Bản tóm tắt chương trình ngữ pháp anh văn lớp 12

Cho dù bạn có ý kiến gì đi nữa thì ngữ pháp vẫn là một phần không thể thiếu trong từng câu bạn nói, nghe, đọc và viết. Ngữ pháp đơn giản là qui luật từ vựng mà người sử dụng ngôn ngữ tuân theo. Chúng ta đều cần những qui



Bản tóm tắt chương trình ngữ

pháp anh văn lớp 12

BÀI MỞ ĐẦU

VERB VERB

Động từ được dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ Để phân biệt các loại động loại động tư

từ (kinds of verbs), chúng ta hãy quan sát sơ đồ dưới đây:

thường (ordinary verb)

(1) Động từ đặc biệt

(1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có:

- He is working hard this month (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

- The house was built five years ago (thể thụ động)

- He has learned English for two years (thì hiện tại hoàn thành)

- Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn)

- She does not like coffee (thể phủ định)

* Động từ khiếm khuyết

* Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau

- We must study hard

- He can play the piano

Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt

Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt là khi đổi sang thể phủ định ta chỉ cần thêm NOTNOTNOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động từ đó

ra đầu câu

- He is not working hard this month

- Is he working hard this month ?

- He has not found his book

- Have you seen her yet ?

- She cannot swim

- Should we go there ?

(2) Động

(2) Động từ thường từ thường từ thường gồm có :

* Động từ có qui tắc

* Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn (simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm ––––EDEDED vào sau động từ đó

- I openedopenedopened the door this morning (simple past )

- I have openedopenedopened the door (past participle)

* Động từ bất qui tắc

* Động từ bất qui tắc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (xem cột

2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng

- He wentwentwent to the cinema last night (simple past )

- He has gone gone gone out (past participle)

Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm

Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm là khi đổi sang thể phủ định và nghi vấn ta phải dùng động từ trợ “to do” Ta thêm NOTNOTNOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ định và đưa động từ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn

- He did not go to the pub last night

- Did he go to the cinema last night ?

- I do not like tea

- Do you enjoy classical music ?

- She does not know the answer

- Does he understand the lesson ?

* Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ

- He does does does his homework (động từ thường)

- He doesdoesdoes not understand the lesson (động từ trợ)

Bài 1

Bài 1:::: CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ

(THE USE OF TENSES)

(THE USE OF TENSES)

Thì biểu thị thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng động từ Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì,

ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây :

working You ( You ( You (We / They) are workin

are workingggg

- IIII (You / We / They) have worked have worked have worked

- He He He (She / It) has has has worked

worked

- IIII (You / We / They) have been have been working

They) worked worked worked

- IIII (He / She / It) was working was working

- You You You (We / They) were working were working

- IIII (You / He / She /

It / We / They) had had had worked

worked

- IIII (We) shall have shall have been

been working working working

- You You You (He / She / It / They) will have will have been working

been working

* 1

* 1 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT

VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (PresentPresentPresent ContinuousContinuousContinuous)

* Thì Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian nói chung là thời gian

mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day every day ), mỗi tuần (every week every week ), mỗi tháng (every every month ), mỗi năm (every year every year ), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autu every spring / summer / autu every spring / summer / autumn mn / winter)… / winter)… / winter)…

- He goesgoesgoes to school every day

- Mrs Brown travelstravelstravels every summer

* Thì Present ContinuousPresent ContinuousPresent Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (aaaa current current activity

activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this now/ at present/ at this mom mom moment ent),

hôm nay (today today ), tuần này (this week this week ), năm nay (this year this year)…

- We are learningare learningare learning English now

- Mary is playingis playingis playing the piano at the moment

Hãy so sánh

Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day.every day.every day

- I’m working in a bakery this week.this week.this week

* CHÚ Ý :

* CHÚ Ý :

(1) + Thì Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giácđộng từ chỉ tri giácđộng từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception) như : feel, see, hearfeel, see, hearfeel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng tháiđộng từ chỉ trạng tháiđộng từ chỉ trạng thái như : know,know,know, understand, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…

mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…

+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present với động từ : be,: be,: be, appear, appear, belong, have to…

belong, have to…

+ Thì Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất lậptrạng từ chỉ tần suất lậptrạng từ chỉ tần suất lập đi lập lạiđi lập lạiđi lập lại (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, galways, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, galways, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, enerally, rarely, never…

rarely, never…

- That child needsneedsneeds care

- This book belongsbelongsbelongs to me

- He never comescomescomes late

+ Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple PresentSimple PresentSimple Present để chỉ một chân lýmột chân lýmột chân lý hay một sự thật hiển một sự thật hiển nhiên

nhiên (a general truth)

- The sun risesrisesrises in the east

- Nothing isisis more precious than independence and freedom

(2) Thì Present ContinuousPresent ContinuousPresent Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành động ở mộthành động ở mộthành động ở một tương lai gầntương lai gầntương lai gần (a near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next tomorrow, next week, next month, next

week, next month, next year, next summer…year, next summer…year, next summer…

Exercise I :

Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense.

tense

1/ I (have) coffee for breakfast every day

2/ My brother (work) in a shoe store this summer

3/ The student (look) _ up that new word now

4/ She (go) to school every day

6/ Miss Helen (read) _ a newspaper now

7/ It (rain) very much in the summer It (rain) _ now 8/ Bad students never (work) hard

9/ He generally (sing) in English, but today he (sing)

in Spanish

10/ We seldom (eat) before 6.30

11/ She sometimes (buy) _ vegetables at his market

12/ Be quiet The baby (sleep)

13/ We always (do) _ our exercises carefully

14/ Look A man (run) _ after the train He (want) _ to catch it

15/ It (be) very cold now

16/ John (travel) to England tomorrow

17/ I (need) some money for my textbooks

18/ Tom (like) to go to the museums

19/ Mary (love) ice-cream

20/ My mother (cook) _ some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the mornings

21/ I often (leave) the city at weekends

22/ The guests (watch) the TV programmes now

23/ I (see) _ you (wear) _ your best clothes

24/ The sun (set) _ in the west

25/ My friend (study) English for an hour every night

26/ Listen I (hear) _ someone knocking at the front door

27/ I (do) an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now

28/ Honesty (be) the best policy

29/ The earth (goes) round the sun

30/ Two and two (make) four

* 2

* 2 SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECTTHÌ PRESENT PERFECTTHÌ PRESENT PERFECT

VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PAST

* Thì PresentPresentPresent perfect perfect perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại

* Thì Simple PastSimple PastSimple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với hiện tại

+ CHÚ

+ CHÚ Ý :Ý :Ý :

(1) Thì Present PerfectPresent PerfectPresent Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now: up to now: up to now, up toup toup to the presentthe presentthe present,

so far

so far (cho tới nay), not … yetnot … yetnot … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, everfor, since, everfor, since, ever (đã từng), never, several never, several times

times (nhiều lần), justjustjust (vừa), recentlyrecentlyrecently (vừa mới), latelylatelylately (mới đây)

- HaveHaveHave you ever seenever seenever seen a tiger ?

- The train has not arrivedhas not arrivedhas not arrived yet

- We have livedhave livedhave lived here for 6 years

- The bell has just rung.has just rung.has just rung

(2) * Thì Simple PastSimple PastSimple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác định như : yesterdayyesterdayyesterday, the day before yestthe day before yestthe day before yesterdayerdayerday, last weeklast weeklast week, last month,last month,last month, last yearlast yearlast year, last last summer

summer, agoagoago

- We camecamecame here a month ago

- He wentwentwent to the cinema yesterday

* Thì Simple PastSimple PastSimple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy

ra trong quá khứ

- He closedclosedclosed all the windows, lockedlockedlocked the doors and then wentwentwent out

Exercise II :

Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1/ We (never watch) that TV programme

2/ We (wacth) a good programme on TV last night

3/ He (read) that novel many times before

4/ He (read) that novel again during my last vacation

5/ I (have) a little trouble with my car last week

6/ However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then

7/ I (not see) John for a long time I (see) him 3 weeks ago

8/ The school bell (ring) We must go now

9/ I (meet) Mary last night She (become) a very big girl

10/ He is very thirsty He (not drink) since this morning

11/ It is very hot Summer (come)

12/ They (study) at this school for 7 years now

13/ They (begin) to study at this school 7 years ago

14/ Since when (you know) _ her ?

15/ How long ago (he start) to learn French ?

16/ She (lose) her handbag on the train yesterday morning

17/ My mother (be) in hospital for a long time and she cannot go home yet

18/ His dog (just run) out of the garden

19/ Mr Brown (travel) by air several times in the past

20/ He (travel) _ to Mexico by air last summer

* 3

* 3 SO SÁNH THÌ THÌ PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT VÀ VÀ

THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfectPresent perfectPresent perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của một

tình trạng ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ

không rõ thời điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại

+ Thì PresentPresentPresent Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để

chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại

- I have been waiting forforfor two hours, but she has not come yet

- He has been living here sincesincesince 1975

- We have been working in the garden allallall morning

+ Thì Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie,lie,lie, wait, sit, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

- They have been learning English since 1995

- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages

5/ Although John (study) at the University for 5 years, he (not get) his degree yet

6/ Jack (go) to Switzerland for a holiday He (never, be) there

7/ We (live) here for the last six months, and (just, decide) to move

8/ That book ( lie) on the table for weeks You (not read) _ it yet ?

9/ He (not be) _ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) since then

10/ He (lose) _ his books He (look) for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) _ yet

11/ She (work) _ so hard this week that she (not have) _ time to go to the cinema

12/ Your hair is wet (You swim) for a long time ?

13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) cars for six years 14/ You look very tired (You work) very hard ?

15/ The phone (ring) for 2 minutes, but I (not answer)

it yet

Exercise IV :

Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses

1/ I (be) sorry I (forget) that fellow’s name already 2/ Jack (look) forward to his vacation next June

3/ I (have) no trouble with my english lessons up to now

4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) _ in New York for 2 months

5/ Michael (work) 38 hours a week

6/ At present, that author (write) _ a novel

7/ George (do) good work in this class so far

8/ The weather( generally, get) hot in July

9/ You must wake her up She (sleep) soundly for 10 hours

10/ Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the front door

11/ How long (you learn) English?

12/ That student (know) all the new words very well now

13/ Alice (lose) her Vienamese-English dictionary

14/ Fred (just, graduate) from Oxford University

15/ The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days

16/ That grandfather clock (stand) there for as long as I can remember

17/ That brown briefcase (belong) to Dr.Rice

18/ Jim (work) on his report this year

19/ Robert (wait) for you since noon

20/ That museum (stand) _ here for ceturies

21/ The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon

22/ Tom (buy) _ a new car next week

23/ The boys and girls (go) _ home after this lesson

24/ Davis (play) football every afternoon

25/ Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in this book

* 4 4 4 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PAST

VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUSPAST CONTINUOUSPAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple PastSimple PastSimple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy ra trong quá khứ

- I metmetmet him in the street yesterday

+ Thì Past ContinuousPast ContinuousPast Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo dài trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ

- I met him while he was crossingwas crossingwas crossing the street

- She was goingwas goingwas going home when she saw an accident

+ Thì Past ContinuousPast ContinuousPast Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau

- My father was watchingwas watchingwas watching TV at 8 o’clock last night

- I was doingwas doingwas doing my homework while my father was watchingwas watchingwas watching TV

Exercise V :

Exercise V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.

1/ He (sit) in a bar when I (see) him

2/ When I (go) out, the sun (shine)

3/ The light (go) out while I (have) tea

4/ When it (rain) , she(carry) an umbrella

5/ We (walk) to the station when it (begin) to rain

6/ He (teach) English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and (work) as a journalist

7/ The house (burn) fast, so we (break) the window to get out

8/ He (eat) three sandwiches while you (talk) to him 9/ The servant (drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night; neither of them (break)

10/ While I (write) a letter, the telephone (ring) ; as

he (go) to answer it, he (hear) a knock on the door; the telephone (still, ring) while he (walk) to the door, but just as

he (open) it, it (stop)

* 5

* 5 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST

VÀ THÌ PPPPAST PERFECTAST PERFECT

+ Thì Past Perfect (Past Perfect (Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action)

- When he had finishedhad finishedhad finished his work, he went home

- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gonehad gonehad gone

+ Thì Past PerfectPast PerfectPast Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ

- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gonehad gonehad gone to bed

Exercise VI :

Exercise VI : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect t Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect t Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense ense ense.

1/ They (go) home after they (finish) their work 2/ He (do) _ nothing before he (see) _ me

3/ He (thank) me for what I (do) for him

4/ I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him

5/ After they (go) , I (sit) down and (rest)

6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin)

7/ My friend (not see) me for many years when I (meet) last week

8/ He (learn) English before he (leave) for England 9/ In England, he soon (remember) all he (learn) 10/ They (tell) him they (not meet) him before

11/ He (ask) why we (come) so early

12/ She (say) that she (already, see) _ Dr Rice

13/ By the time Bill (get) there, the meeting (start) 14/ When we (arrive) at our place, we (find) that a burglar (break) in

15/ Almost everybody (leave) _ for home by the time we (arrive)

* 6

* 6 SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECTPAST PERFECTPAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ VÀ THÌ

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSPAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra Hãy

so sánh :

- She had been studyinghad been studyinghad been studying English before she came here for classes

(Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for

classes xảy ra)

- She had studiedhad studiedhad studied English before she came for classes

(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)

Và hãy so sánh :

- It had been raininghad been raininghad been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức dậy.)

- It was rainingwas rainingwas raining when I got up this morning (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức dậy.) Exercise VII

Exercise VII : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect continuous tense.

continuous tense

1/ I (ask) _ him what he (do)

2/ Tom (be) _ tired He (run) for an hour

3/ Although he (go) to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel) any better

4/ The telephone (ring) for 5 minutes before it (be) answered

5/ They (tell) me you (live) in London before the war

6/ The poor man (wait) for 6 hours before he (be) brought into the room

7/ By noon that day, we (drive) for 5 hours

8/ The robber who (watch) him running to the tree (sit) down under its branches and (begin) to attack him

9/ I (ask) _ her what she (do) _ since she (arrive) in England

10/ She (tell) me that she (study) English literature

* 7

* 7 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURESIMPLE FUTURESIMPLE FUTURE

VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUSFUTURE CONTINUOUSFUTURE CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple FutureSimple FutureSimple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc không có thời gian xác định ở tương lai); còn thì Future ContinuousFuture ContinuousFuture Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác định ở tương lai

- He will gowill gowill go to the stadium next Sunday

- We will / shall havewill / shall havewill / shall have the final test

- I shall not go until I seeseesee him

- If he comescomescomes tomorrow, he will do it

1/ We (go) out when the rain (stop)

2/ I (stay) _ here until he (answer) me

3/ Wait until I (catch) you

4/ I (be) _ ready before you (count) _ ten

5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) out

6/ Miss Helen (help) _ you as soon as she (finish) _ that letter

7/ He (tell) _ you when you (get) there

8/ She (not come) until you (be) _ ready

9/ He (tell) you when you (ask) him

10/ I (come) and (see) _ you before I (leave) for England

* 8

* 8 SO SÁNH THÌ SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PFUTURE PFUTURE PERFECTERFECTERFECT VÀ THÌ VÀ THÌ VÀ THÌ

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Future PerfectFuture PerfectFuture Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở tương lai

- The taxi will have arriwill have arriwill have arrivedvedved by the time you finish dressing

- By next Christmas, he will have livedwill have livedwill have lived in Dalat for 5 years

+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future PerfectFuture PerfectFuture Perfect Continuous

Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn)

- By the time you receive this letter, we shallshallshall have been travellinghave been travellinghave been travelling through Russia

- By next June, they will have been workingwill have been workingwill have been working in this factory for 12 years

Exercise IX :

Exercise IX : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present perfect or future perfect tense

perfect or future perfect tense

1/ I’ll wait until he (write) his next novel

2/ When you (come) _ back, he (already buy) a new house

3/ Don’t come until I (finish) _ lunch

4/ I (hope) _ it (stop) raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon 5/ The river (not begin) _ to rise until some rain (fall) 6/ I (stay) here until you (finish) _ your work

7/ By next month, I (leave) _ for India

8/ He (finish) _ his work before you (leave)

9/ Before you (go) , they (leave) the country

10/ The meeting (finish) _ by the time we (get) _ there Exercise X :

Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future ccccontinuous or future perfect tense ontinuous or future perfect tense ontinuous or future perfect tense

1/ We (send) you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _ in London

2/ When George (come) this afternoon, he (bring) his friends

3/ I (speak) _ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight 4/ By the time you (receive) this letter, we (cross) the Atlantic Ocean

5/ By this time next week, you (meet) my boyfriend, Ali

6/ I (wait) for you right here when you (come) out of the building

7/ She (wait) for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon

8/ I (give) it back as soon as he (want) it

9/ I (not move) from here until you (get) back

10/ They (not come) home until they (see) everything

Exercise XI

Exercise XI : : : Supply the correct tense Supply the correct tense Supply the correct tense

1/ They (just decide) that they (undertake) _ the job 2/ We (go) _ to the theatre last night

3/ He usually (write) in green ink

4/ She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night

5/ We (do) an English exercise at the moment

6/ She (just come) in and (see) you in 5 minutes 7/ I (come) as soon as my work is finished (You be) ready ?

8/ Where (you go) for your holiday last year ?

9/ I (not leave) _ Paris since we (go) _ to Dieppe three years ago

10/ My mother (come) to stay with us next weekend

11/ We (meet) only yesterday and (already decide)

to get married

12/ I (never see) snow

13/ Violets (bloom) in spring

14/ We (not live) _ in England for the last two months

15/ I (lose) _ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) _ them

16/ He (not arrive) when I (write) my last letter to you

17/ Whenever you (go) _ to town nowadays, you (spend) _

a lot of money

18/ I (never forget) what you (just tell) me

19/ They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today

20/ When I last (stay) _ in Cairo, I (ride) to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) the day before

21/ I (finish) _ the book before my next birthday

22/ “Hello! (You make) a cake ?

23/ He (walk) very quickly when I (meet) him yesterday

24/ We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work

25/ Yesterday I (buy) a new watch as my old one (be) stolen

Exercise XII

Exercise XII : : : Supply the correct tense Supply the correct tense Supply the correct tense

1/ He said he (be) sorry he (give) me so much trouble

2/ I am sorry that I (not know) _ you (leave) your pipe when you (come) to see me last Thursday

3/ He (be) so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not forget) his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget)

4/ He (sleep) and (not understand) _ what you (say) to him He (wake) if you (speak) louder

5/ Some animals (not eat) _ during the winter and only (come) out in spring

6/ After leaving school he (study) French in Paris for two years and then (move) to America, where he now (live) _ He (visit) England once or twice and (know) English well; but (not have) yet the opportunity of visiting European countries

7/ I (know) him for a very long time

8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize) him

9/ When I (meet) him in the street, he (go) to the pictures

10/ I (study) _ English for six years now

11/ I expect he (leave) for France as soon as he (get)

15/ He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you (need) him urgently I’m sure he (find) his way easily although he (never visit) this house before

16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) all my correspondence and then I (can help) you with yours

17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for an hour

18/ He (know) her a long time before he finally (get) _ married to her

19/ I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church

20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) you

21/ They (intend) to go there next week; but now they (find) they (not have) enough money

22/ When he grew old he often (think) of all the things he (do) _ when he (be) young

23/ When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play) since six o’clock

24/ This is the second time you (break) a cup; you (break) one yesterday My last servant (never break) anything, and you (break) _ nearly half the things in the house

25/ I always (tell) _ you to comb your hair, but you never (do) _ what I (say) _

EXERCISE XIII :

EXERCISE XIII : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1/ Mrs Reed (turn) _ on the radio in her car while she (drive) _ home yesterday She (listen) _ to some music when she suddenly (hear) _ a siren She (look) in her mirror and (see) _ an ambulance behind her She immediately (pull) her car to the side of the road and (wait) _ for the ambulance (pass) _

2/ My mother (call) _ me around 5 o’clock My husband (come) _ home a little after that When he (come) home, I (talk) _ to my mother on the phone

3/ Next month I (have) _ a week’s vacation I (plan) _ to take a trip First I (go) _ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother After I (leave) Madion, I (go) _ Chicago to see a friend who (study) _

at a university there She (live) _ in Chicago for three years, so she (know) _ her way around the city She (promise) _ to take me to many interesting places I (never, be) _ in Chicago, so I (look) _ forward

to going there

4/ Yesterday John (eat) _ breakfast at 8:00 He (already, eat) _ breakfast when he (leave) for class at 8:45 He (always, eat) _ breakfast before he (go) _ to class I (usually, not eat) _ breakfast before I (go) _ to class But I (usually, get) _ hungry about midmorning Tomorrow before I (go) _ to class, I (eat) _ breakfast

5/ Last year, I (go) mountain climbing for the first time It was exciting and terrifying at the same time We (move) _slowly and carefully, and it (take) _ three days to get to the top When we climbed onto the summit,

we (find) _ another group of climbers They (arrive) _ several hours ahead of us They (have) _ dinner and listening to Beethoven We (laugh) and they (invite) _ us to join them The climb (be) _, to say the least, an unforgettable experience

6/ The weather (be) _ terrible lately It (rain) _ off and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) _ at least twenty degrees It (be) _ in the low 40s right now Just three days ago, the sun (shine) _ and the weather was pleasant The weather certainly (change) _ quickly here I never know what to expect Who knows ? When I (wake) _ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) _

7/ A taxi driver (drive) along a street when he suddenly (black out) _ and lost control of his vehicle The taxi (plunge) _ into a nearby river A hawker, who (see) the accident, rushed from his coffee stall and (dive) _ into the water He (have) _ to swim twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi The taxi driver (try) to wind down the window The hawker reached into the taxi for the safety-belt After he (release) the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out through the partially open window At the hospital, the driver (say) that the black out might (cause) by his high blood pressure condition

8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman She (leave) _ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science Living

in poverty, she still (manage) _ to graduate at the top of her class She (meet) _ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) _ him a year later

Together, Pierre and Marie (form) _ the most famous wife partnership in science history They (discover) _ the radioactive elements, Polonium and Radium They (award) _ the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903

Bài 2 : CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN

(Conditional Sentenc(Conditional Sentence)e)e) Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) còn được gọi là mệnh đề có if (IfIfIf clauseclauseclause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh đề chính (main clause).main clause).main clause)

- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination

(if-clause) (main clause) Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :

- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder

Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính :

2/ Thì của động từ :

If- clause Main clauseMain clauseMain clause

Simple present Simple future (shall / will + verb)

- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk

- He will come if you call him

* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có thể dùng các khiếm khuyết động từ như : CAN,CAN,CAN, MUSTMUSTMUST, MAY

MAY … để thay cho shall hoặc will ở mệnh đề chính

- If you ask me, I can can can help you

- You must must must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam

* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :

- Come to me if you need help

- If you have time, perfect your English

If-clause Main clauseMain clauseMain clause

Past Subjunctive Present Conditional

(Quá khứ giả định) ( Should / would + verb)

- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming

(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)

- If Tom were here, he would know the answer

(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)

- I would call him if I knew his number

(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)

* Quá khứ giả định là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chỉ có một hình thức WEREWEREWERE cho tất cả các ngôi

* COULDCOULDCOULD, MIGHTMIGHTMIGHT… có thể được dùng để thay thế cho should hay would

- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam

Past perfect (Should/ would have + past participle) Perfect Conditional

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house

- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday

* “IfIfIf” có thể được lược bỏ đi nếu có sự đảo ngữ (thường được dùng trong hình thức nhấn mạnh)

- Were I rich, I would help you

(= If I were rich, I would help you.)

- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry

(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)

* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các liên từ khác như : suppose

suppose, supposing thatsupposing thatsupposing that (giả sử như), on the condition thaton the condition thaton the condition that (với điều kiện là), asasas long long

as, so long as,

as, so long as, provided thatprovided thatprovided that (miễn là), in casein casein case (trong trường hợp) , eveneveneven ifififif ( ngay cho là)

- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure

* Hai tiếng có nghĩa phủ định : unlessunlessunless (trừ phi), but forbut forbut for (nếu không)

- He won’t come unless you call him

- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier

EXERCISE I :

EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses

1/ I (do) if I (have) time

I will do it if I have time I will do it if I have time (type 1) (type 1)

I would do it if I had time I would do it if I had time (type 2) (type 2)

I would have done it if I had had time I would have done it if I had had time (type 3) (type 3)

2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed)

EXERCISE II: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses

1/ If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself

2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) you

3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly 4/ If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you

5/ If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat 6/ If he (study) harder, he can pass an exam

7/ She may be late if she (not hurry)

8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) him

9/ If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you

10/ What (you do) if you got fat ?

Exercise III :

Exercise III : Supply the correct verb tense Supply the correct verb tense Supply the correct verb tense

1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _ good to you

2/ He (come) _ if you waited

3/ If you (ring) _ the bell, the servant would come

4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _ him

5/ If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow

6/ If today (be) _ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work

8/ We lost the match If you (play) _ for us, we (win) _

9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) _ it to you with pleasure

10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _ their work well

11/ Provided he (not, be) _ interrupted, he can finish the work on time 12/ If it (be) _ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock

13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) _ a hospital for the poor

14/ If he (give) _ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again

15/ He (not, have) _ an accident if he had not been driving so fast 16/ If she (write) _ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes

17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _ 18/ Did she have more practice, she (speak) _ English better

19/ Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) _ her

20/ Supposing World War III (happen) , human civilization (be) _ destroyed

EXERCISE IV :

EXERCISE IV : Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces

1/ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus

2/ Will you phone me you come to England ?

3/ you see Jane, ask her to contact me

4/ You’ll never pass your exam you don’t work harder

5/ Liverpool won’t win they begin playing better

6/ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book

7/ You won’t pass your driving test you drive more carefully

8/ He’ll be ill he doesn’t stop worrying so much

9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow it’s raining

10/ We’ll never get there on time the train leaves soon

EXERCISE V

EXERCISE V : : : Use “if” in place of “unless” Use “if” in place of “unless” Use “if” in place of “unless”

1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining

- 2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle

-

3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good -

4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice

verbs in brackets into the appropriate form

1/ We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible If it (be) … had had had been

been … a nice day, we (go) … would have gone would have gone … for a picnic

2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) _ him the truth, I’m sure you (regret) _ it one day

3/ Mary was here not long ago If you (come round) _ earlier, you (see) her

4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town If that (happen) _, the town (lose) _ a great deal of money

5/ I (help) _ you with it if I (have) _ more time but I’m afraid I haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment

6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose) _, the Prime Minister (resign) _ from politics

7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party If we (not go) _ there, I (never meet) _ Kate Winset

8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive If fares (be) _ cheaper, I’m sure more people (use) _ the train and leave their cars at home

9/ If she (get) _ that job she’s applied for, she (be) _ delighted And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it

10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty

It (be) _ a disaster if it (happen) _ in the middle of the day

11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down If they (break down) _ again, it is possible that there (be) _ a war between the two countries

12/ If Alison (know) _ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she (help) _ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we do

13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry) _ him if she (know) _ what a selfish man he was

14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer games I’m sure they (be) _ happier if they (spend) _ more time playing outside

15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning I’m sure that if I (have) _ so much money, I (not moan) _ all the time

EXERCISE VII :

EXERCISE VII : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses

Model :

a/ My brother will have enough money He will buy a bicycle

→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle

b/ She can’t speak English She won’t apply for the job

→ If she could speak English she would apply for the job If she could speak English she would apply for the job

c/ He wasn’t here He didn’t have a lot of fun

→ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun

1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree

Bài 3 : THỂ THỤ ĐỘNGTHỂ THỤ ĐỘNG

(THE PASSIVE VOICE)(THE PASSIVE VOICE)

* Thể chủ độngThể chủ độngThể chủ động (active voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò chủ động

- Mr Brown wrote the report yesterday

- He has already finished his homework

* Thể thụ độngThể thụ độngThể thụ động (passive voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò bị động

- That house was built 100 years ago

- Those windows are painted blue

Passive sentence : S + be + past participleS + be + past participleS + be + past participle

1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :

* Active : TomTomTom brokebrokebroke the chairthe chairthe chair yesterday

* Passive : The chairThe chairThe chair was brokenwas brokenwas broken by TomTomTom yesterday

SSSS be + P.Pbe + P.P byby doerdoerdoer

2/ Ghi nhớ:

2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi một câu từ active sang passive :

* Lấy túc từ (O) trong câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) trong câu thụ động

* Nhận xét xem động từ chia trong câu chủ động ở thì nào, ta chia TO BE ở thì đó rồi viết động từ chính ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (p.p)

* Lấy chủ từ (S) trong câu chủ động xuống làm doer trong câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY ngay đằng trước

* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi và thường đặt cuối câu (nếu là trạng từ chỉ thời gian)

3/ Một vài3/ Một vài ví dụ khác : ví dụ khác : ví dụ khác :

+ (aaaa) simple present : simple present : simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.PSubject+ am / is / are + P.PSubject+ am / is / are + P.P ]

- Mr.Green teaches teaches history

History is taught is taught by Mr.Green

+ (bbbb) present perfect : present perfect : present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p S + has / have + been + p.p S + has / have + been + p.p ]

He has just done has just done his homework

His homework has just been has just been has just been done done by him

+ (cccc) present continuous : present continuous : present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.pS + am / is / are / + being + p.pS + am / is / are / + being + p.p]

- She is cleaning is cleaning the windows

The windows are being cleaned are being cleaned by her

+ (dddd) simple past : simple past : simple past : [ S + was / were + p.pS + was / were + p.pS + was / were + p.p]

- The boss sacked sacked ten workers

Ten workers were sacked were sacked by the boss

+ (eeee) past perfect : past perfect : past perfect : [ S + had been + p.pS + had been + p.pS + had been + p.p]

- Mary had written had written the letter

The letter had been written had been written by Mary

+ (ffff) Past continuous :Past continuous :Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.pS + was / were + being + p.pS + was / were + being + p.p]

- The police were questioning were questioning Tom

Tom was being questioned was being questioned by the police

+ (gggg) simple future: simple future: simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.pS + will / shall + be + p.pS + will / shall + be + p.p]

- John will deliver will deliver the letter

The letter will be delivered will be delivered by John

+ (hhhh) Modal verbs : Modal verbs : Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may … + be + p.pS + must / can / may … + be + p.pS + must / can / may … + be + p.p]

- He must do must do it right now

It must be done must be done by him right now

+ (iiii) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]

- The engineers are going to are going to build build the bridge

The bridge is going to be built is going to be built by the engineers

(… còn áp dụng với các cấu trúc khác như : have to, had to, used to, ought to …have to, had to, used to, ought to …have to, had to, used to, ought to …)

+ (jjjj) 2 objects :2 objects :2 objects :

- They gave me me a present a present yesterday

IIII was given was given a present yesterday(by them)

A present A present was given was given to me yesterday(by them)

(Nếu sau BY là them / people / someone / somebody…ta có thể bỏ đi)

+ (kkkk) perception verb with bare infinperception verb with bare infinperception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be itive : [ S + be itive : [ S + be –––– p.p + to inf ] p.p + to inf ] p.p + to inf ]

- I never hear hear him shout shout at his children

He is never heard to shout is never heard to shout at his children

+ (llll) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be –––– p.p + V p.p + V p.p + V ing ]ing ]ing ]

- I saw saw the boy boy coming into the room

The boy was seen com was seen com was seen coming ing into the room

+ (mmm) With ‘make’ : [ S + be With ‘make’ : [ S + be With ‘make’ : [ S + be –––– made + to inf ] made + to inf ] made + to inf ]

- They made made me do do it

I was made to do was made to do it

+ (nnnn) With ‘let’ : [ S + be With ‘let’ : [ S + be With ‘let’ : [ S + be –––– let + bare inf ] let + bare inf ] let + bare inf ]

- They let let him do do it

He was let do was let do it

+ (oooo) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ]to be + p.p ]to be + p.p ]

- They began to build began to build the house in 1980

The house began to be built began to be built in 1980

+ (pppp) With “say, report, rumour…’:With “say, report, rumour…’:With “say, report, rumour…’:

- People say say that prevention is better than cure

It is said It is said that prevention is better than cure

Prevention is said to Prevention is said to be better than cure (…cách đổi này được áp dụng cho các động từ như: SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR…SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR…SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR…)

+ (qqqq) câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be –––– p.p ] p.p ] p.p ]

- Open the door, please

Let Let the door be opened be opened, please

EXERCISE I

EXERCISE I : : : Supply the correct t Supply the correct t Supply the correct tense and voice ense and voice ense and voice

1/ Everyone (shock) … was shocked was shocked … by the news yesterday

2/ Almost everyone (enjoy)… enjoyed enjoyed … the lecture last night

3/ English (speak) _ all over the world

4/ A terrible accident (happen) _ right here at 6 o’clock last night 5/ Mr Smith (teach) _ at this university since 1985

6/ Not much (say) _ about the matter since last week

7/ He (borrow) _ the money from her two weeks ago

8/ A new textbook (publish) _ by that company next year

9/ Everything (go) _ well so far There (be) _ no trouble yet

10/ Who the book (write) _ by ?

11/ Think carefully I’m sure you (remember) _ his name

12/ The report (examine) _ now

EXERCIS

EXERCISE II :E II :E II : Turn into the passive voice Turn into the passive voice Turn into the passive voice

1/ He is running his own restaurant

EXERCISE III : Change to the active voice Change to the active voice Change to the active voice

1/ Progress in science is being made day after day

-

2/ The palace was designed by a French architect

EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences Rewrite the following sentences Rewrite the following sentences

1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time

6/ You should place matches out of reach of children

20/ No one told me the truth

-

EXERCISE V

EXERCISE V : : : : More exercises on Passive voice More exercises on Passive voice More exercises on Passive voice

1 Yes

1 Yes No questions : No questions : No questions :

a Do they teach English here ?

2 Wh questions : questions : questions :

a Why didn’t they help him ?

3 Sentences with two Objects :

3 Sentences with two Objects :

a The teacher gave each of us two exercise books

e They paid me a lot of money to do the job

- _

4 Sentences with verb of reporting :

4 Sentences with verb of reporting :

a People believe that 13 is an unlucky number

5 Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” :

5 Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” :

a We’ll continue to use this computer

- _

b They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations

6 Sentences with Phrasal verbs :

6 Sentences with Phrasal verbs :

a They gave up the research after three hours

7 Sentences with verbs of Perception :

7 Sentences with verbs of Perception :

a I have heard her sing this song several times

9 Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” : with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” : with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” :

a She advised me to sell that house

10 Some special sentences :

10 Some special sentences :

a It is dangerous for us to take the short cut