Grammar Review-English 9 I .TENSES BE Simple present : S + am / is / are Present progressive : S + am / is / are + being Simple past : S + was / were Past progressive : S + was / were +being Present perfect : S + have / has +been Present perfect progressive : S + have / has +been +being Past perfect : S + had +been Simple future : S + will / shall +be Near future : S + am / is / are + going to +be Note: Các hình thức tiếp diễn của <be> chỉ sử dụng làm động từ trợ. Ordinary verbs Tense ACTIVE PASSIVE PHRASES OF TIME Simple present S + V/Vs-es +(o) S + don’t/doesn’t +V(O) Do/does + S+V (O)? S + am / is / are + PP Always,often,usually,sometimes Seldom,never,frequently,every, today ,Chân lý,thói quen,trạng thái ở hiện tại Present progessive S + am / is / are + V-ing+ (O) S+ am / is / are + being + PP Now,at present,presently,currently,at the moment,sự phàn nàn,kế hoạch ở TL gần Simple past S + V-ed / V2 + (O) S + didn’t + V + (O) Did + S + V + (O) ? S + was /were + PP Yesterday,last,ago,this morning,in the past,,this morning Past progressive S + was / were +V-ing + (O) S + was / were + being + PP At this time,at that time,at 7.00 yesterday…,all(day,yesterday ,last month,last year ),from(Monday)to (Sunday),the whole of(yesterday), between…and… Present perfect S + have / has + PP+ (O) S + haven’t / hasn’t + PP… Have / has + S + PP .? S + have / has + been + PP… Just,already,recently,lately,ever/nev er…before, Yet,since,for,until now,till now,up to/till now,by far,so far…hậu quả, số lần ,số lượng công việc,câu bắt đầu bằng : It’s the first /second / third time…. Present perfect progressive S + have / has been + V-ing +(O) S + have / has + been + being + PP Since ,for all the time,up to / till now… Past perfect S + had + PP + (O) S + had + been + PP After,As soon as +Past perfect…. Before,when,by the time,until +S+ V(simple past), S+ V(past perfect… Simple future S + will / shall + V + (O) S + won’t / shan’t +V + (O) S + will / shall + be + PP Tomorrow,next,soon,tonight,in the future,lời đề nghị ,lời hứa ,sự đe Will / Shall + S+ V +(O) ? doạ,sẳn lòng làm gì,nghề,, Near future S + am / is / are + going to + V+ (O) S+ am / is / are + going to + be + PP Prediction(dự đoán)Prior plan(kế hoạch đã được dự định) Cấu trúc của thì <Near future> không được dùng cho những động từ di chuyển như : go, come…(dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn thay thế) Ex: I’m going to the movies tonight. → I’m coming to her house tonight Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses: Hear , believe , be, own, need, like, forget, see, understand, exist, posses, want, love, remember, know, belong , prefer , hate. II. Passive: S + V + O S + Be + PP + …by O Be :cùng thì ,cùng thể với động từ chính ở câu tác động *Some special cases (Một số trường hợp đặc biệt ) (cần học thuộc) I .Imperative sentences: (Thể ra lệnh) Form: V + Object + … → Let + O + be + PP… Eg : Pay the money here → Let the money be paid here 2. Causative form : (câu truyền khiến) Form: S + have + O1(sb) + V + O2(sth) S + get + O1(sb) + to-V + O2(sth) → S + have / get + O2 + PP….+ by O1 Eg : I had him cut my hair yesterday I got him to cut my hair yesterday → I had / got my hair cut yesterday. 3 . Verbs of perception : (động từ chỉ tri giác ,sự nhận thức ) Form : S + V(see,listen,watch,smell,notice) + O + V / V-ing S + be + PP + to-V / V-ing Be : cùng thì với động từ tri giác Eg: I saw her come in/coming in . → She was seen to come in . → She was seen coming in. 4. Verbs of opinion (động từ chỉ quan điểm,ý kiến) S + say / think / believe / report + (that) + S + V + O……. S1 + V1+ (that) + S2 + V2 + O…… → It + V1(passive) + (that) + clause……………… → S2 + V1(passive) + to + V2(infinitive) +……… → S2 + V2(passive) + to have + PP Eg: 1. People say that he is rich → It is said that he is rich → He is said to be rich 2 . People said that he was ill → It was said that he was ill → He was said to have been ill 5 . Need / want + to –V → S + need / want + V-ing / to- be + PP Eg: People need to plant the trees → The trees need painting / to be painted. 6. S + make + O + V S + make + O + V… → S + be + made + to –V… Be :cùng thì ,cùng thể với make Eg : They made him work hard → He was made to work hard. 7 . Modal verbs : can, must, should… S + Modal verb + V + O S + Modal verb + be + PP III.WISH 1. A wish about future : S + would + V Eg: I won’t go to Da Lat → I wish I would go to Da Lat 2. A wish about the present : S + V (past subjunctive) Eg: She isn’t at the seaside now → She wishes she was /were at the seaside now. 3. A wish about the past : S + V(past perfect) Eg: I didn’t go to the movies yesterday evening → I wish I had gone to the movie yesterday evening IV. Reported speech 1. Imperatives a. Affirmative imperatives: V +……. → S + asked / told (O) + to + V +… Eg: <Lend me the book>.She asked him. → She asked him to lend her the book. b. Negative imperatives: Don’t + V +……… → S + asked / told + (O) + not to + V…… < Don’t wait for me > .He told me. → He told me not to wait for him. 2 .Statements: S + said ( to) / told + (O) + that + S + V(lùi về quá khứ 1 thì) < We will see you at the seaside >.They said. → They said (that) they would see me at the seaside 3. Yes-no questions: S + asked(O) + if / whether + S + V(lùi về quá khứ 1 thì) She asked me <:<Are you hungry? > → She asked me if /whether I was hungry 4. Wh-questions: S + asked (O) + Wh-word + S + V(lùi về quá khứ 1 thì) Eg: < Where does she live ? >.He asked me. → He asked me where she lived. *Changes in tense Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple Present progressive Past progressive Past simple Past simple /Past perfect Past progressive Past progressive /Past perfect progressive Present perfect Past perfect Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive Past perfect Past perfect Simple future S+Would +V Must Must / Had to+V Time,Place,demonstrative Direct speech Reported speech Time Now Today Tonight Tomorrow Yesterday Last night… Next + tg Ago The day before yesterday Then / immediately That day That night The next / the following day The day before / the previous day The night before / the previous night The following + tg Before Two days before Place Here There Demonstrative This These that those V. Relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ) 1. Relative pronouns :Who ,Whom,Which,That,Whose 2 . Defining clauses (Mệnh đề xác định) 3. Non-defining clauses (Mệnh đề không xác định) Defining and non- defining Defining Subject People Things Who Which That That Object People Things Who / Whom Which That / Ø That / Ø Possessive People Things Whose Whose / of which Whose Whose /of which • Defining clause: Cung cấp thông tin giúp xác định đúng người hay vật được nói đến. Đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi. • Non-defining relative clause: Cung cấp thông tin phụ ,không cần nó mệnh đề chính vẫn đủ nghĩa.Cách mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.Không bỏ đại từ quan hệ .That không dùng trong loại mệnh đề nầy. V. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs : 1. Absolute :(So sánh bằng) Form: …. as + adj / adv + as ……not as / so + adj / adv + as Eg : My sister is as intelligent as me My house isn’t as big as hers. 2. Comparative :(So sánh hơn) a. Short adj/adv Form: Adj / Adv + er + than…. They work harder than me. b. Long Adj / Adv Form : More + Adj / Adv + than… Eg : This book is more interesting than my old one. *Các tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng -y,-ow,-er,-et ,-le thành lập so sánh hơn như tính từ một vần. 3. Superlative :(so sánh nhất) a. Short Adj / Adv : Form: The +Adj / Adv + est…. Eg:The Han is the longest river in DaNang. b. Long Adj / Adv: Form: The + most +Adj / Adv……… Eg : Huong river is the most beautiful in Viet Nam. * Các tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng -y,-ow,-er,-et ,-le thành lập so sánh nhất như tính từ một vần. • Some special cases :(Các trường hợp bất quy tắc) ADJ /ADV Comparative Superlative Good/well Better The best Bad/badly Worse The worst Many/much More The most Little Less The least Old Older/elder The oldest/eldest Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest . cấp thông tin giúp xác định đúng người hay vật được nói đến. Đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi. • Non-defining relative clause: Cung cấp thông. There Demonstrative This These that those V. Relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ) 1. Relative pronouns :Who ,Whom,Which,That,Whose 2 . Defining clauses (Mệnh