Maximizing mobile

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2012 Maximizing Mobile 72236 Information and Communications for Development 2012 Information and Communications for Development 2012 Information and Communications for Development Maximizing Mobile © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 15 14 13 12 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank 2012 Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile Washington, DC: World Bank DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8991-1; website: http://www worldbank.org/ict/IC4D2012 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-8991-1 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9587-5 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8991-1 Cover photographs: Top and bottom: G M B Akash / Panos; center: Mr Pierre C Sibiry Traore, ICRISAT, AgCommons, a program executed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR); right: The Commonwealth of Learning Cover design: Naylor Design Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations xi xiii xv xvii PART I Executive Summary Tim Kelly and Michael Minges Main messages Why are mobile phones now considered indispensable? A mobile green revolution Keep using the tablets—how mobile devices are changing health care Mobile money Get a phone, get a job, start a business Using phones to bring governments and citizens closer Onward and upward to mobile broadband Appendixes Infographic: Maximizing Mobile for Development Chapter Overview 5 6 7 11 Michael Minges How mobile phones are used Data traffic The changing mobile ecosystem Mobile-enabled social and economic trends Structure of the report Notes References 13 18 19 22 27 27 28 v Chapter Mobilizing the Agricultural Value Chain 31 Naomi J Halewood and Priya Surya Making information mobile Improved access to agricultural information Improving data visibility for value-chain efficiency Enhancing access to markets Policy considerations Conclusions Notes References Chapter mHealth 31 33 37 39 41 41 42 42 45 Nicolas Friederici, Carol Hullin, and Masatake Yamamichi Why mHealth? Opportunities and challenges The potential of mHealth The mHealth ecosystem Business models for mHealth Principles for implementing mHealth applications Conclusions Notes References Chapter Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion 45 50 52 52 53 57 58 58 61 Kevin Donovan Mobile money: an ecosystem approach The financial inclusion imperative What is the impact of mobile money? Growing mobile money: challenges and success stories Emerging issues in mobile money Conclusions Notes References Chapter Mobile Entrepreneurship and Employment 61 62 63 65 66 71 72 72 75 Maja Andjelkovic and Saori Imaizumi Open innovation and mobile entrepreneurship Mobile incubators Mobile microwork Mobiles and recruitment Conclusions and considerations for policy-makers Notes References vi Contents 76 79 81 82 83 85 86 Chapter Making Government Mobile 87 Siddhartha Raja and Samia Melhem with Matthew Cruse, Joshua Goldstein, Katherine Maher, Michael Minges, and Priya Surya A typology of mGovernment Drivers for mGovernment Challenges for governments Enabling the technology transformation Emerging best practices for going mobile Conclusions Notes References 87 89 93 94 95 98 99 100 Chapter Policies for Mobile Broadband 103 Victor Mulas The mobile broadband opportunity and developing countries Policy recommendations for facilitating mobile broadband diffusion Conclusions Notes References 103 104 110 110 111 Key Trends in the Development of the Mobile Sector 115 PART II Michael Minges Access Mobile broadband Devices Mobile industry A mobile analytical tool Notes References 115 120 121 124 126 133 134 Data Notes 135 Kaoru Kimura and Michael Minges Definitions and data sources Mobile at-a-glance country tables Key mobile indicators for other economies, 2010 138 141 217 Contributors 219 BOXES Part I 1.1 1.2 Mobile phones and applications How to make a million from Angry Birds 14 19 Contents vii 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 Smartphones and tablets for development How Reuters Market Light generates hyperlocalized information A pregnant pause for Sri Lanka’s cows Tracking specialty coffee DrumNet, the value chain on your mobile phone Kenya: A breeding ground for mHealth applications Ethiopia: SMS helps in monitoring UNICEF’s food supply chain India: Health Management and Research Institute—104 Mobile One device, many channels Using mobile money Business models for mobile money Interoperability and innovation in mobile money AkiraChix infoDev’s mLabs and mHubs Mobile microwork: JANA Turning ideas into applications: “Mobile To Work” challenge Business processes for job seekers and employers: Souktel’s JobMatch The mobile telephone as a tool for citizen voice and empowerment Kerala’s mobile government program Evolving toward coordination: the case of the Republic of Korea Open data and mobile access in Kenya Challenges to trust and credibility Using reverse auctions to match spectrum allocations with coverage obligations in Chile 24 35 36 38 39 48 49 56 62 64 67 70 78 80 82 83 84 90 93 94 97 99 107 Part II A.1 Mobile use in rural China 118 FIGURES Part I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.3.1 1.8 1.9 3.1.1 3.2.1 3.1 viii Contents The developing world: young and mobile Talking and paying: mobile voice use and price for selected countries, 2010 Mobile phone usage around the world, 2011 Worldwide SMS and Twitter traffic Data, data everywhere Apples and Berries: iPhone sales and Blackberry subscriptions Changing market share of mobile handset sales by operating system Annotated screenshot of Bangladesh’s Amadeyr Tablet Mapping calls for protest on Facebook to actual “Arab Spring” demonstrations, 2011 Mobile phone versus internet access household availability MedAfrica app RapidSMS in Ethiopia Relative popularity of consumer health applications in Apple’s App Store, 2011 12 14 16 17 20 20 21 24 26 27 48 49 51 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Europe & Central Asia Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 405 7,272 36 13 3.2 894 Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 1,650 53 — 2.5 — 3,790 51 — 2.4 — — — 6,622 120 90 60 30 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 2005 2007 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) a 89 14 — — 62 95a — — — 78 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 125 82a 96 22.6a 18.0a — 256 — — — 292 — — 77 276a 2.9 61.9a 82 288a 8.5 69.8a Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 12 10 2005 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2011 Europe & Central Asia Region a Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) 2009 Turkmenistan — — 7.2 3.1 Uganda 2005 2010 Low-income group 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa Region 2010 796 530 72 0.2 — 853 1,188 63 0.2 167 2006 2007 2008 2009 Turkmenistan (—) Europe & Central Asia Region 2010 Uganda Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 28 300 88 10 0.1 97 33 500 87 11 — 192 — — 4,384 99 70 — — 43a 99a 100 1.1a 2.7a 43a 98a — — — 57a 96a 72 5.6a 10.1a 10 — — — 52 67a — — 43 — — — 52 — — — 57.6 29.3 28.8 19.5 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 40 2005 Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) 60 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Number per 100 people 80 20 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 2007 2009 2011 Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa Region Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa Region Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 210 Information and Communications for Development 2012 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Ukraine Ukraine 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Europe & Central Asia Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 405 7,272 36 13 3.2 894 Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 47 1,540 32 14 3.1 2,708 46 3,000 32 15 3.2 3,220 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 30 — — 4,063 64 92 96 0.0 0.1 118a 92a 100 5.8a 4.7a 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 125a 82a 96 22.6a 18.0a 44 113 — — 84 469a 2.4 72.0a 77 276a 2.9 61.9a 82 288a 8.5 69.8a 13.5 3.0 7.2 3.1 United Arab Emirates 2005 2010 High-income group 2010 2005 2007 2009 2011 Ukraine Europe & Central Asia Region Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 18 15 12 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Ukraine Europe & Central Asia Region United Arab Emirates Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 42,280 22 11 1.5 — 41,930 22 13 — — 1,127 38,746 22 16 2.8 — — — 5,887 111 89 100 4.1 3.7 149a 89a 100 74.8a 45.4a 118a 36a 100 69.6a 57.6a 95 — 4.9 — 97 — 9.3 — 93 339 24.3 78.2a 150 120 90 60 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 180 30 2005 2007 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2009 United Arab Emirates High-income group 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 United Arab Emirates High-income group Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 Information and Communications for Development 2012 211 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance United Kingdom United Kingdom 2005 2010 High-income group 2010 Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 60 38,850 10 17 2.2 — 62 38,200 10 16 2.7 — 1,127 38,746 22 16 2.8 — — — 2,495 109 67 99 7.7 6.9 130a 50a 100 67.5a 55.2a 118a 36a 100 69.6a 57.6a 88 151 9.3 83.5 93 192a 20.2 90.3 93 339 24.3 78.2a 1.1 1.0 1.0 United States 2005 2010 High-income group 2010 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 2007 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage 2009 United Kingdom High-income group 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 1.5 1.2 0.9 Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) 0.6 0.3 0.0 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 United Kingdom High-income group 2010 United States Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 296 44,660 19 16 2.7 337 309 47,340 18 16 2.4 — 1,127 38,746 22 16 2.8 — — — 2,848 70 11 99 2.1 3.0 106a 16a 100 72.8a 67.0a 118a 36a 100 69.6a 57.6a 51 683 6.6 — 85 772 35.6a 68.0 93 339 24.3 78.2a 0.5 0.8 1.0 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 2007 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) 2009 United States High-income group 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 1.5 1.2 0.9 Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 0.6 0.3 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 United States High-income group 2010 Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 212 Information and Communications for Development 2012 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Uruguay Uruguay 2005 2010 Upper-middleincome group 2010 Latin America & the Caribbean Region 2010 2,452 5,886 43 13 1.7 — 583 7,741 21 14 1.8 — Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 4,740 15 4.2 341 10,230 16 3.7 538 — — 3,746 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) 35 85 100 — — 136a 71a 100 21.7a 15.4a 92a 81a 99 14.3a 15.4a 109a 81a 98 16.1a 15.2a 35 — — — 83 — 4.8 — 84 325a 22.9a 74.4a 84 141a 4.4 — Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2007 2009 2011 Uruguay Latin America & the Caribbean Region Sector performance Access 6.3 2.1 2.9 3.7 Uzbekistan 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Europe & Central Asia Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 405 7,272 36 13 3.2 894 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Uruguay Latin America & the Caribbean Region Uzbekistan Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 26 530 63 12 2.7 676 28 1,280 63 11 2.6 957 — — 3,339 90 75 — — 84a 95a 93 6.6a 8.1a 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 125a 82a 96 22.6a 18.0a 50 450 — — 87 389a 0.7 25.0 77 276a 2.9 61.9a 82 288a 8.5 69.8a 18.3 2.8 7.2 3.1 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 2007 2009 2011 Uzbekistan Europe & Central Asia Region Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 20 15 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Uzbekistan Europe & Central Asia Region Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 Information and Communications for Development 2012 213 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Venezuela, RB Venezuela, RB 2005 2010 Upper-middleincome group 2010 Latin America & the Caribbean Region 2010 2,452 5,886 43 13 1.7 — 583 7,741 21 14 1.8 — Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 27 4,950 12 — — 29 11,590 14 — — — — — 47 95 85 0.3 0.5 98a 94a — 26.1a 24.7a 92a 81a 99 14.3a 15.4a 109a 81a 98 16.1a 15.2a 26 116 — — 46 — 5.5 — 84 325a 22.9a 74.4a 84 141a 4.4 — 5.5 2.3 2.9 3.7 Vietnam 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 East Asia & Pacific Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 1,962 3,696 54 12 1.2 — Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2007 2009 2011 Venezuela, RB Latin America & the Caribbean Region Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Venezuela, RB Latin America & the Caribbean Region Vietnam Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 82 630 74 — — — 87 1,160 71 — 1.2 — — — 2,664 12 92 70 0.01 0.03 134a 88a — 25.6a 16.4a 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 83a 85a 99 11.6a 14.4a 30 — — — 50 — 8.2 49.0 77 276a 2.9 61.9a 83 367a 22.4a 84.0a 19.1 5.6 7.2 5.7 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 200 150 100 50 2005 2007 2009 Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Region Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 25 20 15 Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Region Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 214 Information and Communications for Development 2012 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance West Bank and Gaza West Bank and Gaza 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Middle East & North Africa Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 331 3,874 42 12 1.4 443 Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 1,250 28 13 — — — 28 13 — 543 — — 6,800 16 90 95 — — 45 90a — — — 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 89a 87a — — — 37 — — — 92 — — 94.0 77 276a 2.9 61.9a — — 4.5 — 23.2 — 7.2 3.6 Yemen, Rep 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Middle East & North Africa Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 331 3,874 42 12 1.4 443 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 2007 2009 2011 West Bank and Gaza Middle East & North Africa Region Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Percentage of GNI per capita 25 20 15 Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Mobile basket, 2005–10 10 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 West Bank and Gaza Middle East & North Africa Region Yemen, Rep Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 21 690 71 0.3 54 24 1,170 68 — 0.3 101 — — 3,450 11 92 68 — — 36a 87a 84 — — 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 89a 87a — — — — — — — — — — — 77 276a 2.9 61.9a — — 4.5 — Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 150 120 90 60 30 2005 Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 25 20 15 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2007 2009 2011 Yemen, Rep Middle East & North Africa Region 20.1 8.3 7.2 3.6 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Yemen, Rep Middle East & North Africa Region Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 Information and Communications for Development 2012 215 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Zambia Zambia 2005 2010 Lower-middleincome group 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa Region 2010 2,519 1,623 61 10 0.8 — 853 1,188 63 0.2 167 Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 11 500 65 — 0.1 — 13 1,070 64 — — — — — 5,478 60 40 20 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 80 2005 2007 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) 99 65 — — 54a 99a 90 0.3a 0.5a 78a 96a 86 7.3a 9.0a 57a 96a 72 5.6a 10.1a 15 — — — 58 — 2.8 — 77 276a 2.9 61.9a 52 — — — Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 60 50 40 30 20 10 Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2009 Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Region Sector performance Access 51.0 19.0 7.2 19.5 Zimbabwe 2005 2010 Low-income group 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa Region 2010 796 530 72 0.2 — 853 1,188 63 0.2 167 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Region Zimbabwe Economic and social context Population (total, million) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) Rural population (% of total) Expected years of schooling (years) Physicians density (per 1,000 people) Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults) 13 440 64 — 0.2 — 13 460 62 — — — — — — 87 70 — — 60 93a 80 8.6a 12.4a 43a 98a — — — 57a 96a 72 5.6a 0.1a 10 119 — — 54 98 0.6 47.0 43 — — — 52 — — — 16.4 53.5 28.8 19.5 Sector structure Number of mobile operators Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) (scale = 0–10,000) Mobile cellular subscriptions, 2005–11 Number per 100 people 80 60 40 20 2005 2007 2009 Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Region Sector performance Access Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (% prepaid) Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile broadband (% of total mobile subscriptions) Usage Households with a mobile telephone (%) Mobile voice usage (minutes per user per month) Population using mobile Internet (%) Short Message Service (SMS) users (% of mobile users) Affordability Mobile basket (% of GNI per capita) 2011 Mobile basket, 2005–10 Percentage of GNI per capita 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Region Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years or periods other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 216 Information and Communications for Development 2012 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Key mobile indicators for other economies, 2010 Population (total, thousand) 2010 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) 2010 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) 2010 Population covered by a mobile-cellular network (%) 2010 34,385 410 39a 75 — American Samoa 68 —b — — — — Andorra 85 41,750 77 99 — — Antigua and Barbuda 88 13,280 186 100 2.0 Aruba 108 — c 122 99 — — Bahamas, The 343 22,240 125 100 0.9 Barbados 274 12,660 128 100 1.0 Belize 345 3,810 56 — 9.8 c Afghanistan Number of mobile operators 2010 Mobile cellular basket (% of GNI per capita) 2010 65 — 137 — — Bhutan 726 1,870 52 100 2.9 Brunei Darussalam 399 31,800 109a — — Cape Verde 496 3,270 75 85 15.3 Cayman Islands 56 — c 178 100 — — Channel Islands 153 67,960 — — — — 735 750 a 32 — 38.8 143 c — — — a Bermuda Comoros Curaỗao Djibouti 889 1,270 23 90 6.2 Dominica 68 6,740 147 90 2.6 700 14,550 58 — — 49 c — 122 100 — — Fiji 860 3,630 81 65 6.2 French Polynesia 271 —c 80 80 — Gibraltar 29 c — 103 — — — Greenland 57 26,020 101 100 — — Equatorial Guinea Faeroe Islands Grenada 104 6,960 112 — 2.5 Guam 179 —c — — — — Guyana 755 2,870 74 95 3.9 Iceland 318 32,640 118 99 0.6 Isle of Man Kiribati Korea, Dem People’s Rep Kosovo 83 48,910 — — — — 100 2,000 10 — 10.4 24,346 —d 3a — — 1,815 3,290 86 — — a 3,994 200 41 — — Liechtenstein 36 137,070 80 95 — — Luxembourg 507 76,980 143 100 0.4 Macao SAR, China 544 34,880 206 100 0.1 Maldives 316 5,750 156 100 1.2 Liberia (continued next page) Information and Communications for Development 2012 217 World Bank • Mobile at a Glance Key mobile indicators continued Population (total, thousand) 2010 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method (current US$) 2010 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) 2010 Population covered by a mobile-cellular network 2010 Number of mobile operators 2010 Mobile cellular basket (% of GNI per capita) 2010 416 19,130 109 100 1.4 54 3,640 — — — Mayotte 204 b — — — — Micronesia, Fed Sts 111 2,740 25 — 4.0 35 183,150 — — — — 632 6,740 a 100 — 2.9 247 — c 89 89 — — c — — — Malta Marshall Islands Monaco Montenegro New Caledonia — 183 Northern Mariana Islands 61 — Palau 20 6,560 71 95 — — Samoa 184 2,980 91 — 7.1 32 50,400 76 98 — — 165 1,200 62 88 12.7 87 9,710 146 98 2.0 38 c — — — — 538 1,030 a — — Somalia 9,331 d — 34a — — — South Sudan 9,948f —e 24 — — 52 11,830 154 — 1.5 174 6,560 113 100 4.1 30 — c — — — — St Vincent and the Grenadines 109 6,320 113 100 2.8 Suriname 525 5,920 170 — 1.9 Tonga 104 3,290 52 90 4.0 Turks and Caicos Islands 38 — c — — — — Tuvalu 10 4,760 25 — — — 240 2,640 27 — 10.6 110 c — — — — San Marino S ~ao Tomé and Principe Seychelles Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Solomon Islands St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Martin (French part) Vanuatu Virgin Islands (U.S.) — — 33 Sources: Economic and social context: IMF, UIS, UN, WHO and World Bank; Sector structure: ictDATA.org; Sector performance: ictDATA.org, ITU; Wireless Intelligence, and World Bank Notes: Use of italics in the column entries indicates years other than those specified — Not available GNI = gross national income a Data are for 2011 b Estimated to be upper middle income ($3,976–$12,275) c Estimated to be high income ($12,276 or more) d Estimated to be low income ($1,005 or less) e Estimated to be lower middle income ($1,006–$3,975) f 2010 estimate 218 Information and Communications for Development 2012 Contributors Maja Andjelkovic is interested in the potential of the mobile industry to create opportunities in emerging markets and in the role of mobile technology in human development With the World Bank’s Information for Development Program (infoDev), she works on supporting entrepreneurs to establish businesses in Africa, Asia, and Europe During LLM studies at the University of Kent, she examined public-private governance of the internet As a PhD student at Oxford University’s Internet Institute, she is focusing on social aspects of innovation in the context of mobile entrepreneurship Kevin Donovan is a research associate in the World Bank’s infoDev He graduated from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service with a degree in science, technology, and international affairs and spent part of 2012 as a Fulbright recipient studying the intersection of digital technology and democratic engagement in South Africa He previously served on the board of directors of Students for Free Culture, an international NGO working to reform intellectual property rights, and managed Georgetown’s OpenCourseWare initiative Neil Fantom is a manager in the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank He leads the team that provides open access to the World Bank’s databases on development and manages the compilation and publication of the World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance Before joining the World Bank, he worked for the U.K Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Commission Mr Fantom studied statistics and mathematics in the United Kingdom, at University College London, the University of Oxford, and the University of Durham Nicolas Friederici is a consultant at infoDev at the World Bank His research interests cover ICT for development and mobile innovation He has authored academic publications in the fields of broadband economics and policy, social online behavior, and knowledge management He is also involved in infoDev’s operational work in mobile innovation and incubation He was a Fulbright scholar at Michigan State University where he received a master’s degree in telecommunication, information studies, and media He also holds a Diplom in media studies and media management from the University of Cologne Naomi J Halewood is an ICT policy specialist with the ICT Unit of the World Bank, where she works on projects involving telecommunications sector development and modernizing government through the use of ICT, mainly in the East Asia and Pacific Region Her contributions to publications examine the role of ICT and, more recently, the mobile phone in various development contexts such as agriculture, public service delivery, and small and medium enterprise development Before joining the ICT Unit, she worked in the 219 Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank She holds master’s degrees in international development and business administration from American University and a bachelor’s degree in political science and sociology from Brandeis University Carol Hullin specializes in health informatics She works as a professor of health informatics in developing countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile As a consultant to the World Bank’s ICT Sector Unit, she works on the eHealth strategy Her areas of expertise include ICT for health, education, and social development, with an emphasis in policy-making and utilization of mobile technologies She has a PhD in health informatics from Melbourne University, Australia Currently, she is the vice president of the Latino American and Caribbean Federation of Medical Informatics, and a founder of the Chilean and Peruvian Health Informatics Association, an NGO within the International Medical Informatics Association in Geneva, Switzerland Saori Imaizumi is a consultant in the World Bank’s education team in the South Asia Region She specializes in skills development, engineering education, and ICT and education, conducting operational and analytical work in India and Pakistan With her background as an IT/management consultant in the private sector, she actively leverages business acumen and technologies to help solve issues in an innovative way, especially in the education sector Her work includes the use of mobile phone for a tracer study and use of ICT in teacher education and monitoring and evaluation She holds a master’s degree in development economics and international business from the Fletcher School at Tufts University and a bachelor’s degree in comparative politics and international relations from Wesleyan University Tim Kelly acted as Task Team Leader and led the research and drafting of this report He is a lead ICT policy specialist working with the ICT Sector Unit and infoDev within the World Bank Group He previously worked at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) He is the author or co-author of more than 30 books in the field of ICT4D, including the OECD Communications Outlook and the ITU Internet Reports At the Bank, he is co-author of the Broadband Strategies Handbook He holds a PhD in geography from the University of Cambridge, U.K 220 Contributors Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu is a statistical analyst in the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank She is an author and producer of the States and Markets section of the World Development Indicators database and publication, responsible for data and statistics on topics such as the private sector, the financial system, governance, transport, ICT, and science and technology She has a master’s degree in economics from Northern Illinois University Kaoru Kimura is an operations analyst with the ICT Sector Unit at the World Bank Group She has worked on several operational and analytical projects in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia In addition, she has been actively involved in monitoring and evaluation activities in the ICT sector She has worked on the ICT at-a-glance tables, Core Sector Indicators, and the Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology series Before joining the ICT Sector Unit, she worked at Nippon Telegraph and Telecommunication in Japan She has a master’s degree in international development studies from the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies in Japan Soong Sup Lee is a senior information officer in the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank He is a member of the team that provides open access to the World Bank’s databases and leads the team that produces the World Development Indicators database and publication Mr Lee has worked in various roles at the World Bank for over 25 years His current focus is improving the access and usefulness of the World Bank’s information for a broad audience Mr Lee has a master’s degree in business administration from George Washington University and a bachelor’s degree in engineering from McGill University Samia Melhem is the chair of the e-Development Thematic Group Her current operational and analytical responsibilities include technical assistance, planning, and supervision of eGoverment operations In her 20 years of experience in development at the World Bank Group, Ms Melhem has worked on ICT4D in several sectors: telecoms policy regulation, ICT for public sector reform (taxes, customs, trade), education, the knowledge economy, and private sector development She has held several positions in different regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and Europe and Central Asia She is the sector coordinator for governance and accountability, and gender She holds degrees in electrical engineering (BS), computer sciences (MS), and finance (MBA) in business administration in decision analysis from Arizona State University Michael Minges is an independent consultant with more than 20 years of experience advising governments and the private sector on ICT issues in developing countries He previously worked for Telecommunications Management Group (TMG) where he was senior market analyst Before joining TMG, he served as head of the Markets, Economics and Finance Unit at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) While at the ITU he launched the World Telecommunications Development Report, a principal industry publication, and designed the Digital Access Index for measuring ICT progress He also worked at the International Monetary Fund as an information technology specialist Mr Minges holds an MBA in information systems from George Washington University Siddhartha Raja is a policy specialist with the ICT Sector Unit of the World Bank Group He works with governments in South Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia on ICT sector strategy and telecommunications policy development and provides advisory services on using mobile tools to support service delivery and good governance He has published books on media convergence and broadband telecommunications during his time with the World Bank Mr Raja has a bachelor’s degree in telecommunications engineering from the University of Bombay, a master’s degree in infrastructure policy studies from Stanford University, and a doctorate in telecommunications policy from the University of Illinois Victor Mulas is an ICT policy specialist in the World Bank’s ICT Sector Unit His expertise lies in policy analysis and advisory work on sector reform, policy strategy, regulatory frameworks, ICT-led innovation and transformation, and institutional capacity building Before coming to the World Bank, he worked for Telecommunications Management Group, a global consulting firm, for an affiliate of the Tiscali group in Spain, and as an associate lawyer for a telecommunications law firm in Spain Mr Mulas holds an MBA with an International Business Diplomacy certificate from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University, an LLM in telecommunications law from Universidad de Comillas, and a law degree from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid William Prince is a senior information officer in the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank, where he leads the Data Administration and Quality team responsible for production and content management of electronic data products, including the online Open Data versions of World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance He also provides overall data management and support for the Data Group’s clients Before joining the Bank, he was a statistical consultant for British Telecom He has a master’s degree Priya Surya is a technology consultant in the World Bank’s South Asia Rural Livelihoods Unit, where she works on strategy and implementation of mobile, smartcard, big data, and multimedia technologies for improving livelihood outcomes and public service delivery Her work focuses on driving customer adoption and improving the user experience Her areas of expertise include financial inclusion, branchless banking, mobile-based data collection, agricultural value chain, innovative business models, and community-driven development She has an MPA in international development from the Harvard Kennedy School and a BA in economics from Macaulay Honors College at the City University of New York Masatake Yamamichi is a consultant in the World Bank’s ICT Sector Unit His expertise lies in ICT policies, telecommunications reform, and eGovernment, and their relevant areas, such as ICT-enabled social development and employment He is also involved in operational work with client countries in the Middle East and North Africa and the unit’s global analytical work and portfolio review He has contributed to a number of ICT-related publications as an author, researcher, and reviewer He holds a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Tokyo and a master’s degree in international relations from the Maxwell School of Syracuse University Contributors 221 ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank is committed to preserving endangered forests and natural resources The Office of the Publisher has chosen to print Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile on recycled paper with 50 percent postconsumer fiber in accordance with the recommended standards for paper usage set by the Green Press Initiative, a nonprofit program supporting publishers in using fiber that is not sourced from endangered forests For more information, visit www greenpressinitiative.org Saved: • 31 trees • 13 million BTU of total energy • 3.153 pounds of net greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) • 14,216 gallons of waste water • 901 pounds of solid waste W ith some six billion mobile subscriptions now in use worldwide, about three-quarters of humanity has access to a mobile phone Mobiles are arguably the most ubiquitous modern technology—in some developing countries, more people have access to a mobile phone than to clean water, a bank account, or even electricity And mobile communications now offer major opportunities to advance human development—from providing basic access to education or health information to making cash payments and stimulating citizen involvement in democratic processes Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile analyzes the growth and evolution of mobile telephony, including the rise of data-based services delivered to handheld devices through “apps” (applications) and other ways Summarizing current thinking and seeking to inform the debate on the use of mobile phones to improve livelihoods, the report looks, in particular, at key ecosystem-based applications in agriculture, health, financial services, employment, and government, with chapters devoted to each, and explores the consequences of the emerging “app economy” for development The global conversation is no longer about the phone itself, but about how it is used and the content and applications that it opens up These apps and “mash-ups” of services, driven by high-speed networks, social networking, online crowdsourcing, and innovation, are helping mobile phones transform lives in developed and developing countries alike They not only benefit individual users, they also boost the economy as a whole through cascade effects stimulating growth, entrepreneurship, and productivity Mobile communications promise to more than just give the developing world a voice—they unlock the genie in the phone, empowering people to make their own choices and decisions T his report pulls together perspectives from many different stakeholders into a cohesive and compelling document on mobile applications for development It will indeed be a valuable contribution to practitioners, funders, and others who are trying to understand this exciting space —Heather Thorne, Vice President, Information Solutions, Grameen Foundation ISBN 978-0-8213-8991-1 Korean Trust Fund SKU 18991 ... to mobile broadband Appendixes Infographic: Maximizing Mobile for Development Chapter Overview 5 6 7 11 Michael Minges How mobile phones are used Data traffic The changing mobile ecosystem Mobile- enabled... Using mobile money Business models for mobile money Interoperability and innovation in mobile money AkiraChix infoDev’s mLabs and mHubs Mobile microwork: JANA Turning ideas into applications: Mobile. .. 71 72 72 75 Maja Andjelkovic and Saori Imaizumi Open innovation and mobile entrepreneurship Mobile incubators Mobile microwork Mobiles and recruitment Conclusions and considerations for policy-makers