The hubble space telescope from concept to success

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE From Concept to Success DAVID J SHAYLER with David M Harland www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Hubble Space Telescope From Concept to Success www.Ebook777.com David J. Shayler with David M. Harland The Hubble Space Telescope From Concept to Success Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com David J Shayler, F.B.I.S Astronautical Historian Astro Info Service Ltd Halesowen West Midlands UK David M Harland Space Historian Kelvinbridge Glasgow UK SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION Springer Praxis Books ISBN 978-1-4939-2826-2 ISBN 978-1-4939-2827-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2827-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945584 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Front cover: An IMAX film still from STS-31, showing the Hubble Space Telescope released from the Remote Manipulator System A cloudy blue Earth is reflected in the closed Aperture Door Rear cover: Left: STS-31 deployment mission emblem; Center, STS-61 Service Mission emblem; Right, the cover of the companion book Enhancing Hubble’s Vision: Service Missions That Expanded Our View Of The Universe Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Editor: David M Harland Printed on acid-free paper Praxis is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) www.Ebook777.com Contents Preface Acknowledgements Foreword Dedication Prologue ix xiii xv xx xxi Deployment Deploying a telescope An astronomer deploys Hubble Preparing to fly Building the ‘stack’ Letting Hubble go High, but not too high Trouble with Hubble 1 12 23 31 39 44 The dream Out where stars don’t twinkle Stratoscope: Small steps to space Astronomy from space before Hubble Orbiting astronomical observatories Laying the groundwork A manned orbital telescope The large space telescope is born Nimbus: A candidate for orbital servicing? Astronomy mission board report, July 1969 50 50 54 55 58 61 64 72 73 77 v vi Contents A dream becomes reality After the Moon Pieces of a jigsaw Getting started Bringing the pieces together A space shuttle system The remote manipulator system A meeting in space Managing Hubble A European partner Protection against contamination A broad and involved development 83 84 85 87 98 99 103 107 115 121 124 127 LST becomes ST, becomes HST The 1972 Large Space Telescope Phase A design study LST Phase A design study update Maintaining maintainability EVA at LST The Hubble Space Telescope: a brief description The journey from LOT to HST 131 131 141 146 152 153 181 Simulating servicing Creating a concept Establishing the guidelines Astronaut Office involvement EVA support equipment for servicing Crew aids Baseline equipment EVA profile Ground support EVA training Taking Hubble underwater Progressive systems analysis The NBS test facility Full scale simulations NBS tests 1983–1990 Gaining EVA experience DTO-1210 190 191 195 198 200 203 204 207 207 208 213 216 218 225 235 239 240 Tools of the trade The beginning The HST servicing tool kit Russell Werneth, managing the tools Mechanisms engineer Paul Richards No manned maneuvering unit Tools of the trade 246 247 251 257 263 268 271 Contents vii Behind the scenes Training a shuttle crew Ground teams Hubble program office Other service mission team members Astronaut office support Mission Control The role of a Hubble flight director/mission director 275 276 282 283 300 312 313 322 Service Mission The Hubble comeback Choosing a crew Planning the mission First house call at Hubble Passing the baton 330 330 332 344 353 376 Closing comments 382 Afterword 386 Abbreviations 389 Bibliography 397 About the author 401 Other works by the author 403 Index 405 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Preface It always fascinates me how my various book projects evolve from ideas, sometime going back years, even decades During the late 1960s, I, like many of my generation, became fascinated with space exploration and the race to the Moon As a young teenager I soaked up all I could on “the space age,” which was at the start of its second decade As the early Apollo missions reached for the Moon, I became more interested in what the astronauts would on the surface, using the equipment provided and the procedures developed, to enable them to venture across that alien world I suppose it was the sense of wonder and magic at that time, the grainy images on a black and white television, and the artistic impressions of research bases on the Moon and projections towards a far distant future—the 1980s—and exciting expeditions to Mars This period is fondly remembered as the start of my interest in extravehicular activity, EVA, commonly known as spacewalking In addition to following the progress towards the lunar landings, the early months of 1969 included my first introduction to Soviet space flight with the EVA transfer from Soyuz to Soyuz 4, followed soon thereafter by the first Apollo EVA There were media forecasts of extensive spacewalking activities in plans for the rest of the century, of a new spacecraft called the space shuttle, of large space stations, and the repair and servicing of satellites in space Wow, what an adventure the future held Well, one thing I learnt quickly in following the space program was patience and optimism: patience in waiting for things to happen, and optimism that they would become a reality—eventually While investigating EVA in more depth, I became aware of grand plans for Apollo, spacewalking techniques from space stations, and how the shuttle would support EVAs to service and maintain various payloads and satellites, including an astronomical observatory called the Large Space Telescope Over the next two decades, I gained further insight into EVA involving the shuttle and what was expected to be achieved by astronauts visiting the telescope The years between 1971 and 1981 saw many changes from the heady days of my youth to the reality of understanding the complexity of the space program The shuttle suffered from many delays and setbacks, as did the ix www.Ebook777.com 400 Bibliography (continued) 2002 – – 2004 – 2005 – 2006 2007 – 2008 2009 2010 2012 – 2013 2014 – – Apollo, The Lost and Forgotten Missions, David Shayler, Springer-Praxis History of the Space Shuttle, Volume 1, The Space Shuttle Decision 1965–1972, T.A Heppenheimer, Smithsonian Institute Press, History of the Space Shuttle, Volume 2, Development of the Space Shuttle 1972–1981, Volume 1, T.A Heppenheimer, Smithsonian Institute Press The Story of the Space Shuttle, David M Harland, Springer-Praxis Walking in Space, David J Shayler, Springer-Praxis Space Shuttle Columbia, Her Missions and Crews, Ben Evans, Springer-Praxis Women in Space, Following Valentina, David J Shayler and Ian Moule, Springer-Praxis Hubble Space Telescope, Pocket Space Guide, Steve Whitfield, Apogee Books NASA’s Scientist Astronauts, David J Shayler and Colin Burgess, Springer-Praxis Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log, 1961–2006, Tim Furniss, David J Shayler with Michael D Shayler, Springer-Praxis How Spacecraft Fly, Spaceflight without Formulae, Graham Swinerd, Copernicus Books-Praxis Serving the Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle Atlantis—2009, Dennis R Jenkins and Jorge R Frank, Speciality Press The Universe in a Mirror, The saga of the Hubble Space Telescope and the visionaries who built it, Robert Zimmerman, Princeton University Press, 4th printing U.S Spacesuits, Kenneth S Thomas, Harold J McMann, Springer-Praxis, 2nd Edition Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit—the Eighties and Early Nineties, Ben Evans, Springer-Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log II, David J Shayler and Michael D Shayler, Springer-Praxis Partnership in Space, The Mid to Late Nineties, Ben Evans, Springer-Praxis To Orbit and Back Again, How the Space Shuttle Flew in Space, Davide Sivolella, Springer-Praxis Hubble’s Legacy, Reflections by Those Who Dreamed It, Built It, and Observed With It, Edited by Roger D Launius and David H DeVorkin, Smithsonian Institute Scholarly Press About the author Spaceflight historian David J Shayler, F.B.I.S (Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society or, as he likes to call it, Future Briton In Space!), was born in England in 1955 His lifelong interest in space exploration began by drawing rockets aged 5, but it was not until the launch of Apollo to orbit the Moon in December 1968 that an interest in human space exploration became a passion He fondly recalls staying up late with his grandfather one wonderful night in July 1969 to watch the Apollo 11 moonwalk Dave joined the British Interplanetary Society as a Member in January 1976, becoming an Associate Fellow in 1983, and Fellow in 1984 He was elected to the Council of the society in 2013 His first articles were published by the society in the late 1970s and in 1982 he created Astro Info Service (www.astroinfoservice.co.uk) to focus his research efforts Dave’s first book was published in 1987 and has been followed by over 20 other titles featuring the American and Russian space programs, spacewalking, women in space, and the human exploration of Mars His authorized biography of astronaut Jerry Carr was published in 2008 In 1989 Dave applied as a prospective cosmonaut candidate for the UK Project Juno program in cooperation with the Soviet Union (now Russia) The mission was to spend days on the Mir space station He didn’t reach the final selection, but progressed farther than he had expected The mission was flown by Helen Sharman in May 1991 In undertaking his research, Dave has visited NASA field centers in Houston and Florida in the United States, and the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia It was during these trips that he was able to interview many space explorers and workers, tour training facilities, and handle real space hardware He also gained a valuable insight into the activities of a space explorer and the realities of not only flying and living in space but also what goes into preparing for a mission and planning future programs Dave is on friendly terms with many former and current astronauts and cosmonauts, some of whom have accompanied him on visits to schools across the UK For over 30 years he has delivered space-themed presentations and workshops to children and social groups to inform ordinary members of the public and interested individuals about the © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 D.J Shayler, D.M Harland, The Hubble Space Telescope, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2827-9 401 402 About the author history and development of human space exploration and, wherever possible, to help youngsters develop an interest in science and technology and the world around them Dave lives in the West Midlands region of the UK and enjoys spending time with his wife Bel and a rather large white German Shepherd that answers to the name Jenna, and indulging in his fondness for cooking, fine wines, and classical music His other interests are in reading about military history, visiting historical sites and landmarks, and following Formula motor racing Other works by the author Other space exploration books by David J Shayler Challenger Fact File (1987), ISBN 0-86101-272-0 Apollo 11 Moon Landing (1989), ISBN 0-7110-1844-8 Exploring Space (1994), ISBN 0-600-58199-3 All About Space (1999), ISBN 0-7497-4005-X Around the World in 84 Days: The Authorized Biography of Skylab Astronaut Jerry Carr (2008), ISBN 9781-894959-40-7 With Harry Siepmann NASA Space Shuttle (1987), ISBN 0-7110-1681-X Other books by David J Shayler in this series Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight (2000), ISBN 1-85233-225-5 Skylab: America’s Space Station (2001), ISBN 1-85233-407-X Gemini: Steps to the Moon (2001), ISBN 1-85233-405-3 Apollo: The Lost and Forgotten Missions (2002), ISBN 1-85233-575-0 Walking in Space (2004), ISBN 1-85233-710-9 Space Rescue (2007), ISBN 978-0-387-69905-9 With Rex Hall The Rocket Men (2001), ISBN 1-85233-391-X Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (2003), ISBN 1-85233-657-9 With Rex Hall and Bert Vis Russia’s Cosmonauts (2005), ISBN 0-38721-894-7 With Ian Moule Women in Space: Following Valentina (2005), ISBN 1-85233-744-3 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 D.J Shayler, D.M Harland, The Hubble Space Telescope, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2827-9 403 404 Other works by the author With Colin Burgess NASA Scientist Astronauts (2006), ISBN 0-387-21897-1 Other books by David J Shayler and Michael D Shayler in this series Manned Spaceflight Log II—2006-2012 (2013), ISBN 978-1-4614-4576-0 With Andy Salmon Marswalk One: First Steps on a New Planet (2005), ISBN 1-85233-792-3 With Tim Furniss Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log: 1961–2006 (2007), ISBN 0-387-34175-7 Index A Abbey, George, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 47 Abt, Helmut A., 77 Administrator (NASA), 95, 103, 321, 331, 346, 347, 383 Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), 150, 177, 179, 286, 389 Advanced X-Ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF), 155 Akers, Thomas D., (“Tom”), xiii, 240, 241, 333–336, 338, 340, 342, 355, 356, 358, 360, 361, 363–364, 367–372, 374–376, 378, 384, 397, 400 Aldrin, Edwin E (“Buzz”), 55 Allen, Joseph P., 346 Allen, Lew, 45 Allen, Tim (actor), 377 Altman, Scott D., 261, 315 American Astronomical Society (AAS), 56, 389 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 83, 92 American Optical Company, 66 Ames Research Center (ARC), California (NASA), 47 Anomaly Response Team (ART), 291, 292, 307, 389 Apollo (program), ii, ix, xi, xv, xxiii, 14, 50, 59, 60, 64–66, 69, 71–73, 78–81, 84, 86, 111, 117, 124, 141, 192–193, 197–198, 212, 219–220, 242, 271, 284, 346, 380, 387, 389, 390, 400–401, 403 Apollo 11, 55, 74, 379 Apollo 12, 55 Apollo 13, 84, 384 Apollo 17, 372 Apollo Soyuz, 111 Apollo (spacecraft), 64, 65, 390 Apollo Applications Program (AAP), 65, 66, 79, 80, 103, 389 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM-Skylab), 66, 90, 92, 389 Apt, Jay, 239, 240, 261 Armstrong, Neil A., 55 Associate Administrator (NASA), 40, 45, 65, 102, 311 Astounding Science Fiction (magazine), 51 Astra (Advanced OAO), 77 Astro (shuttle astronomy payload) Astro 1, 79, 334 Astro 2, 79 Astronaut Office (Code CB, JSC), 198, 281, 312 Astronomy Experiment Module, 123, 124 Astronomy Mission Board, 56, 77, 389 Atlantis (space shuttle), 15, 26, 120, 155 Atlas (launch vehicle), 61, 63, 64, 120, 155 Atlas-Agena D (launch vehicle), 61 Atlas-Centaur (launch vehicle), 61, 63 Atomic Oxygen (ATOX), 167, 168, 170, 389 Austin Bryan P., 315 Aviation Week (magazine), 398 B Bantle, Jeffrey W., 315 Batteries, 21, 28–29, 33, 34, 69, 92, 112, 124, 138, 146, 148, 156, 166, 170–171, 202, 207, 224, 237, 242, 265, 266, 270, 305–306, 364, 367, 374, 375, 395 nickel-cadmium (NiCd), 138, 393 nickel-hydrogen (NiH2), 28, 138, 170, 393 Bellcomm Inc., 74, 76, 77 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 D.J Shayler, D.M Harland, The Hubble Space Telescope, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2827-9 405 406 Index Beltsville Space Center, Maryland (currently GSFC), 57 Berthing and Positioning System (BAPS), 201, 202, 256, 257, 389 Big Bird (USAF reconnaissance satellite), 102 Boe, Eric, 315 Boeing Company, 44, 66–68, 137, 395 Bolden, Charles F., (“Charlie”), 1, 7, 9–11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 28, 29, 31–32, 34, 36, 47, 398 Bowersox, Kenneth D (“Sox” or “Ken”), 314, 333–335, 345, 352, 361, 373, 377, 384 Brandenstein, Daniel, 15, 16 Brinkley, Randy, 339, 346, 348, 384, 398 Briscoe, A Lee, 314, 315 British Aerospace Space Systems Ltd., England, 17–19, 121, 122, 168, 179 Brown, Curtis L., 315 Bullock, Sandra (actress), 261 Burch, Preston, xiv, 284–288, 290, 332, 397 Burner II (upper stage), 135 Bush, George W (U.S President) C Canadarm (shuttle RMS), 106 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, 117, 310, 348 Carey, Duane G (“Digger”), xiii, 397 Cassegrainian (telescope), 69 Cassutt, Michael (author), 346 Castle, Jr Robert E., 315 Ceccacci, Anthony J., 315, 327 Cepollina, Frank (“Cepi”), 112, 191–194, 197, 224, 248, 259, 281, 290–292, 384 Cernan, Eugene A., 372 Challenger (space shuttle), 12–15, 17, 20, 22–23, 47, 78, 83, 85, 93, 95, 102, 107, 112, 119, 120, 155, 169, 237, 240, 245, 272, 310–312, 334, 348, 382, 403 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 155, 390 Charged Current Controllers (CCC), 166, 170, 390 Chief of Astronomy (NASA), 86, 87 Clervoy, Jean-Franỗois, xiii, 107, 121, 397 Clifford, Richard, 239, 261 Closed Circuit TV, 106, 390 Closeout Mission, 313 Coarse Sun Sensors (CSS), 165, 236, 390 Code, Arthur D., 77 Cold War, 54, 83 Collins, Michael, 55 Columbia (Apollo 11 Command Module), 55 Columbia (space shuttle), 12, 23, 24, 26, 107, 115, 126, 155, 167, 220, 233, 348, 400 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 21, 155, 194, 240, 390 Control Moment Gyros (CMG), 145, 146, 390 Copeland, Aaron, 355 Copernicus (satellite), 61 Copernicus, Nicolaus., 50 Corona (USAF reconnaissance satellite), 102 Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), xxiii, 161, 175, 177, 179–181, 256, 257, 286, 290, 336–338, 340, 342, 344, 348, 349, 368–372, 376, 378, 383, 390 Cosmic Background Explorer (project), 86 Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), 177, 179, 181, 286, 390 Covey, Richard O., (“Dick”), xiii, 333–335, 339, 352, 353, 355, 360, 361, 376, 384, 397, 398 Crippen, Robert L., (“Bob”), xiii, 111, 112, 310, 311, 347, 397 Critical Design Review (CDR), 95, 132, 228, 390 Crocker, James, 338 Currie (née Sherlock), Nancy J., 107, 241 D Data Interface Units (DIU), 163, 175, 176, 214, 374, 390 Data Management System (DMS), 137, 163, 175, 294, 305, 306, 390 Davis, John, xiv, 124, 399 Department of Defense (DOD), 16, 23, 40, 99, 102, 194, 311, 312, 322, 390 Deployment Controls Electronics Unit (DCEU), 166 Deployment Mission (STS-31), xi, xv, xxii, 1–23, 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 107, 154, 236, 237, 248, 250, 260, 265, 282, 311, 314, 316, 320, 322, 323, 344, 349, 355, 375, 382, 388, 396 Deputy Administrator (NASA), 93, 192 Detailed Test Objective (DTO), 240, 248, 390 Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen, 51 Discovery (space shuttle), 1, 4, 6–8, 12, 14, 23, 25–29, 31–34, 37, 39–44, 120, 154, 155, 242, 267 Dittemore, Ronald D., 314 Docking, 66, 69, 81, 108–110, 135, 137, 138, 144, 151, 195, 270, 389 Dornier, Germany, 121, 179 Douglas (McDonnell), 64, 152, 346 Downey, James A., 88 Drift Orbit, 110 Dryden Flight Research Center, California (Hugh L.), 117, 313 Dye, Paul F., 315 Index E Eagle (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), 55 Eisenhower, Dwight (U.S President), 56 Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), 166, 176 Electronics Control Unit (ECU), 166, 336, 356, 390 Endeavour (space shuttle), 120, 240, 330, 347–349, 351–353, 355, 360, 361, 374–376 Engineering/Science Tape Recorder, 146, 148, 164, 209, 214, 390 Engle, Joe H., 346 Essex Corporation, Alabama, 213–215, 218, 235, 236, 238 Equipment Section, 137, 155, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166, 170, 172–175, 181, 196, 197, 209, 213–215, 223, 227, 236 EURECA (free flying satellite, ESA), 112, 347, 390 European Space Agency (ESA), xiv, 94–96, 98, 121, 122, 124, 169, 170, 179, 228, 278, 308–309, 334, 353, 360, 383, 384, 390 European Space Technology Center (ESTEC), 121, 170, 390 Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV), 86, 100–102, 127, 135, 190, 194, 390 Explorer (program) Cosmic Background Explorer, 86 Explorer 1, 62 Explorer 38, 62 Explorer 42, 62 Explorer 48, 62 Explorer 49, 62 Explorer 53, 62 Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA)/spacewalks, ix, x, xiv, xv, xvii, xxiii, 21, 66, 90, 152, 161, 198, 203, 207, 220, 264, 278, 333, 340, 346, 358, 361, 364, 378, 386, 387, 391 Apollo, 197, 212, 220, 242, 271, 372, 379, 380 Gemini, 212, 213, 229, 372 ISS, 205, 213, 220, 240–244, 247, 264, 269 Skylab, x, 14, 66, 90, 103, 115, 197, 200, 212, 213, 248, 399, 403 Space Shuttle, 21, 152, 153, 204, 205, 207, 213, 240, 243, 248, 251, 252, 259, 340 EDFT (EVA Demonstration Flight Test), 242, 243 Extra Vehicular Activity (Service Missions) STS-31 (deployment mission), 6–7, 9, 11, 13, 17–21, 34, 37 STS-61 EVA’s, 331, 333–336, 338–340, 344, 346, 353 (EVA-1), 354–360 (EVA-2), 360–365 (EVA-3) 365–368 (EVA-4) 368–372 (EVA-5) 372–374 Extreme Ultra-Violet Explorer (EUVE), 194 407 F Faget, Max, 247 Faint Object Camera (FOC), 45, 46, 94, 95, 121, 177, 179, 308, 346, 383, 391 Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), 136, 146, 177, 180, 391 Farrow, John, 124 Feustel, Andrew J., 367 Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS), 161, 165, 166, 176, 177, 180, 223, 227, 228, 236, 237, 253, 288, 305, 307, 345, 367, 391 Fixed Head Star Tracker (FHST), 151, 165, 221, 223, 227, 229, 232, 253, 257, 391 Fisher, Anna L, 198, 223, 261 Fisk, Lenard A., 45, 398 Fitts, Richard, 346 Flexible Optical Solar Reflector (FOSR), 172, 173, 391 Flight Readiness Review (FRR), 27, 28, 40, 132, 347, 351, 391 Flight Support Structure (FSS), 200–202, 237, 246, 256, 257, 293, 303, 348, 349, 391 Florida Today (newspaper), 352 Foale, C Michael (“Mike”), xiii, 121, 190, 209, 242, 397 Focal Plane Structure (FPS), 161, 165, 175, 176, 391 Foot Restraint Equipment Device (FRED), 391 G Gagarin, Yuri A., 55, 401 Galilei, Galileo, xv, xxi, 50 Galileo (Jupiter probe), 23 Gemini (program), 14, 60, 79, 84, 111, 212, 213, 229, 389, 403 General Electric, 66, 193 General Purpose Computer (STS), 3, 107, 321, 391 Gerlach, Lother, xiv, 121, 131, 168, 308, 309, 397 Gilbert, Allen C., 64 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph Redundancy Kit, 372, 373 Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Maryland (Robert H.), xiii, xxiii, 7, 23, 26, 33, 36, 37, 57, 59, 62, 86, 88–90, 94–96, 109, 112, 116–119, 121, 174, 177, 180, 191–194, 197, 200, 202, 203, 207–209, 248, 250, 254, 255, 257–266, 276, 280–292, 294–296, 301–304, 306, 307, 311, 313, 319, 320, 323, 325, 326, 332, 340, 342, 345, 346, 348, 349, 353–356, 360, 363, 365, 367, 369, 372–374, 383, 384, 391 Goldin, Daniel S (NASA administrator), 331, 346, 347, 383 408 Index Good, Michael T., 255 Gore, Al, 375 Grapple, 32, 34, 106–114, 143, 161, 196, 233, 253, 256, 257, 270, 348, 353–355, 360, 375, 394 Gravity (movie), 261 Great Observatory, NASA’s, 1, 154, 275, 372, 377 Greenford, Michael, 346 Griffin, Gerald, 47 Grumman Aerospace, 59, 193, 284 Grunsfeld, John M., 255, 261 Gyros, 39, 43, 90, 92, 112, 145, 165, 174, 223, 270, 305, 307, 308, 335, 336, 356, 361 H Hale, Jr N Wayne, 314, 315 Hamilton Sundstrand, 205, 281 Ham, Linda J., 315 Hanley, Jeffrey M., 315 Hansen, Grant, 102 Hansen, James R., 16 Harbaugh, Gregory J., 240, 315, 334, 342, 364 Hardware Sun Point (HSP), 113, 174 Hartford, James J., 83, 92 Hartsfield, Henry W., 32 Hart, Terry, 112 Hawker Siddley Dynamics, Stevanage, England, xiv, 123, 124 Hawley, Steven A., (“Steve”), xii, xiv, xv, xvii, 1–4, 7, 9–17, 19, 21, 22, 29, 31–34, 36, 37, 42, 47, 107, 155, 277, 397, 398 Heaton, Jim, 124 Heflin, Jr J Milton, 314–315, 384 Herbig, George H., 77 High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO) (program), 135, 141, 142, 149 HEAO-1, 63 HEAO-2, 63 HEAO-3, 63 High Gain Antenna (HGA), 4–7, 17, 21, 42, 44, 113, 118, 156, 158, 159, 161, 163, 202, 229, 232, 236, 253, 305, 354, 374, 391 High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS), 136, 177, 180, 336, 345, 348, 372, 373, 391 High Speed Photometer (HSP), 177, 180, 256, 257, 286, 336, 338, 340, 342, 353, 369, 370, 376, 391 Hoffman, Jeffrey A., (“Jeff”), xiii, 208, 241, 265, 331, 333–336, 339–344, 353, 355–358, 360, 364–368, 372, 373, 376–380, 384, 397, 398 Home Improvements, Tool Time (T.V program), 377 Honeycutt, Jay, 27 Houson, Carl M., 64 Hubble, Edwin P., 96, 97 Hubble Constant, 93 Hubble Legacy (book), 89 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) budget, 12, 46, 63, 70, 73, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 92, 93, 100, 116, 121, 128, 129, 193, 217, 220, 231, 287, 291, 300, 302, 303, 382 cost, 3, 12, 23, 46, 60, 66, 67, 69–72, 79, 86, 88, 89, 91–93, 95, 96, 116, 121, 131, 132, 135, 138–142, 144, 149, 151–153, 155, 194–197, 215, 227, 239, 251, 266, 286, 345, 346, 382 Hurricanes, 124, 296 I IMAX Camera, 9–11, 16, 43, 349, 355, 376, 391 International Geophysical Year (IGY), 55, 391 International Space Station (ISS), xv, 2, 32, 50, 103, 107, 125, 127, 190, 191, 205, 213, 220, 240–244, 246, 247, 254, 261, 264, 269, 314, 316, 324, 328, 330, 344, 346, 384, 391–392 Itek Corporation, 66 J Jackson, Jr Richard D., 315 Johnson, Gregory C., 315 Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Flight Center (JSC), Houston, Texas, xiv, 13, 16, 26, 29, 47, 88, 90, 116, 117, 152, 198, 200, 207, 208, 210–213, 220, 223, 228, 235, 238–240, 247–250, 254, 259–262, 264–266, 270, 276, 278, 281–283, 286–288, 290, 291, 294–296, 298, 302, 305–306, 312–314, 320, 323, 325, 327, 328, 334, 340, 341, 346, 349, 355, 356, 367, 384, 390, 392, 398–399 K Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, 44 Kennan (USAF reconnaissance satellite), 102 Kennedy, John F (U.S President), 55, 64 Kennedy Space Flight Center (KSC), Florida (John F.), xxiii, 23, 29, 96, 117, 276, 280, 292, 309, 310, 314, 323, 392 King, Joyce A., xiv, 292–296, 304 Kitt Peak National Laboratory, 66 Knight, Norman D., 315 Index 409 L Lang, Watson, 124 Laika, 56 Landsat (program) Landsat 4, 194, 197 Landsat 5, 194 Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (NACA), 58 Langley Research Center (LRC), Virginia (NASA), 66 Large Orbital Telescope (LOT), 54, 63, 64, 97, 181, 392 Large Space Telescope (LST), x, xi, xxiii, 52, 60, 64, 72, 73, 76–81, 83, 85, 86, 88–93, 97, 101, 121, 124, 131–153, 181, 190, 194, 195, 212, 270–271, 292 Launch Complex 39, KSC, 26, 117, 312, 314 Leasat (satellite), 111, 204 Leckrone, David, 372 Ledbetter, Kenneth, 372 Lee, Mark C., 16, 239, 242 Leinbach, Mike, 352 Leonov, Alexei A., 219 Lockheed Missile & Space Company, xiv, 18, 23, 94–96, 102, 117, 118, 182, 186, 195, 196, 198, 200, 213, 215, 248, 250, 262, 281, 282, 299, 301 Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), (satellite), 32, 111, 112, 126, 311, 348, 392 Low-Z (rendezvous approach mode), 111, 114–115 Low, George M., 93, 192 Lucid, Shannon W., 198, 199, 223, 261 Lunar (program), ix, xxiii, 14, 56, 59, 60, 64, 81, 84, 99, 242 Lunar Module (Apollo), 55, 66, 284 Lunney, Bryan C., 315 Martin Marietta, 47, 103, 180, 268 Massimino, Michael J., 255, 261 Matra, France, 121, 179 McArthur, K Megan, 107 McCandless II, Bruce, xiii, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13–21, 29, 33, 34, 37–39, 42, 43, 47, 198, 199, 223, 224, 226, 227, 233, 237, 248, 250, 268, 270, 272, 277, 337, 397 McCullough, John A., 315 McDonnel Douglas Corporation, 64, 152, 346 Mercury (NASA spacecraft), 247, 312, 314, 316 Mikulski, Barbara A (U.S Senator), 383 Mir (Soviet/Russian space station) Mission Control Centre, JSC, xiv, xiii, 4, 10, 18, 29, 31, 34, 117, 205, 260, 276, 295, 212, 213, 282, 314-322, 325-328, 350, 392 Mission Operations Manager (MOM), 295, 303, 304, 306, 307, 393 Mission Operation Room (MOR), 301, 304, 306, 307 Moore, Jesse, 47 Motorola, 215 Mountain, Matt, 284 Mueller, George, 65 Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI), 172, 173, 257, 368, 372, 391 Multi-Mission Modular Spacecraft (MMS), 193–195, 392 Muratore, John F., 315, Musgrave, F Story, xiii, 18, 34, 37, 42, 198, 200, 239, 241, 314, 331, 333–336, 340–342, 355, 356, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368, 372–374, 384, 387, 388, 397 Myers, Dale, 102 M Magnetic Sensing System (MSS), 165, 336, 393 Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL), 64–66, 71, 75, 393 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 102, 393 Manned Orbiting Telescope (MOT), 66–71, 75, 79, 124, 181, 393 Manned Space Flight Center (MSC, later JSC), 65, 66, 69, 393 Mariner (planetary probe), 60, 84 Mars (program), ix, 60, 81, 84, 99 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama (George C.), 12, 19, 33, 63, 88–90, 93, 96, 103, 116, 117, 126, 132, 196, 198–200, 209, 213–215, 218–220, 223–226, 228, 234–239, 250, 261, 276, 278, 280–282, 288, 297, 301, 334, 335, 340, 346, 350, 393, 399 N National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 59, 72, 92, 393 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 56, 58, 393 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Budget, 12, 46, 63, 73, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 100, 116, 220, 330, 382 Commercial Satellites, 12, 46, 63, 73, 77, 78, 84, 87, 100, 116, 140, 220, 330, 382 Chief of Astronomy, 86, 87 Deputy Administrator, 93, 192 Associate Administrator, 40, 45, 65, 102, 311 Office of Space Science (OSS), 58, 86, 346, 394 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC), 56, 393 410 Index National Air and Space Museum, Washington DC, 344 National Research Laboratory (NRL), 57, 393 National Science Foundation (NSF), 56, 393 Naugebauer, Gerry, 77 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 86, 393 Near Infra-Red Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), 177, 180, 203, 286, 393 Nelson, George D (“Pinky”), xiii, 16, 111, 223, 224, 226, 261, 268, 271, 397 Nickel cadmium (batteries), 138, 393 Nickel hydrogen (batteries), 28, 138, 170, 393 Nicollier, Claude, xiv, 107, 121, 333–335, 339, 345, 352, 353, 355, 361, 363, 365, 369, 373–375, 384 Nimbus (program), 73–77 Nimbus (servicing), 73–77 Nixon, Richard M (U.S President), 63, 84, 102, 103 O Oberth, Herman, 51 O’Dell, Charles Robert., 77, 91 Office of, (NASA) Space Science (OSS), 86, 131, 346, 394 Space Science and Applications (OSSA), 115, 394 Space Tracking and Data Systems, 117 O’Keefe, John, 57 Oliver, Jean, 88 Optical Astronomy Panel, 77 Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA), 33, 89, 95, 118, 135, 152, 156, 160, 175, 184, 213, 214, 228, 236, 301, 307, 394 Orbit Adjust Stage (OAS), 133, 135, 393 Orbital Flight Test (OFT), 111, 248, 393 Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), 31, 39, 40, 42, 134, 135, 319, 320, 352, 355 Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU), 90, 122, 129, 153, 157, 181, 194, 196, 200, 202, 209, 213–217, 223, 225, 227–229, 236, 237, 242, 246, 248–251, 253, 256, 263, 266, 278, 286, 287, 293, 303, 307, 344, 349, 393 Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier (ORUC), 122, 200, 202, 203, 236, 237, 246, 256, 293, 303, 348, 349, 356, 394 Orbital Replacement Unit Protective Enclosure, 202, 286, 348, 392, 395 Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), 107, 393 Orbiter (shuttle) Atlantis (OV-104), 15, 26, 120, 155 Challenger (OV-099), 12–15, 17, 20, 22–23, 47, 78, 83, 85, 93, 95, 102, 107, 112, 119, 120, 155, 169, 237, 240, 249, 272, 310–312, 334, 348, 382, 403 Columbia (OV-102), xxiii, 12, 23, 26, 55, 107, 115, 126, 155, 167, 220, 233, 348, 390 Discovery (OV-103), 1, 4, 6–8, 12, 14, 23, 25–29, 31–34, 37, 39–44, 120, 154, 155, 242, 267 Endeavour (OV-105), 120, 240, 247, 249, 330, 348, 351–353, 355, 360, 361, 374–376 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO program), xiv, 57, 58, 393 OAO-1, 59–61, 63, 149, 191, 284 OAO-2, 61 OAO-B, 61 OAO-Copernicus (OAO (C) ), 61, 284 OAO-D through J, 77 Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO program), 59, 62, 191, 393 Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO program), 59, 62, 87, 394 Oval Office (The White House), 375 P Palapa (satellite), 111, 248 Palomar, Mount (telescope), 52 Payload Bay (space shuttle), xxii, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25–29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 44, 80, 85, 92, 98, 99, 101–103, 106–109, 114, 122, 128–129, 131, 134, 135, 143, 147, 151, 155, 159, 161, 166, 195–196, 198, 200, 201, 206, 207, 216, 220–221, 224, 229, 233, 237, 240–243, 248, 250, 256, 259, 272, 282, 283, 286, 288, 320, 328, 336, 339, 340, 347–349, 354, 355, 357, 360, 361, 365, 369, 370, 373–374 Payload Deployment Retrieval System (PDRS), 10, 106, 321, 394 Perkin Elmer Corporation, 54, 94, 95, 118, 195, 198, 215, 238 Perry, Richard U., 347 Pioneer-Venus (program), 60, 93 Phase (program), 66, 131, 132 Phase A, 88, 131–145, 151 Phase B, 110, 111, 132, 141, 150, 151 Pointing Control System (PCS), 305, 307, 397 Pointing Safing Electronics Assembly (PSEA), 173, 394 Power Tools, 33, 216, 242, 253, 254, 261, 265–267, 271, 377 Pistol Grip Tool (PGT), 254, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268, 269, 394 Power Ratchet Tool (PRT), 254, 257, 263–266, 369, 394 Index President (U.S.), 55, 56, 63, 64, 84, 87, 102, 103, 375 Principle Investigator (PI), 118, 394 Princeton University, 52 Project Scientist (LST/HST), 91, 301–303, 372 Proximity Operations (Prox Ops), 32, 107, 109–112, 114, 128, 129, 278, 319, 394 Purcell, Joseph, 191 Q Quale, Dan (U.S Vice President), 46 R Race (Arms), 54, 83 Race (Moon), 55, 83 Race (Space), 55, 83 Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE), 62 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG), 75, 76, 395 RAND Corporation, 52 Ranger (lunar probe program), 60 Rate Gyro Assembly (RGA), 43, 146, 166, 174, 348, 394 Rate Sensing Unit (RSU), 165, 166, 221, 223, 227, 263, 335, 356, 395 R-Bar (rendezvous approach mode), 110 Reaction Control System (RCS), 31, 111, 112, 115, 150, 319, 320, 342, 355, 374, 394 Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA), 112, 158, 166, 395 Reboost, 12, 202, 319 Reed, Benjamin, (“Ben”), xiv, 397 Reeves, William, (“Bill”), 37, 314 Remote Manipulator System (RMS) (Shuttle Canadarm), xxiii, 1–5, 8–10, 13, 16–17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 31–36, 80, 103–107, 109, 110, 112–114, 121, 128, 129, 143–146, 190, 196, 200, 202, 205–207, 211–213, 217, 220, 227, 229, 233–237, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270, 271, 277, 278, 281, 282, 319–321, 332–334, 339, 344, 345, 348, 353, 355, 356, 358, 361, 362, 367, 371, 373–376, 394 Orbiter Boom Sensor System (shuttle), 107, 393 Sepentutor (AAP), 103 Rendezvous, xiii, xvii, xxii, 4, 12, 20, 40, 42, 69, 85, 98, 107–113, 128, 129, 132, 134, 143, 196, 200, 277, 278, 281, 304, 315, 319, 320, 324, 330, 344, 352–355, 395 Resnik, Judith A., 32 411 Restraints Body, 206, 389 Foot, 8, 158, 159, 161, 190, 200, 206, 208, 216, 217, 221, 223, 227, 229, 231–233, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 248, 253, 254, 257, 271, 361, 364, 365, 367, 369, 391–329, 394 Retrievable Mode Gyro Assembly (RMGA), 112, 174, 394 Richardson, R.S., 51 Richards, Paul W., xiii, 263–269, 274, 397 Ritchey-Chretien (optics), 124 Robotic servicing, 190, 212 Roman, Nancy Grace, 57, 58, 77, 86, 87, 89, 96, 398 Ross, Jerry, 240, 241, 350, 364 Rotary Drive Actuators (RDA), 161, 394 Rothenberg, Joe, 346, 364, 384 S Salt Lake City International Airport, Utah Sanders, Fred, 228 Saturn IB (launch vehicle), 65, 218 Saturn V (launch vehicle), 66, 69 S-Band Single Access Transmitters (SSAT), 158 Schilling, Gerhardt, 57 Science Advisory Committee (SAC), 56, 395 Science instrument, xv, xxiii, 69, 95, 96, 127, 129, 138, 143, 154, 156, 163, 172, 174, 175, 177, 179, 181, 194, 223, 225, 232, 236, 246, 257, 286–288, 295, 302–305, 395 Science Instrument Control & Data Handling (SIC&DH), 150, 156, 158, 163, 172, 174, 176, 181, 296, 305, 395 Science Instrument Package (SIP), 135, 136, 138, 395 Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 100 Scientific Experiment Package (SEP), 156 Scout (launch vehicle), 62 Service Mission SM-1, 107, 126, 175, 177, 180, 241, 254, 256, 294, 308, 316, 323, 334, 340, 344–348, 388 SM-2, 107, 177, 242, 290, 293, 308, 316, 322, 323 SM-3A, 107, 126, 177, 242, 280, 285, 314, 316 SM-3B, 107, 126, 177, 180, 211, 241, 280, 294, 308, 314, 316 SM-4, 107, 126, 171, 177, 180, 243–244, 249, 257, 275, 280, 294–296, 300, 314, 316, 323, 328, 367 412 Index Service Mission Integrated Timeline (SMIT), 305–306, 328, 386, 395 Shannon, John P., 315 Shaw, Charles W (“Chuck”), xiv, 275, 315, 322–328 Sheffield, Ron, 248–250, 262, 266, 274 Shriver, Loren J., 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 29, 31, 33, 34, 43, 47, 349, 353, 398 Shuttle/Space Infra-Red Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 152, 155, 395 Skylab (program), x, xxiii, 14, 32, 65, 66, 79, 80, 84, 88, 90, 92, 103, 141, 149, 150, 192, 197, 200, 212, 213, 219, 220, 248, 333, 399 Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS), 62, 161 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), 57, 395 Smith, Helen, 77 Software Sun Point Mode (SSPM), 174, 395 Solar Array (SA), xv, 75, 90, 113, 114, 121, 124, 129, 142–144, 148–150, 153, 155, 156, 170, 173, 174, 192, 203, 214, 223, 229, 233, 236, 237, 251, 256, 257, 305–308, 335–336, 348, 349, 372, 383, 395, 396 first generation, 4–7, 10, 11, 17–19, 21, 34, 36, 37, 43, 44, 94–96, 158, 159, 161, 166–169, 228, 240, 244, 245, 353, 355, 358, 360–364, 376 second generation, 228, 308, 331, 340, 344, 345, 358, 360, 374, 375 third generation, 170, 292 Solar Array Drive Electronics (SADE), 166, 214, 336, 349, 372, 373, 395 Solar cycle, 12, 42, 134 Solar Max (satellite), xiii, 13, 23, 111, 112, 126, 194, 197, 201, 204, 220, 224, 248, 268, 270–272, 348, 386 Solid State Recorder, 164 Soyuz (Russian spacecraft), xi, 111, 334, 403 Spaceflight Magazine (British Interplanetary Society), 34 Space Act, 56 Space Age, ix, x, 51, 54, 55, 319 Spacehab, 240, 347 Spacelab, 14, 79, 80, 122, 123, 128, 152, 198, 202, 236, 334, 348 Space Science Board (SSB of the NAS), 59, 60, 72, 395 Space Shuttle (orbiter) See Atlantis and Orbiter OV-104 See Challenger and Orbiter OV-099 See Columbia and Orbiter OV-102 See Discovery and Orbiter OV-103 See Endeavour and Orbiter OV-105 Space Shuttle Missions STS-1, 205 STS-2, 106, 233 STS-4, 32, 205 STS-7, 111 STS-26, 23, 120, 311, 334 STS-27, 311 STS-28, 311 STS-29, 120, 311 STS-30, 311 STS-31, xi, xxi, 1, 3, 4, 12, 15–17, 21–23, 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 107, 115, 154, 248, 265, 311, 314, 316, 320, 322, 323, 344, 349, 355, 382, 388 STS-32, 32, 112, 311 STS-33, 23, 37, 40, 311, 333–335 STS-34, 311 STS-35, 25, 26 STS-36, 311 STS-37, 21, 155, 240 STS-41, 26, 44, 334 STS-41B, 13, 14, 204, 239, 268, 272, 282 STS-41C, 13, 111, 112, 201, 204, 248, 268, 270, 272, 282 STS-41D, 14, 32, 124 STS-41G, 14 STS-49, 112, 204, 206, 240, 271, 334, 335, 338, 339, 346, 360, 369, 378 STS-51, 112, 241, 347, 348 STS-51A, 111, 248, 268, 270 STS-51C, 16 STS-51D, 111, 204, 333, 340, 368 STS-51I, 111, 204, 334 STS-51L, 15, 120 STS-54, 120, 240 STS-57, 112, 240, 347 STS-61, xiii, xxiii, 37, 107, 115, 121, 180, 200, 208, 241, 243, 264, 265, 294, 311, 314–316, 331–333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 343–352, 356, 369, 372, 374–378, 380, 382, 384, 386–388 STS-61B, 10, 204 STS-61C, 14, 15, 17, 32 STS-61J, 12, 13, 15–17, 21 STS-64, 204 STS-72, 243 STS-82, xiii, 107, 115, 180, 210, 242, 243, 268, 280, 315, 316, 376 STS-102, 267–269 STS-103, 107, 115, 121, 180, 209, 242, 280, 285, 315, 316 STS-109, xiii, 107, 115, 179, 180, 206, 241, 280, 294, 315, 316 STS-114, 204, 325 Index STS-125, 107, 115, 179, 180, 230, 243–244, 249, 255, 257, 277, 280, 284, 294, 315–318, 327, 367 Space Stations, ix, xv, 46, 50, 64, 66, 69–75, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 90, 99–101, 103, 107, 108, 111, 123–125, 127, 190, 192, 197, 204, 220, 240, 241, 259, 263, 264, 266, 271, 314, 330, 331, 333–335, 344, 346, 376, 378, 380, 384, 386, 387, 391, 392, 401, 403 Space Support Equipment (SSE), 200, 306, 348, 395 Space Telescope (ST), ix, x, xi, xiii, xv, xvii, xix, xxi-xxiii, 1, 4, 13, 29, 33, 44, 45, 47, 50–52, 54, 56–61, 64, 69, 72–73, 76, 77, 79, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96–99, 101, 102, 106, 107, 115–119, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131–133, 135–137, 139, 140, 151–156, 159, 163, 174, 177, 180, 181, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 207, 213, 214, 216, 218–220, 222, 223, 226, 235, 236, 239, 246, 247, 250, 259, 270, 271, 275, 276, 282, 286, 290, 292, 300, 301, 304, 308, 330, 336, 338, 339, 344, 352, 353, 364, 368, 380, 382–384, 386, 390–392, 396 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), 177, 180, 286, 396 Space Telescope Operations Control Center (STOCC), 4, 6, 33, 42, 44, 95, 96, 112, 113, 117, 118, 174, 276, 282, 287, 301–307, 319, 328, 353, 360, 372, 374, 375, 396 Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI), 47, 117, 118, 121, 207, 286, 290, 304, 308, 380, 396 Space Transportation System (program), 98, 100, 103, 127, 143, 193 Payloads, 100–102, 122, 128, 152 Spar Aerospace, Toronto, Canada, 106 Spitzer, Jr Lyman, 1, 30, 52–54, 59, 60, 77, 155, 181, 384 Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), 155, 396 Sputnik (satellite program), 55, 56 Sputnik 1, 55, 56 Sputnik 2, 55, 56 Stafford, Thomas P., 111, 346 State University of Iowa, 59 Stone, B Randy, 314, 315 Stratoscope, Project (balloon program), 54, 59 Stratoscope I, 54 Stratoscope II, 54 Structural Dynamic Test Vehicle (SDTV Space Telescope), 344, 395 413 Sullivan, Kathryn D., 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13–21, 29, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 198, 237, 250, 273, 398 Support Systems Module (SSM), 94, 95, 118, 135, 137, 138, 141–145, 147–148, 150, 152, 156, 158, 161, 163, 166, 171, 172, 176, 181, 213, 221, 223, 227, 233, 236, 395 T Tanner, Joseph R., (“Joe”), xiii, 398 Test Program Vehicle Electrical Systems Test (VEST), 209, 286 Vehicle Electrical Support Structure (VESS), 294, 396 Service Commission Ground Test (SCGT), 294, 395 Thermal Blankets (TB) Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI), 172–176, 392 Flexible Optical Solar Reflector (FOSR), 172–173, 391 Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS), 172, 174, 202, 396 Thornton, Kathryn C., 40, 240, 241, 314, 333–336, 338–340, 342, 352, 358, 360–365, 367–371, 378, 384 Tools (EVA), x, xi, xiii, xxiii, 33, 88, 90, 122, 124, 147–148, 151, 190–192, 196, 200, 206–207, 212, 215, 216, 220, 223, 224, 227–229, 233, 234, 236–239, 241–243, 246–248, 250–254, 256–266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 280, 283, 286, 288, 289, 303, 320, 322, 328, 339, 341, 342, 344, 358, 367, 373, 375, 377, 386, 399 Trevino, Robert, xiv, 200, 239, 247–248, 273, 274, 281, 282 Titan (launch vehicle) Titan 4, 47 Titan II, 64 Titan III, 88, 102, 132, 135 Titan III-C, 100 Titan III-D, 135 Titan III-E, 133, 135, 141 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), 117–120, 128, 163, 375, 396 Training, xvii, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13–20, 22, 27, 32, 47, 66, 69, 80, 89, 90, 94, 116, 117, 152, 207–213, 216–218, 220, 221, 228, 230, 235–238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 248–250, 259, 260, 262, 264, 268, 270, 274, 276–282, 284–286, 288, 291, 294, 296, 297, 300, 303, 312–314, 320, 322, 324, 327, 331–335, 338–340, 342–347, 352, 356, 361, 364, 368, 374–376, 378 TRW, 46, 193 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 414 Index U Uhuru (satellite), 62 Ulysses (solar probe), 26, 44 Underwater (EVA training), xxiii, 19, 52, 89, 213–239, 243, 262, 263, 265, 275, 303, 313 United States Air Force (USAF) Assistant Secretary for Research and Development, 102 Reconnaissance satellites, 101, 102 United States Congress, 63, 72, 73, 85–87, 89, 92, 93, 96, 101, 116, 121, 193, 199, 220, 331, 337 United States President, 55, 56, 63–64, 84, 87, 102, 103, 375 United States Vice President, 46, 375 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), 194, 197, 396 V V-2 (German rocket), 54 Vandenberg Air Force Base (California), 101, 102 V-Axis, 113, 114, 158, 227 V-Bar (rendezvous approach mode), 110 Vernacchio, Al, xiv, 289–291, 398 Vietnam War, 84, 248 Virtual Reality (VR), 208, 209, 260, 282, 343, 344, 396 Virutal Reality Laboratory (VRL), 208, 344, 396 Voss, James S.(“Jim”), 239, 242, 261, 314, 315 Vostok (Soviet spacecraft), 55 W Warner Robbins Air Force Base, Macon, Georgia, 44 Water tanks (for EVA simulations), 129, 213, 220, 238, 243, 248, 261, 281, 282, 303, 344 Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL)–JSC (Sonny Carter Facility, Houston), 208, 213, 230, 243, 244, 250, 257, 260–262, 288, 327, 393 Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS)-MSFC, 19, 214–223, 225, 226, 231, 233–239, 248, 250, 253, 264, 266, 278, 393 Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF-JSC), 208–210, 220, 235, 240, 241, 278, 396 We Have Capture (book), 346 Weiler, Edward, 383 Werneth, Ross, xiv, 257–263, 268, 274, 398 Westar (satellite), 111, 248 When We Left The Earth (documentary), 42 Whipple, Fred, 57, 77 White Sands Test Facility, New Mexico, 29, 117, 118, 396 Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WFPC), 95, 161, 177, 180, 223, 227, 233, 237, 257, 283, 295, 335–337, 342, 348, 349, 353, 365, 367, 396 WFPC-1, 177, 180, 342 WFPC-2, 177, 286, 337, 342, 348, 349, 367 WFPC-3, 177, 180, 286, 295, 367 Wilkins, Chris, 293 Woods Hole (Study Group), 50, 59, 63–64, 72, 92 X X-Axis, 113 Y Yale University, 52 Young, John W., 14–16, 346 Z Z-Axis, 36, 114 Z-Bar, 110 Zimmerman, Robert (author), 89, 194, 195, www.Ebook777.com ... ==> www.Ebook777.com The Hubble Space Telescope From Concept to Success www.Ebook777.com David J. Shayler with David M. Harland The Hubble Space Telescope From Concept to Success Free ebooks ==>... Hubble Space Telescope: From Concept To Success, I return to April 1990 to recall the deployment of the telescope in space by STS-31, and the challenges addressed to achieve that feat Then the background... privileged to be one of the few people to get to work on HST in space twice I may also be the only person to have been blessed to have had the opportunity to work on HST in space and then the chance to