak First published 2009 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2009 Sarah H Parcak All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Parcak, Sarah H Satellite remote sensing for archeaology/Sarah H Parcak p cm Archaeology–Remote sensing Imaging systems in archaeology Remote-sensing images Archaeology–Fieldwork Excavations (Archaeology) Historic sites–Conservation and restoration Antiquities–Collection and preservation Archaeology–Methodology Archaeology–Moral and ethical aspects 10 Archaeologists–Professional ethics I Title CC76.4.P37 2009 930.10285–dc22 2008040045 ISBN 0-203-88146-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-44877-8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-44878-6 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-88146-X (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-44877-2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-44878-9 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-88146-0 (ebk) FOR GR AM PY AN D G REG (WHO FIN ALLY M EET) C ON T E N T S List of illustrations List of tables Preface Acknowledgements x xv xvi xviii Introduction A history of satellite remote sensing for archaeology Overview 13 1900s–1930s 14 1940s–1960s 18 1970s 20 1980s 23 1990s 28 2000 onwards 31 13 Satellite image types Overview 41 Google Earth™ 43 NASA World Wind 51 Corona High Resolution Space Photography/KH-7/KH-9 52 KVR-1000 58 Landsat 58 SPOT 65 ASTER 67 SRTM 70 High resolution imagery: Quickbird and IKONOS 72 RADAR (SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C, X-SAR) 73 LIDAR 76 Other airborne sensors: RADARSAT, airborne thermal radiometry 78 Data quality 79 41 vii C ON T EN T S Processing techniques and imagery analysis Overview 81 Imagery processing programs 84 Integrating satellite images and aerial photographs and visual interpretation 85 Georeferencing 88 Band combinations 91 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 92 Classification 94 Thresholding 97 Principal Components Analysis 97 Land Use Land Cover Changes 99 DEM techniques 100 Hyperspectral studies 101 Filtering 102 RADAR/LIDAR analysis techniques 104 GIS and remote sensing 106 Combined techniques 109 Towards automated archaeological site detection? 110 81 Landscape approaches and project design Overview 113 Landscape types 117 Feature types 131 How much can satellites detect? 144 113 Case studies Overview 147 The Peten, Guatemala 147 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 151 Xi’an, China 155 Ubar, Oman 158 Homs, Syria 160 The Delta and Middle Egypt 165 Conclusion 170 147 Remote sensing and survey Overview 173 Recording sheet overview 192 Example recording sheet 201 Conclusion 202 173 viii C ON T EN T S Conservation, heritage management, and the ethics of remote sensing for archaeology Overview 205 Conservation and heritage management 208 Ethics 220 205 Conclusion 233 Bibliography Index 243 275 ix B IB LIOGRAPH Y Trelogan, J.M.C and Carter, J (2002) “Monitoring the ancient countryside: remote sensing and GIS at the Chora of Chersonesos (Crimea, Ukraine),” in B Warmbein (ed.) 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Proceedings of the Conference Space Applications for Heritage Conservation, Strasbourg: European Space Agency Zubrow, E (2007) “Remote sensing, fractals, and cultural landscapes: an ethnographic prolegomenon using U2 imagery,” in J Wiseman and F El-Baz (eds) Remote Sensing in Archaeology, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology book series, New York: Springer Zubrow, E., Allen, K and Green, S (1990) Interpreting Space: The Use of GIS in Archaeology, London: Taylor and Francis Zurawski, B (1993) “Low altitude aerial photography in archaeological fieldwork: the case of Nubia,” Archaeologia Polona, 31: 243–56 274 INDEX Page references followed by f indicate a figurative illustration, t indicates a table American Institute of Archaeology 32 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 221, 223, 231 Americas, the 17, 18, 234 see also individual sites AmericaView program 34 Amu Darya River 98 Andes 62, 226 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 10, 31, 61, 147, 151–4, 152f, 153f, 154f, 186; Greater Angkor Project (GAP) 153 animal habitats 236 Antarctica 78 anthropology 13, 176, 233 Antiquity 5, 15 Apollo program 22 Aquila, Italy 102 ArcGIS 109, 192, 196 Archaeologia 14 Archaeological Institute of America 205, 231 Archaeological Prospection Archaeology 32 architectural features, identifying 198 ArcView 56, 192 Arenal region, Costa Rica 135, 136f Argon 19; KH-5 53, 54t Argotte-Espino and Chavez 134 Arkansas River valley, USA 66 Arlington National Cemetery 141f Armenia 34 Arpi, Italy 93 Arroux River Valley, France 66, 96 ARVI 92 Ashur, Iraq 98 Asia 118 ASOR 32 Abusir pyramid fields 165 Acropolis, Athens 115f, 213 “active” satellites 43 Adams and Wood 25 Adams et al 25 Aerial Archaeology 21 aerial photography 3, 7, 13–39, 46, 49f, 57, 62, 77, 82t, 87, 94, 96, 110, 113, 114t, 128, 135, 152, 162, 175, 203, 206, 208, 213, 215, 218, 236, 239 Aerial Reconnaissance Archives, Edinburgh Afghanistan 137f, 217, 231, 239 Africa 47, 118, 234; fires 2002 51 Agache, R 19 Agra 209 Agredos Valley, Italy 69 agriculture 139–40 aircraft, 41, 77, 105, 153, 162, 236; ultralights 77, 239 see also balloons; helicopters; kites; parachutes Airphoto 56, 90 AIRSAR, 78, 79, 149, 152, 153, 154 Akasheh, T.S 11, 208 Alabama, 55f, 103f, 107f Alamo, the Texas 37f Alcock and Cherry 173 Alexandria 5, 127, 140, 170 Alizadeh and Ur 162 Alizadeh et al 160 Allan and Richards 24 alluvial plains 128–29, 203 al-Raqqua, Syria 161 Altai Mountains, Siberia 56 Altaweel, M 69, 99 Amazon Basin 118 Ambracian Gulf, Greece 138 275 IN DEX Bertocci et al 207 Bevan and Conolly 108 Bewley, M 34 Bewley and Musson 31 Bewley and Raczkowski Bewley et al 77 Bezori et al 34 Bhattacharya, A 138 Bietak, M 166 Binford, L 14 Bintliff and Snodgrass Birecik Dam 161 Birnbacher and Koudelka 219 Blakely and Horton 173 Blank, J.E 21 Blom, R.G 31, 39 Blom et al 66, 109, 160 Bloxam and Storemyr 137 Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah National Park 23, 24f Blumberg 75 Blumberg et al 75 Boehler et al 143 Bogdanos, M 217 Bohemia 34 Bolten et al 165 Boni, G 14 Boston, Massachusetts 35f Bourgeois and Marc Bradford, J.S.P 18 Brand, P 165 Brewer et al 31, 167 Brittany, France 77, 127 Brivio et al 129 Bronze Age 79, 100, 108 Brophy and Cowley Brunner, U 161 Bubenzer and Bolten 68, 123, 165, 199 Bubenzer and Riemer 165 Buettner-Januch, J 18 Bugayevskiy and Snyder 90 burial mounds 56 Burma 231 Butzer, K 130, 166 ASTER 41, 42t, 43, 67–70, 67t, 68f, 69f, 76, 82t, 83, 85, 86, 91, 98, 99, 100, 110, 114t 117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130, 137, 138, 141, 146, 148f, 162, 164, 165, 166, 236; techniques for processing 82t Aswan 170; high dam 26, 212 ATM (Airborne Thematic Mapper) 87, 126 Auburn University, Alabama 103f Aufrecht, W.E 173 Australia 34, 152 Austria 87 automated archaeological site detection 110–11 AVHRR 93 AVIRIS 101 Babylon, Iraq 4f Badea et al 140 Bailey et al 96 Bajos 149–51 Balaji et al 134 Ballard, R 11 balloons 13, 39 Bamiyan Buddhas, Afghanistan 126, 137f, 217 band combinations 91–2 Banks, E.P 32 Banning, E.B 160 Barasino and Helly 96 Barbeau Creek Rock Shelter, North Carolina 18 Barcelo et al Barlindhaug et al 213 Barta and Bruna 165 Barta et al 165 Bavarian State War Archives 15 Beazeley, G.A 15 Beck, A 50 Becker, H 82 Becker and Fassbinder 81, 82 Beck et al 139, 164 Behrens and Sever 8, 31 Beidha, Jordon 79 Belgium 31 Belize 24, 86f, 119, 150 Belvedere et al 106 Ben-Dor, E 132 Ben-Dor et al 79 Beredes (Stubbs and McKees) 107 Berry, J 208 CAA 32 Cagayun River, Philippines 102f Cahokia Mounds, Illinois 17f Cairo, Egypt 104, 108, 165, 229 Calakmul Bioshere reserve, Mexico 93 Cambridge, Massachusetts 121 276 IN DEX Camden, W 17 Campana, S 98, 173 Campana and Forte 8, 33, 115 Campana and Francovich 203 Campana and Frezza 229 Campana et al 34, 126 Campbell, K.M 23 Canada, Space Agency 78 canals 86, 91, 99, 105f, 109–10, 116, 119, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 176, 177, 198, 202, 228, 236, 237 Candelaria, Mexico 119 Canopic Channel 140 Cantral, R.D 20 Capper, J.E 14 Carnac, Brittany 76 Carnegie Institution of Washington 17 Carr and Turner 31, 96 Carter, H 155 Cashman, J 167 CASI 103, 126, 146 Castleford, J 106 CATA 126 catacombs, Alexandria Caton-Thompson, G 15 Celone Valley, Italy 21, 22f Central America 17, 20, 33, 45, 96, 103, 118, 148, 150, 151, 154, 184, 187, 189, 211, 228 see also individual sites see also individual sites Cerasetti and Massimo 212 ceremonial 143–4 Chaco Canyon, New Mexico 2f, 17, 30; Chetro Ketl 20, 21f; Poverty Point 27 Challenger mission 74 Challis, K 77, 106 Challis and Howard 77 Challis et al 77, 161 Changlin and Ning 93 Chapman, H Chapoulie et al 210 Chevallier et al 20 China 32–3, 33f, 34f, 55, 92, 93f, 97f, 133, 152, 211 see also individual sites Chittick, N 211 Chlodnicki et al 167 Christian Science Monitor 15 Clapp, N 158 Clark et al 65 classification 94–6, 118t, 120, 123, 141, 199 Cleave, R.W.L 27 climate change 162, 234, 241 Cline, E 227 clouds 36, 38, 67, 69, 187 coastal areas 126–7 Cold War 19, 54, 55 Cole et al 12 Coleman et al 11 combined techniques 109–10 Comer, D 78 Comer and Blom 78, 105 Comfort, A 57, 91, 162, 212 Comfort and Ergec 162 Comfort et al 162 commercialisation 228 Conant, F 31 Condit, H.H 20 Connah and Jones 34 Conolly and Lake Conroy et al 50 conservation and heritage management 11, 208–20 Conyers, L 81 Cooper, F 30 Cooper et al 96 Core, P 98 coring 145f, 190 Corinthia 87 Corona 19, 72, 86, 88, 89f, 90, 98, 99, 100f, 109, 110, 114t, 126, 128, 130, 133, 139, 140, 161, 162, 164, 166, 168, 201, 212; KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4, KH-4A, KH-4B 53t, 87, 54; KH-4B 56; KH-7/KH-9 41, 42t, 51–7, 53t, 56f; “strips” 54f; techniques for processing 82t COSMOS 57 Costa Rica 27, 30, 78, 135, 136f costs 36, 38, 42t, 52, 53t, 56, 57, 64, 66, 71, 76, 77, 78, 87, 164–5, 204, 238 Coutellier and Stanley 166 Couzy, A 234 Cox, C 31, 60, 128 Craig and Aldenderfer 65 Crashaw, A 18 Crawford, O.G.S 15 Crawford and Keillor 17 Crimea 99, 139 Croatia, North 98f crop marks 16–17, 22f, 48, 49f, 76, 121, 123, 129, 132, 140, 171f, 175, 182–3, 183f, 197, 198f, 211 277 IN DEX Earlybird 135 Earth Resources Technologies (ERTs) 22 Easter Island 3, 142, 143f Ebert, J.I 21 Ebert and Gutierrez 23 Ebert and Lyons 86 Ebert et al 21, 23 Economist, The 241 ecotourism 207, 213 Ecuador 100 Edeine, B 18 education, role of 206, 213, 218, 219–20, 240, 241 Edwards, A 166 Edwards and Partridge 21 Egypt 22, 34, 55, 66f, 68 76f, 86, 87, 96, 99, 130, 132, 137, 139, 145f, 146, 147, 160, 214–15, 225; Egyptian Antiquities Information Service (EAIS) 167; Egyptian Exploration Society, Delta Survey 167; Middle Egypt 26f, 38, 87, 96, 99, 130, 145f, 146, 165–71, 167f, 168f, 169f, 171f, 175f, 176, 177f, 178f, 179, 180, 181f, 182f, 185f, 192, 193f, 201f, 216f, 225; Supreme Council for Antiquities (SCA) 167, 177, 182, 186, 220f see also individual sites Eichhorn et al 123 Eisenbeiss and Zhang 38 Eisenbeiss et al 38 Elachi, C 75 el-Ashmunein 168, 169f El-Baz, F 25–6, 39, 215 El-Baz et al 104 El-Etr et al 22 El-Gamily et al 215 El-Ghandour, M 167 El-Nino 51 El-Raey et al 215 El-Rakaiby et al 22 El-Salvador 34 Ellis Island, New York City 23f Emberling, G 162 Empereur, J Endeavor shuttle 75 Engelbach, R 15, 16 ENVI 84, 85 ENVISAT 75 EO-Hyperion 33 ; EO-1 Hyperion 91 EOS 53 ERDAS 84, 85 “Culture 2000-European Landscapes” project, English Heritage 32 Cumbria, UK 30 Custer et al 27, 96 dams 26, 55, 129, 135, 161, 212 Danebury, UK 65 Darnell, J 215 data: published 195, 230, 232; quality 78–9; sharing 230 date of visit, importance of 194 Davenport, G C 234 Davidson and Shackley 170 Davis, J.L 29 Dayalan, D 210 Deegan and Foard 34 De Laet et al 110 Delaware, USA 27, 96 Delta sites, Egypt 16, 49, 50f 56, 71, 75, 96, 130, 147, 165–72, 174f, 195f, 215; East Delta 50f, 66f, 87f, 89f, 129, 146, 166, 167, 170, 183f, 188f, 189f, 191f, 192, 237; northeast Delta 6f, 10, 92, 142, 188; West Delta 140f De Maeyer et al 218 Dengfeng and Dengrong 87 Deo and Joglekar 31 Deroin and Verger 213 Deroin et al 138 desert 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 61f, 62f, 68, 75, 94, 98, 121–3, 124f, 165, 183, 213, 215 ; desertification 12, 93, 208, 212 detection, amount of satellite 144–6 Deuel, L digital elevation models (DEMS), 56, 65, 67, 68, 70, 103, 137, 139, 165, 234 Digital Globe 72, 164, 236, 239 digital photographs 38, 194, 200 Dingwall et al 213 Discovery Channel 241 Dolphin et al 82 Doneus, M 34, 87, 213 Doneus and Briese 106, 213 Donoghue and Galiastagos 58 Donoghue and Shennan 27 Donoghue et al 55, 164 Dorsett et al 27, 109 Drager, D.L 23 Dubois, J.M.M 31 278 IN DEX Germany 31, 75, 209; Space Agency 75 Giddy and Jeffreys 82, 166 Gillion, D.A 20 GIS 3, 8, 28–9, 32, 33, 36, 38, 46, 51, 57, 69, 96, 100, 176, 208, 213, 218, 221, 230, 233, 234, 236; compared to remote sensing 106–9, 107f, 117, 130, 136, 137, 144, 149, 234; imagery processing 84, 85 Given et al 173 Giza Pyramids, Egypt 11f, 47f, 205 GLIS 53 globalization 204, 205, 232 global warming 130, 131, 190, 204, 205, 208, 211, 213, 218 Glueck, N 15, 183 Gobi desert, Mongolia 75 Gokhale and Bapat 71, 100 Godja, M 34 Going, C 18 Golconda Fort, Hyderabad 134 Goodman et al 81 Google Earth 7, 7f, 41, 42t, 44–50, 56, 80, 88, 125, 129, 132, 166, 186, 205–6, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 242; comparison with World Wind 51; Pro 46, 47 Goossens and Van Ranst 96, 215 Goossens et al., 56, 57 GORS 32 Gould, R GPR 81, 83 GPS 4, 56, 77, 95, 128, 164, 171f, 184, 186, 190, 192, 195 197, 199, 230, 234 grassland 123–4 Great Wall of China, 97f, 205 Greece 1, 66, 92, 96, 160 see also individual sites Green, N E 18 Gregoire 95 Gron, O 211 Gron et al 73 ground surveys 6, 8, 11 Gumerman and Lyons 20 Gumerman and Neely 21 Gumerman and Schaber 20 Gunn et al 211 Gupta et al 106 Guy, M 31, 65 ER Mapper (Earth Mapper) 84, Ernenwein and Kvamme 81 EROS Data Center 53 ERS-1 75 ERS-2 75, 103 Etaya et al 104 ETH 32 ethics 220–32; code of ethics 221, 230 ; legal considerations 223 Europe 1, 18, 27, 33, 96, 120, 139, 213, 218, 234 see also individual sites European Space Agency 27 Evans and Farr 71, 100 Evans et al 3, 79, 186 Failmezger, V 80 Falk, O 15 Far East 18 Farley et al 66 Fassbinder and Hetu 34 feature types 131 Fedick and Ford 25 Fedick et al 25 Feng Shui 143 Ferrarese et al 100 Fiennes, R 31 filtering 102–3, 118t, 121, 140, 160 Fisher and Fisher 158 Fletcher and Evans 152, 153 Folan et al 25 Foley, B 11 forests 105 121, 203; deforestation 109, 211, 234, see also rainforests Forte, M 94, 106 Fort Resolution, New Zealand 108 Fowler, M 53, 58, 62, 73, 91, 96, 142 Fowler and Curtis 58 Fowler and Darling 75 Fowler and Fowler 53 Fowler et al 34 France 22, 33, 34, see also SPOT Franco, L 126 French, C 170 Frihy et al 215 frozen/glaciated areas 130; frostmarks 140 Garbuzov, G.P 98 Ganzin and Mulama 93 Gemini 25 Geomatica 85 geophysics 3, 8, 81, georeferencing 56–7, 72, 76, 82t, 87, 88–90, 89f, 164 GeoTIFF 71 Hadjimitsis et al 218 Hadrian’s Wall, northern England 7f 279 IN DEX Hafner and Rai 47 Hagerman and Bennet 100 Hailey, T.I 38 Hakobyan and Palmer 34 Halkon, P 34 Hamilton, D Hamlin, C.L 22 Handwerk, B 205, 241 Hardy, D.D 23 Harp, E.J 19, 21 Harrower, M 139 Hassan, F.A 166 helicopters 38 Helly et al 96 Herbich, T 81, 165 Herodotus 209 Herrera et al 117 Hieropolis, Turkey 103 Hijazi and Qudah 65 hilly areas 125 Hirata et al 113 Hisar, Turkey 110 Hixson, D.R 117 Hoffman, M.A 23, 73 Hohokam culture 109 Holcomb, D 75, 218 Holcomb and Shingiray 75 Holden et al 77 Holladay, J.S 113 Holley et al 17 Holmul River, Guatemala 228 Holocene landscapes 165 Homs, Syria 10 147, 160–3, 161f, 163f Hritz and Wilkinson 160 Huadong and Changlin 32 Huadong et al 32, 33 Hungary 31 Hunt and Lipo 3, 143 Hurcom and Harrison 92 hype 227 hyperspectral images: definition 43; studies 101–2 infrared photography (IR) 18–21, 23, 36, 43, 59t, 61, 64, 65, 118, 135, 140, 157, 164; near-infrared (NIR) 36, short wave (SWIR) 67t, 69,; thermal (TIR) 60t, 67; visible and near (VNIR) 67, 68, 78, 99 InSAR 70 installation 138 Iraq 15, 45, 69, 160, 217, 219, 231 see also individual sites Iron Age 209, 213; Celtic 96; Iron-Age-Age-Early Hellenistic periods 72 IRS 134; IRS-1C 31 Ishwaran and Stone 219 Ismu al-Arus, Egypt 216f Israel 34, 53, 79, 223 Italy 32, 33, 34, 93, 100; Space Agency 69, 74 see also individual sites Itanos, Greece 103, 126 Iure Vetere, Italy 93 Idelu Lagoon, Egypt 140 IKONOS 31, 41, 42t, 59, 69, 72, 73, 88, 99, 103, 110, 114t, 117, 121, 123, 124, 133, 135, 140, 143, 149, 150, 157, 162, 164, 203, 209, 210, 218, 227, 228, 236, 238; techniques for processing 82t imagery processing 84–5 India 16, 31, 46, 100, 160; Southeast 210f Kamei and Nakagoshi 133 Kardulias, L.P.N 173 Karnak Temple, Egypt 207f Karnieli et al 123 Kelong et al 156 Kelsey, F 166 Kemp, B 166, 168, 176 Kemp and Garfi 165, 225 Jacob et al 192 James, J 152 Japan 217 JARIC-National Image Exploitation Centre, Brampton 18 Jeffreys, D 165 Jeffreys and Tavares 165 Jennings and Craig 100 Jenson, J 6, 58, 91, 94, 95 JERS-1 75 Jerusalem 16f Jiangsu province, China 101 Johnson, A 90, 236 Johnson, J.K 8, 106 Johnson and Platt 17 Jokha, Iraq 217f Jomard, E.F 166 Jordan 34, 78, 183; Transjordan 15 Jorde and Bertram 21 Journal of Field Archaeology JSTOR 230 280 IN DEX 228; MSS 96, 109, 215; pseudocolor 151f, 153f, 158f, 163f; techniques for processing 82t; TM 92, 96, 103, 108, 109, 121, 123, 149, 158, 161, 228 Languedoc, France 100 Lanyard 19; KH-6 53, 54t Lasaponara and Masini 94 laser scanning 3, 108 Lasithi, Greece 92 Lawrence et al 215 legal considerations 223 Leithia, Austria 105 Leksand, Dalecarlia, Sweden 27 Lemmens et al 34 Lenney et al 215 Lepsius, K 168 Leucci, G 81 Leviah Enclosure, Israel 78 Lewis and Clark 90 Libya 24, 25f, 27, 109, 170 LIDAR 27, 35, 41, 76–7, 103, 104, 105–6, 105f, 114, 119, 121, 126, 134, 140, 146, 154, 209, 213, 236, 239 Li et al 33, 111 Lillesand et al 5, 18, 59, 90, 91, 97, 98, 103 Lima, Peru 71f Limp, W 28, 61, 106, 109, 170 Lindbergh, C 17, 149 linking 134–6 Little Colorado River, Arizona 20 Liu et al 32 looting 11, 45, 48, 151, 156, 165, 184, 186, 204, 206, 211, 215, 217f, 221, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 237, 239, 240f Lorenzo, H 81 Lorralde 29 Loughcrew, Ireland 77 Lunden, B 27 Luxor 16, 49, 75, 165, 209f, 225 Lynott and Wylie 223 Lyons et al 21 Kennedy, A 15 Kennedy, D 15, 34, 56 Kennedy et al 35 Kenyon, J.L Kessler, D 165 Kharga Oasis 15, 29f, 199f Khawaga, M 22 KH imagery see Argon; Corona; Lanyard Khirbet Iskander, Jordan 108 Kidder, C 17 Kidder and Saucier 30, 144 Kill Site, Montana 235f kites 13, 38, 39 Kligman, D.M 206 Knapp, A.B 116, 173 Knisely-Marpole, R 39 Kom el-Ahmar, Egypt 201f Kouchoukos, N 93 Krishnamoorthy et al 210 Kruckman, L 234 Kumatsu et al 100 Kuwait 217 Kvamme, K.L 81, 82 KVR-1000 42t, 58, 91, 143, 161 Kyoto Accord 218 Ladefoged et al 108 Lagan River, Norway 97 Lake Dalmaj, Iraq 130 Lake Nasser 26 Lake Peten Itza, Guatemala 45f, 46f, 68f, 69f, 95f Lake Qatina, Syria 161 Lambers et al 108 Lambert, D.P 135 Lambin et al 123 land reclamation 26f Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, USA 223 landscape types 114t, 117, 131, 118t, 190 land use land cover changes (LUCC) 99 Landis, K 90 Landsat program 21–4, 23f, 25f, 27, 28f, 30f, 31, 38f, 41, 42t, 45f, 46f, 47, 51, 52, 55, 58–63, 59f, 60t, 66, 80, 82f, 82t, 83, 86f, 88, 90, 91f, 92, 93f, 95f, 97, 98f, 99, 100, 104, 114t, 119, 120, 123, 124f, 125, 126, 127f, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145f, 146, 148f, 149f, 150, 152f, 155, 159f, 160, 161f, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169f, 190, 201, 210f, 212, 213, 214f; ETM 60, McAdams, R 160 McCauley et al 75 McGovern, P 30 McHugh et al 27, 75, 122 McKinley, A.C 17 McManus et al 87 Machu Picchu, Peru, 101f, 205 macro-landscape studies Madagascar 66 281 IN DEX mortuary 141–2, Moshier and El-Kalani 88 Mosul, Iraq 99 Moundville, Alabama 237f Mt Ararat, Turkey 227f Mt Desert Island, Maine 61f Mt Katahdin, Maine 125f Mt Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand 104f mountainous landscapes 125 Moussa, A 22 Mughan Steppes, Iran 162 Multispec 90 multispectral imagery, uses of 51 Mumford, G 57, 166, 225 Mumford and Parcak 62, 97, 133, 199 Mumford et al 165 Murghab River Delta region, Turkmenistan 212 MVIS 93 Myers, J.W 28 Madry and Crumley 29, 66, 96 magnetometry 81, 83 mali 123 Mallorca, Spain 61, 90 Mansourah, Egypt 100f Manuas, Brazil 94f mapping, 8, 21, 27, 53, 149, 236 Marcolongo and Bonacossi 81 Marcolongo et al 69 Martinez-Navarrete, M.I 138 Martini and Souza 211 Masini and Lasaponara 94 Master and Woldai 162 material culture 5, 8, 9, 10, 36, 98, 101, 125, 137, 157, 162, 164, 168, 170, 173, 180, 186, 187, 190, 194, 200–1, 202, 226, 232, 236 Mathys, T 53 Mayan sites, Guatemala 3, 107, 135, 147–8, 150, 189, 197, 234 Meats, C 81 Meats and Tite 81 media attention 31 Medinet Habu, Luxor 9f Mendes, Egypt 63, 64f, 142, 237 Menze et al 72, 139 Merola et al 93 Merv, Turkmenistan 219f Mesopotamia 129, 130, 160 micro-landscape studies 8, 188 microwave imagery 20 Middle East 15, 18, 33, 53, 71, 96, 139, 147, 160, 161, 162, 165, 191, 194, 212, 231 military photographs, role of 14–15, 18, 19, 46, 54, 55 Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota 82f mining 62, 137 Minoan period 92 Mindell, D 11 MIVIS 102 MODIS 51, 80 Mohenjodaro, Pakistan 133f Moore, E 152 Moore and Freeman 152 Moore et al 154 Mongolia 100, 124 Monte Issi, Italy 93 Mont St Michel 213, 214f Montufu, A., 96 Morozova, G.S 130 Morton Fen, Lincolnshire UK 27, 28f Napoleonic Survey of Egypt 166 NASA 13, 20, 26–7, 32, 50, 67, 69f, 78, 152; “blue earth” 51; JLP 74, 99, 158; Space Act Agreement 148 see also Landsat; World Wind Nashef, K 217 National Defense Authorization Act 223 National Geographic 26, 205, 219, 241 natural disasters 208, Near East 160, 164 Negev 15 Neolithic period 27, 160, 161, 212 “New Archaeology” 14 New Orleans, USA 105f, 208, 241 New Scientist 29, 31 Niknami, K.A 136 Nile, 75, 122, 130, 146, 166, 168, 170, 212, 215 Ninevah, Iraq 98 Nippur, Iraq 130 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 92–3, 97, 108, 118t, 123, 124, 126, 127, 138, 164 North Korea 231 North Pole, aurora 51 Norway 73, 134, 211 NSF 26 Okayasu et al 124 Okin et al 102, 123 282 IN DEX principal components analysis (PCA) 97–9, 101, 118t, 127, 128, 138, 141, 151, 164, 167, 170 Purana Qila, Hyderabad 134 Pursell, C 241 Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 234, 235f OMIS 101; OMIS2 156 Orton, C 173 Ostia Antiqua 14 Ostir and Nuninger 100 Ostir et al 93 Owen, G 38 Ozarks 28 Qingjiu and Jianqiu 101 quarries 137, Quickbird 29f, 33, 36, 37f, 38, 41, 42t, 48, 58, 64f, 71–3, 74f, 80, 83, 88, 93, 98, 99, 103f, 110, 114t, 117, 121, 123, 126, 127f, 131, 132, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 149, 157, 162, 164, 165, 168, 171f, 190, 194, 198, 201f, 203, 210, 228, 236, 238 paleohydrology 100 Palestine 15, 27, 160 palm desk accessory (PDA) 192, 204, 223 Palmer, R 21, 31, 62, 126, 218 parachutes 38 Parcak, S 16, 33f, 55, 72, 87, 92, 96, 99, 121, 129, 130, 132, 133, 145f, 167f, 168, 169f, 170, 171f, 174f, 177f, 178f, 179f, 181f, 182f, 185f, 188f, 189f, 191f, 193f, 196f, 201f, 215, 216f, 220f, 225 Parker et al 123 Parry, J 30, 62 Parssinen et al 63, 119 Parrington, M 24 “passive” satellites 43 Pavlish, L 82, 174f Pavlish et al 82 PCI Geomatica 84 Peacock, D 215 Peebles, C.S Persia 160 Peru 17, 91f, 226 Peten, Guatemala 10, 103, 147–51, 149f, 151f see also Lake Peten; Mayan sites Peter, N 218 Peterman, G L 108 Petra, Jordan 15, 78, 126, 208 Philip et al 161 Piovan et al 100 Piro and Capanna 173 Plain of Jars, Laos 73 Poidebard, O.G.S 15 Pompeii, Italy 14, 238f population increase 11, 55, 183 Pottier, C 153 Posnansky 25 Pouls et al 20 Powesland, D 77 Powesland et al 126 Poverty Point, USA 144, 145f Rabeil et al 106 radar 24–5, 31, 43, 73, 75, 82t see also GPR; Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; SIR-A; SIR-B; SIR-C; X-SIR RADAR 27, 31, 82t, 85, 104, 119, 129, 130, 135, 152, 160 see also SAR; SIR- A; SIR-B; SIR-C; X-SIR RADARSAT 75, 78 104, 123, 130, 133, 138 radiocarbon dating 135, 234 rainfall 92, 117, 128 rainforests, 45, 117–18, 148,; Brazil 119f Rajamanickam et al 106 Ramasamy et al 210 Rapp, G 22, 86 Rapp and Hill 170 Rawson, J 155 recording sheets 192 193f; example 201–2 Rees, L.W.B 15, 16 Reindel, M 144 religion 142 Renfrew and Bahn 210 reservoirs 138 resistivity 51, 77, 81, 83 resource management 138, 139, 206, 236; cultural resource management 33, 79, 174 Ricchetti, E 103, 108 Richardson and Hritz, 130 Riley, D 7, 34 Rio Grande, Peru 144 Risbol et al 134 River Foss, North Yorkshire 76 River Ouse, North Yorkshire 77 rivers 8, 29f, 44, 65, 100, 129, 212; “radar rivers” 27, 75, 122 see also individual sites River Trent, English Midlands 77 River Witham, Lincolnshire 77 283 IN DEX Rizzo et al 82 Roberts, A 124 Robinson, C 123 Romano and Schoenbruan 125 Roman period 34, 123, 173, 188, 205, 237, ; field divisions 61, 68; roads 34, 58 Rome 1, 160; Forum 2f; Colosseum 120f Roosevelt, A.C 81 Rossi and Ikram 38 Roughley et al 77 Rowlands and Sarris 126 Rowlands et al 103 rural areas 121; transition urban/rural areas 121 Russia 58, 98, 108, 226 Sheets and Sever 30, 31, 79, 96, 135 Sheets and Wiseman 27 Shell, C 77, 140, 198 Shell and Roughley 77 shell mounds 101, 102f sherd scatters, 116, 181f, 201f Sherrat, A.G 72, 139 Showater, P 63, 110 Shupeng, C 211 Shuren, L 211 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 41, 42t, 70, 71f, 100, 101, 107, 114t, 121, 123, 125, 127, 128, 135, 137, 139, 140, 150–1, 160; techniques for processing 82t Siberia 131f Silk Road 122 Sinai 76, 97, 186, 187; North Sinai lagoon system 88f Sintubin et al 63 SIR-A 27 31, 41, 42t, 73, 75, 76f, 158 SIR-B 27, 41, 42t, 73, 158 SIR-C 41, 42t, 70, 73, 75, 104, 114t, 119, 122, 129, 152, 153, 158, 160; techniques for processing 82t site: defining a site 116, 118t height 198–9; names 195; ownership 197; shape 197 size 198; types 114t Sittler and Schellberg 139 Snow, E 22 Society for American Archaeology (SAA) 32, 205, 223, 226, 230, 231 Soetens et al 144 Soghor, C 63 soils 5, 68, 69, 74, 97, 105, 170, 191 Som, N 106, 133 Sonneman et al 152 Soreide, F 11 South America 33, 78 see also individual sites Southeast Asia 151, 187, 241 Southern California, 38f Soviet Union 18 Space Imaging (GeoEye) 73 space technologies, development of 18–19, 22, 26, 32, 33, 69, 74, 77 see also Corona; Landsat; NASA Spain, 61, 78 Spencer, J 168 Spin-2 83 SPOT 22, 31, 41, 42t, 47, 65, 65t, 66f, 82t, 84, 85, 86, 91, 92, 98, 100, 103, 104, Sagalassens, Turkey 63 Sahara 27 Said, R 166 St Joseph, J.K.S 7, 19 Salt River, Arizona 109 San Bartolo 147–9 San Born Company 208 Sanmenxia Reservoir 32, 34f SAR 41, 66, 70, 78, 83, 85, 100, 103, 104, 109, 119, 122, 138, 142, 150, 210, 236 Sarris, A 81 Sarris and Jones 81 Sarris et al 81, 92, 138 Saturno et al 3, 117, 147–9, 150, 189 SAVI 92 Saving Antiquities for Everyone (SAFE) 228 Schiffer, M 170 Schipper, F 165 Schmidt, A Schmidt and Karnieli 92 Scientific American 241 Scollar, I 8, 19 Scollar et al Scotland 62, 213 sea, sites 11 seasonality 49, 87, 92, 113, 157, 188–9 settlements 131–4 Sever, T 20, 26, 27, 39, 149, 150, 187 Sever and Irwin 228 Sever and Wagner 31, 96 Sever and Wiseman 27 Shang Dynasty 109 Sharpe, P.H 14 Sheets, P 27, 30, 39, 135 284 IN DEX theft see looting Thematic Mapper simulators 30 see also ATM thermal imagery 3, 42t, 43, 59t, 60, 93, 117, 130, 142, 197; thermal inertia 87, 156 see also ASTER; Landsat ETM; Landsat TM; RADARSAT Thomas, B 158 Thompson, H 20 3D 43 46, 48 51, 56, 67, 70, 77, 100, 115, 125, 135, 152, 157, 199, 236 thresholding 97, 118t Tieszen et al 93 TIFF images 47 Tikal, Guatemala 148f, 150f timing 11, 194 Timor, G 108 Timothy Dwight College, Yale University 48f TIMS 27, 30, 35, 135, 149 TIROS 19 Tongwangcheng, China 93 topography, 46, 100 Toprak, V 126 TOPSAR 152 tourism 213–14; ecotourism 207, 213 transitory/fringe areas 136–8 Traviglia, A 102 Trelogan, J 99 Trelogan et al 139 Trinity College, Cambridge 49f Tuna el-Gebel, Middle Egypt 143, 144f Tundra 130 Turkey 63, 91, 160, 161 Tuscany 98, 203, 204 Tykot, R.H 31 109, 110, 114t, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 146, 161, 166, 190, 208, 212, 213, 215; techniques for processing 82t Stafford et al 98, 138 STAR-3-DEM 228 START 33 Steadman, S 170 Stein, A 15 Stein and Cullen 138 Stern and Salam 75 Stewart, D 108 Stichelbaut, B 14 Stine and Decker 106 Stone, E 219, 228 Stonehenge, UK 14, 15f, 58, 62, 63f, 96 Stubbs and McKees 107, 108 Sudan 212 Sultan et al 215 Summers, G 39 Supajanya, T 139 Survey and excavation Projects, Egypt (SEPE) 166 Switzerland 32, 217 Sykes, L 122 Symanzik et al 106 Syria 27, 32, 34, 55, 86–7 see also individual sites Taj Mahal, India 205, 206f, 209 Takwa, Kenya 212f Tamil Nadu, India 210f Tan et al 32 Tang Mausoleum, China 143 Tanis, Egypt 189, 198f Tannehill, Alabama 107f Tartaglia, L.G 21 Tartaron, T.F 39 Taylor, P 227 Tehuacan Valley, Mexico 21 Tell ed-Da’ba, Egypt 183f Tell-el-Amarna, Egypt 10, 16, 38, 74f 132, 147, 166, 168, 225f Tell Ras Budran, South Sinai 49, 50 Tell Sariri, Delta 129f Tell Sharufa, Egypt 189f Tell Sheikh Masara, Egypt 171f, 201 Tell Tebilla, Egypt 6f, 57, 59f 166, 225 Thailand 30, 46, 62, 237 Thakker, P.S 132 Thakran, R.C 16 Ubar, Oman 10, 31, 147, 158–60, 159f UK 18, 21, 23, 27, 30, 34, 61, 76, 106, 139, see also individual sites Umma, Iraq 240f Umm el-Qaab, Egypt 200 UNESCO 27, 32, 156, 210, 212, 218, 219 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 90 Ur, J 55, 87 urban development 11, 215, 225 ; transition urban/rural areas 121, 183; urban surveying 179f Urban STAR-3 149 Ureturituri Pa, New Zealand 108 USA 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 34, 46, 51, 52, 70, 90, 96, 120, 223, 229, 233, 237; 285 IN DEX Williams et al 81, 108 Williamson, R.A 229 Williamson, T 207 Williamson and Warren-Findley 144 Williamson et al 135 Willey, G.R 25, 118 Wilson, C 187 Wilson, D.R Winterbottom and Dawson 62 Wiseman, J 26, 28, 32, 39 Wiseman and El-Baz 8, 22 Wiseman and Zachos 66 Witten, A.J World Archaeology Conference 231 World Monument Fund 139, 152 World War I 14 World War II 18, 212 World Wind 7, 37f, 41, 42t, 51 88, 127, 129, 132, 224 Wynn, J.C 81 DoD 79, 105, 217, 231; Native American focus 23 see also individual sites and organizations USAID 218, 226 USGS 52, 55, 56f, 70 Usumacinta River, Mexico/Guatemala 107 Utah, USA 135 Utzi 131 Vale of Pickering, UK 77 Valley of the Kings, Egypt 142, 208, 209f Van Andel, T.H Van den Brink, E 166, 215 Vanua Levu, Fiji 127f vegetation, types of 174 see also normalized difference vegetation index Venice 14 Verhoven and Loenders 39 Vercoutter, J 34 Vermuelen, F 137 Vietnam War 73 Vining and Wiseman 138 virtual reality 3, 114 see also 3D Xi’an, China 10, 147, 155–8, 155f, 157f, 158f Xiaohu, Z 101, 156 XiXi shell mound, Philippines 101, 102f X-SAR 41, 70, 73, 75, 94f, 114t, 153; techniques for processing 82t Xucutaco-Hueitapalan, Mexico 103 war 217 see also World War Wari Empire, Peru 100 Washington, DC 14f waterlogged areas 128 water management strategies 34 water sources 8, 59, 62, 122, 123, 199, Watson, R.A 21 Weis, H 34 Weller, E 150, 151 Welzenbach, M 158 Wendorf, F 27 Wendorf et al 27, 199 Western Desert, Egypt 25, 75, 104, 122, 123, 124f, 165, 213 Western Karakum Desert, Central Asia 98 Western Peloponnesus, Greece 30f Wheeler, M 15 White Sands Proving Ground 19f Wiegend, T 15 Wilkinson, T.J 3, 139, 160, 162, 166 Wilkinson et al 139, 160, 164 Yakam-Simen et al 103 Yaxha 150 Yellow River plain, China 66, 109 Yemen 137, 161 Yoshimura et al 165 Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico 93, Yugsi et al 100 Yuqing et al 97 Zhang and Wu 34 Zhouyuan, China 92 Ziebart et al 218 Zimbabwe 15, 231f Zubrow, E Zubrow et al Zurawski, B 34 286 ... Sarah H Satellite remote sensing for archeaology/Sarah H Parcak p cm Archaeology Remote sensing Imaging systems in archaeology Remote- sensing images Archaeology Fieldwork Excavations (Archaeology) ... promotes non-destructive archaeology, while appropriate training augments the optimum application of satellite remote sensing in archaeology Describing how satellite remote sensing is different from... the remote sensing textbook Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (Lillesand et al 2004) For additional information regarding obtaining satellite imagery and learning more about remote sensing,