microalgae biotechnology microbiology and energy

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com MARINE BIOLOGY MICROALGAE: BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND ENERGY No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com MARINE BIOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the E-books tab Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com MARINE BIOLOGY MICROALGAE: BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND ENERGY MELANIE N JOHANSEN EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Copyright © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Microalgae : biotechnology, microbiology, and energy / editor, Melanie N Johansen p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Microalgae Microalgae-ISBN:  (eBook) Biotechnology Microalgae Microbiology Biomass energy I Johansen, Melanie N QK568.M52M53 2011 579.8 dc22 2011014563 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc †New York Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter vii Microalgae Biotechnological Applications: Nutrition, Health and Environment A E Marques, J R Miranda, A P Batista, and L Gouveia Assessing the Renewability of Biodiesel from Microalgae via Different Transesterification Processes Ehiaze Ehimen, Zhifa Sun, and Gerry Carrington Toxicity and Removal of Organic Pollutants by Microalgae: A Review Lin Ke, Yuk Shan Wong, and Nora F Y Tam Microalgal Engineering: The Metabolic Products and the Bioprocess Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Michele Greque de Morais and, Michele da Rosa Andrade Hydrothermal Carbonization of Microalgae and Other Low Cellulosic Biomass Materials Steven M Heilmann, Marc G von Keitz, and Kenneth J Valentas 61 101 141 171 Chapter Investigations on the Use of Microalgae for Aquaculture José Antonio López Elías, Luis Rafael Martínez Córdova, and Marcel Martínez Porchas 201 Chapter Microalgae: The Future of Green Energy K K I U Arunakumara 227 Chapter Real-Time Spectral Techniques for the Detection of Buildup of Valuable Compounds and Stress in Microalgal Cultures: Implications for Biotechnology Alexei Solovchenko, Inna Khozin-Goldberg, and Olga Chivkunova Chapter Microalgae as an Alternative Feed Stock for Green Biofuel Technology G S Anisha and Rojan P John www.ebook777.com 251 277 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com vi Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Contents A Critical Review: Microalgal CO2 Sequestration, Which Strain Is the Best? Yanna Liang Use of Microalgae as Biological Indicators of Pollution: Looking for New Relevant Cytotoxicity Endpoints Ángeles Cid, Raquel Prado, Carmen Rioboo, Paula Suárez-Bregua, and Concepción Herrero Application of Green Technology on Production of Eyes-Protecting Algal Carotenoids from Microalgae Chao-Rui Chen, Chieh-Ming J Chang, Chun-Ting Shen, Shih-Lan Hsu, Bing-Chung Liau, Po-Yen Chen, and Jia-Jiuan Wu Microalgae as Biodeteriogens of Stone Cultural Heritage: Qualitative and Quantitative Research by Non-Contact Techniques Ana Zélia Miller, Miguel Ángel Rogerio-Candelera, Amélia Dionísio, Maria Filomena Macedo, and Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez Astaxanthin Production in Cysts and Vegetative Cells of the Microalga Haematococcus Pluvialis Flotow C Herrero, M Orosa, J Abalde, C Rioboo, and A Cid Nitrogen Solubility, Antigenicity, and Safety Evaluation of an Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysate from Green Microalga Chlorella Vulgaris Humberto J Morris, Olimpia Carrillo, María E Alonso, Rosa C Bermúdez, Alfredo Alfonso, Onel Fong, Juan E Betancourt, Gabriel Llauradó, and Ángel Almarales Chapter 16 Heterotrophic Microalgae in Biotechnology Niels Thomas Eriksen Chapter 17 Microalgae Growth and Fatty Acid Composition Depending on Carbon Dioxide Concentration C Griehl, H Polhardt, D Müller, and S Bieler Index 295 311 325 345 359 373 387 413 455 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com PREFACE Microalgae are microscopic algae, typically found in freshwater and marine systems Microalgae, capable of performing photosynthesis, are important for life on earth; they produce approximately half of the atmospheric oxygen and use simultaneously the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to grow photoautotrophically The biodiversity of microalgae is enormous and they represent an almost untapped resource In this book, the authors present current research in the study of microalgae, including microalgal biotechnological applications in nutrition, health and the environment; using microalgae biomass for biodiesel and biofuel production and microalgae for aquaculture Chapter - Microalgae (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) consist of a wide range of autotrophic organisms which grow through photosynthesis just like land based plants Their unicellular structure allows them to easily convert solar energy into chemical energy through CO2 fixation and O2 evolution, being well adapted to capture CO2 and store it as biomass Microalgae and cyanobacteria have an interesting and not yet fully exploited potential in biotechnology They can be used to enhance the nutritional value of food and animal feed due to their chemical composition, playing a crucial role in aquaculture Highly valuable molecules like natural dyes (e.g carotenoids), polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and vitamins from algal origin are being exploited and can be applied in the nutritional supplements; cosmetics (e.g phycocyanin) and pharmaceuticals In fact, microalgae and cyanobacteria are able to produce several biologically active compounds with reported antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral (e.g anti-HIV), immunosuppressive, antiinflamatory and antioxidant activity Nowadays, there is a focus on using microalgae in renewable energy sources and environmental applications Microalgae are a potential source for biofuels production such as biodiesel, bioetanol, biohydrogen and biogas These can be produced through a biorefinery concept, in which every component of the biomass is used to produce usable products This strategy can integrate several different conversion technologies (chemical, biochemical, termochemical and direct combustion) providing a higher cost effective and environmental sustainability for the biofuels production Environmental applications can include CO2 sequestration and wastewater treatment This can be achieved by coupling microalgae production systems with industrial polluting facilities Chapter - Using process modelling tools, the conventional and in-situ transesterification processes for biodiesel production from microalgae biomass was modelled.The raw material and process energy requirements of the up-scaled process were obtained for the different transesterification processes, and a renewability assessment of the various schemes was www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com viii Melanie N Johansen carried out.The biomass cultivation and biodiesel production process renewability was assessed by comparing the minimum work required to restore the non-renewable resources degraded in the biomass and biodiesel production process with the useful work available from the main process products If the maximum work obtained from the process products is larger than the restoration work, the process is considered as renewable In a present day scenario (with the use of fossil fuel sources for the production of the process raw materials, such as for methanol and sulphuric acid production, and electricity), all the transesterification processes were shown to be non-renewable The influence of the choice of the electricity generation scheme, raw material source and the type of heating fuels (including heating and drying technology) on the process renewability was also examined The process renewability of the in-situ transesterification of microalgae lipids to biodiesel was found to significantly improve with the use of renewable electricity, reacting alcohols from biomass fermentation and heat pump technology to facilitate the biomass drying and process heating Chapter - The ubiquity and persistence of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment are of potential risk to aquatic habitats and human health due to their highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties Bioremediation, a cost-effective technology to remove organic pollutants from contaminated water bodies, involves a number of biological processes, including accumulation, transformation and degradation, mediated mainly by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and microalgae Eukaryotic microalgae are dominant primary producers and play a central role in the fixation and turnover of carbon and other nutrient elements However, their role in the remediation of aquatic contaminants and the relative importance of the processes involved are much less understood, as compared to bacteria and fungi Further, most of the studies on the novel remediation technology using microalgae have concentrated on metals and nutrients and much less on organic pollutants Screening of tolerant species is a crucial step in bioremediation, and the understanding of the response and adaptive changes in microalgal cells to toxicity induced by organic pollutants is equally important as it serves as a scientific basis of remediation practices However, there has been very little published information on the toxicity, resistance and adaptations of microalgae to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) This paper reviews the recent research on the sensitivity, tolerance and adaptations of microalgae to the toxicity of various POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some other emerging environmental endocrine disrupting compounds The review focuses on the physiological and biochemical changes in microalgae and their relationships with tolerance The mechanisms and factors affecting the capacity of microalgal cells to remove POPs, as well as the feasibility, limitations and future research directions of employing microalgae in POPs remediation, are also addressed Chapter - Many analyses have been carried out about the future possibility of exhausting the planet’s resources and its ability to sustain its inhabitants The use of microorganisms and their metabolic products by humans is one of the most significant fields of biotechnology activities Microalgae are descendants of the first photosynthetic life forms More than 3,500 million years ago the oxygen atmosphere was made up by cyanobacteria and other forms of life could evolve Since then, microalgae have contributed to regulating the planet's biosphere The use of solar energy through photosynthesis in microalgae cultivation is a clean, efficient and low cost process, because the sun's energy is virtually free and unlimited The biomass of microalgae and its products are employed in many fields: feed and Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Raman spectroscopy, 254, 271 raw materials, viii, 61, 68, 72, 81, 85, 92, 93, 157, 235, 439 reactant, 87, 190, 194 reactants, 79, 186, 193 reaction center, 326, 341 reaction temperature, ix, 63, 66, 73, 75, 171, 174, 175, 178, 191, 196, 197, 438 reaction time, 66, 73, 178, 179, 182, 187, 191, 192, 196, 197, 438 reactions, 62, 94, 104, 118, 123, 174, 175, 192, 193, 194, 304, 326, 414, 419 reactive oxygen, 17, 118, 319, 361, 399, 403, 407 reactivity, 111, 114, 281, 380 real time, 255, 269 recognition, 9, 103, 351 recombination, 36, 54, 229 recommendations, iv reconciliation, recovery, xii, 29, 37, 50, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 83, 87, 91, 94, 97, 148, 151, 165, 166, 242, 273, 289, 304, 309, 312, 322, 325, 329, 331, 332, 334, 340, 399, 439 recovery process, 76 recrystallization, 326, 333, 336, 337, 340 rectification, 350 recycling, 33, 42, 68, 97, 166, 169, 314, 396 redistribution, 172 refractive index, 256 regeneration, 22, 36, 79, 306 regression, 17, 179, 190, 252, 255, 327, 334 regression analysis, 179 regression equation, 179, 190 regression method, 255 regression model, 334 regulations, 11, 374, 381, 384 rehydration, 177 reinforcement, 186 relatives, 36, 283, 388, 405 relaxation, 414 relevance, 19 REM, 68 remediation, viii, 101, 103, 238, 280 remote sensing, 356 renal failure, 361 renewable energy, vii, 1, 40, 49, 59, 168, 228, 230, 245, 246, 248, 293, 305, 448 renewable fuel, ix, 24, 227, 240, 281, 303 repair, 150, 362 replacement rate, 144 replication, 42, 49, 150, 201, 210, 217, 220 reproduction, 115, 203, 315, 360, 370 reproductive organs, 360 471 requirements, vii, xiv, 28, 36, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 87, 92, 145, 187, 201, 203, 210, 220, 237, 239, 242, 280, 304, 377, 381, 413 researchers, 2, 39, 103, 159, 202, 252, 301, 303, 319, 346, 356, 361, 433 reserves, xi, 228, 230, 264, 277 residuals, 166 residues, ix, 29, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 95, 97, 145, 171, 173, 196, 197, 278, 283, 391, 410 resistance, viii, 12, 36, 102, 103, 146, 157, 273, 296, 357 resolution, 2, 271, 272 resources, viii, x, xi, xiv, 10, 25, 27, 30, 32, 56, 61, 79, 80, 84, 89, 92, 96, 141, 166, 172, 228, 251, 252, 277, 279, 283, 292, 361, 413, 414, 438 respiration, 104, 105, 109, 118, 414 respiratory arrest, 19 respiratory problems, 158 response, viii, xii, 8, 12, 43, 45, 101, 111, 116, 118, 128, 137, 138, 152, 168, 170, 203, 205, 208, 210, 219, 244, 270, 273, 274, 290, 312, 315, 316, 319, 320, 322, 323, 334, 361, 399, 400, 405, 408, 419, 453 restoration, viii, 61, 79, 80, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 retardation, 364 reticulum, 39, 416 retina, 326, 400 retinol, 7, 341 revenue, 289 Rhodophyta, 46, 47, 390, 391, 409 ribosomal RNA, 2, Richland, 305 rings, 174 risk, viii, 4, 9, 101, 115, 129, 152, 301, 313, 341, 346, 364 risk assessment, 129, 313 RNA, 2, 3, 9, 110 room temperature, 183, 339, 377 roots, 2, 235, 239, 359, 450 rotifer, 208, 406, 407 rotifers, 13, 208, 404, 409 routes, 63, 64, 65, 76, 77, 97, 103, 288, 293, 378 routines, 203, 205, 215, 218 rowing, 374 Royal Society, 42, 56 runoff, xi, 103, 311 Russia, 251 S safety, xiii, 8, 9, 11, 63, 136, 174, 297, 373, 375, 379, 381, 382, 383 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 472 Index salinity, 4, 25, 152, 153, 158, 159, 160, 207, 210, 212, 213, 222, 224, 281, 293, 359, 426, 427, 428, 429, 451, 452 salmon, 7, 149, 361, 371 salt concentration, 59, 453 salts, 28, 145, 150, 179, 180, 213, 238 saltwater, 313 saturated fat, 433, 438, 446, 448 saturated fatty acids, 433, 438, 446 saturation, 39, 236, 327, 335, 394, 438 savings, 77, 148, 279 scatter, 258, 259, 262, 265, 267 scattering, x, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 271, 272, 273 science, ix, 133, 141, 142, 199 sclerosis, 150 scope, 102 SCP, 8, 9, 149 seafood, 30 second generation, 158, 168, 279 secrete, 18, 395 secretion, 395, 402 security, xi, 172, 229, 230, 239, 242, 277, 279, 280, 327 sediment, 111, 136, 139 sedimentation, 235, 236, 238, 241, 259 sediments, 115, 116, 131, 136 seed, 38, 115, 232, 248, 252 senescence, 26 sensing, 255, 356, 441 sensitivity, viii, 17, 82, 83, 90, 102, 103, 128, 129, 131, 135, 163, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 348, 380 sensitization, 380 sensors, 269 sequencing, 2, 35, 142 serine, 19, 20 serum, 8, 9, 378, 400 services, 292 sewage, 33, 34, 47, 55, 115, 167 sex, 378, 382, 383 shape, 111, 256, 259, 262, 316, 379 shear, 143 shellfish, 18, 49, 405 shortage, xi, 33, 160, 295, 365 shortfall, 14, 77 showing, 32, 67, 73, 74, 350, 355 shrimp, 47, 54, 149, 162, 204, 209, 210, 213, 218, 222, 361 side chain, 380 side effects, 8, signal transduction, 319 signalling, 319 signals, 18, 254, 365 significance level, 378 signs, 2, 22, 301, 377, 381, 402 silica, 21, 332 silicon, 37, 46 simulation, 64, 76, 154, 248 simulations, 355 siphon, 330 skeleton, 155 skin, 12, 19, 22, 53, 58, 59, 153, 361, 378 skin diseases, 153, 361 sludge, 158, 303, 309 society, 296 sodium, 18, 19, 52, 155, 159, 160, 181, 214, 231, 364, 367 sodium hydroxide, 231 software, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 96, 350, 351, 354 soil erosion, 279 solar collectors, 236, 237 solid tumors, 16 solubility, xiii, 102, 103, 111, 188, 210, 298, 301, 327, 329, 334, 373, 375, 379, 380, 383 solution, 151, 156, 160, 187, 192, 229, 242, 253, 254, 255, 256, 282, 289, 297, 303, 306, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339, 340, 376, 377, 378, 415 solvents, 15, 63, 64, 65, 72, 74, 78, 81, 89, 91, 94, 103, 194, 253, 269, 304, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 342, 386 somatomotor, 378 South Africa, 154, 165 Soxhlet extractor, 332 soybeans, 62, 229, 247 Spain, 4, 311, 345, 347, 358, 359, 368 speciation, 2, 34 specifications, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 377 spectrophotometry, 255, 269, 314, 347 spectroscopy, xi, 45, 252, 253, 254, 255, 269, 270, 271, 273 spending, 145 spleen, 378 Spring, 218 sprouting, 239 Sri Lanka, 227 stability, 11, 12, 60, 144, 151, 154, 164, 165, 231, 242, 282 stabilization, 55, 114, 133, 293 stack gas, 297 standard deviation, 179, 192, 211, 260, 337, 338 starch, 11, 23, 24, 26, 27, 39, 46, 50, 55, 93, 166, 230, 235, 283, 284, 285, 290, 391, 397, 399, 403, 404, 406 starch polysaccharides, 11 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index starvation, 25, 29, 158, 254, 263, 265, 266, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 364, 371, 401, 408, 449, 451 state, 9, 40, 79, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 133, 243, 247, 248, 253, 254, 263, 269, 271, 302, 314, 317, 353, 356, 363, 364, 386, 393, 409 states, 167, 215, 378, 414, 447 statistics, 199, 281 steel, 32, 174, 186, 330, 333 sterile, 189 sterols, 2, 42, 45, 390, 404, 417 stigma, 360 stoichiometry, 66, 414 Stone biodeterioration, xii, 345 storage, x, 2, 11, 38, 39, 119, 151, 163, 164, 186, 232, 251, 252, 254, 263, 265, 282, 297, 364, 395, 396, 403, 417, 418 strain improvement, 367, 371 stress, 6, 7, 25, 59, 116, 118, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 143, 158, 236, 247, 255, 259, 263, 265, 270, 274, 317, 318, 319, 322, 323, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 369, 370, 374, 399, 408, 416, 417, 418, 419, 433, 449 stressful events, 269 stressors, 119, 315 stroma, 415 structure, vii, 1, 2, 15, 16, 20, 114, 134, 158, 168, 181, 189, 192, 196, 203, 229, 237, 245, 259, 282, 318, 350, 359, 379, 380, 383, 417, 445, 451 style, 356 substitutes, 253, 407 substitution, 138, 403 substrate, 118, 123, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 173, 175, 178, 189, 193, 197, 298, 317, 347, 353, 376, 395, 396, 407, 415, 416, 433 substrates, xii, 34, 54, 93, 156, 158, 166, 173, 174, 175, 179, 184, 186, 191, 197, 345, 347, 349, 353, 355, 374, 388, 389, 392, 395, 397, 398, 399, 402, 416 sucrose, 179, 389 sugar beet, 26, 196, 278, 283, 402 sugar industry, 145, 184 sugarcane, x, 158, 169, 227, 278, 280 sulfate, 148, 181, 244, 299 sulfur, 146, 183, 240, 278, 299 sulphur, 27, 84, 231, 286, 376 Sun, v, 37, 38, 44, 47, 56, 59, 61, 83, 98, 99, 199, 291, 371, 389, 401, 411 supercritical anti-solvent (SAS), xii, 325, 326 supervision, supplementation, 17, 162, 384, 385, 409 suppression, 154, 283 surface area, xiii, 236, 301, 347, 349, 350, 353, 354, 387, 394 473 surfactant, 116, 139 surfactants, 136 surplus, 281, 403 surrogates, 39 survival, 115, 210, 222, 347, 361, 367, 371 susceptibility, xi, 104, 111, 235, 311, 364 suspensions, x, 251, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 273, 319 sustainability, vii, x, 1, 43, 227, 228, 229, 239, 242, 244, 384 sustainable development, 228, 291 sustainable energy, 47 Sweden, 9, 292, 376 switchgrass, 229, 283 Switzerland, 22, 138 symbiosis, 154 symptoms, xiii, 8, 9, 150, 374, 377, 380 syndrome, 361 synergistic effect, 116 synthesis, 18, 22, 24, 25, 40, 57, 60, 82, 110, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 183, 186, 210, 213, 230, 247, 274, 286, 289, 321, 360, 362, 363, 365, 366, 367, 371, 391, 395, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 406, 410, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419 synthetic fuels, 135 T T cell, 15 Taiwan, 6, 10, 294, 325, 326, 333, 340, 341, 343, 454 tanks, 43, 143, 151, 161, 162, 203, 205, 214, 216, 217, 288 target, x, 34, 36, 78, 104, 115, 116, 235, 251, 253, 268, 296, 316, 323, 398 taxa, 45, 374 taxonomy, 2, 169, 274, 384, 389 techniques, x, xii, 9, 29, 35, 40, 89, 149, 152, 185, 227, 233, 241, 243, 251, 253, 269, 271, 273, 282, 304, 318, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356, 358, 366, 374, 375, 406 technologies, vii, 1, 43, 63, 95, 157, 161, 233, 241, 279, 287, 290, 296, 305 technology, viii, xi, 26, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 47, 61, 64, 82, 95, 96, 101, 128, 203, 235, 243, 244, 268, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 294, 342, 362, 376, 407, 439 temperature dependence, 453 tension, 150 terpenes, 417 testing, 105, 303, 321, 385, 440 textiles, 115 texture, 351 Thailand, 10, 99 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 474 Index Thalassiosira, 35, 108, 109, 110, 124, 135, 149, 211, 212, 221, 222, 223, 233, 432, 437, 449 therapeutic benefits, 149 thermal energy, 83, 172, 184 thermal expansion, 174 thermal properties, 65 thermal treatment, 189 thermochemical cycle, 79 thermodynamics, 78 thermogravimetric analysis, 246 thin films, 286 thoughts, 103 thrombin, 19 thymus, 378 time periods, 366 time series, 271 tincture, 342 tissue, 22, 258, 294 tocopherols, 402, 409 toluene, 278, 329, 330, 331 total cholesterol, 162 total product, 6, 7, 361 toxic effect, xii, 105, 111, 115, 118, 130, 147, 312, 314, 317, 320 toxic substances, toxicity, viii, ix, xi, xiii, 102, 103, 104, 105, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 167, 231, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 374, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 385 toxin, 18, 44, 52, 59, 116 traits, 288 transcription, 116, 137, 365, 370, 411 transduction, 319 transesterification, vii, 24, 41, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 187, 231, 233, 281, 282, 289, 291, 292, 399, 408, 438, 441 transesterification processes, vii, 61, 64, 65, 66, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 transformation, viii, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 79, 101, 103, 118, 119, 128, 129, 192, 350, 364, 365, 371, 439, 452 transformation processes, 129 transformations, 79 translation, 42 translocation, 319 transmission, 15, 18, 52, 150, 262, 273 transport, xi, 27, 102, 104, 118, 130, 138, 242, 277, 278, 280, 283, 288, 289, 317, 319, 412, 415, 453 transport processes, 319 transportation, 172, 174, 183, 186, 197, 228, 244, 248, 278, 297 treatment, vii, 1, 4, 14, 15, 23, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40, 54, 55, 60, 71, 97, 130, 133, 136, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, 156, 157, 164, 165, 166, 172, 189, 202, 208, 238, 254, 259, 279, 280, 283, 285, 289, 297, 302, 318, 337, 361, 365, 367, 376, 379, 382, 392 triacylglycerides, 196, 439 trial, 205, 213 tricarboxylic acid, 155 triggers, 319, 365 triglycerides, x, 25, 65, 75, 157, 227, 231, 281, 282, 327, 396 trypsin, 19, 38, 384 tumor, 16, 17 tumor invasion, 17 tumors, 16, 17 Turkey, 21 turnover, viii, 23, 101, 103 tyrosine, 376, 403, 410 U UK, 44, 98, 133 ultrasound, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 73, 78, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 151, 282 ultrastructure, 2, 169, 323 UN, 247, 306 unicellular structure, vii, uniform, 143, 192, 235, 239, 257, 303 United, 43, 54, 59, 138, 142, 158, 168, 169, 228, 248, 283, 291, 292, 293, 341, 377, 384, 386 United Nations, 138, 248 United Nations Development Programme, 248 United States, 43, 59, 142, 158, 168, 169, 228, 283, 291, 292, 293, 341, 377, 384, 386 up-scaled process, vii, 61 uranium, 228, 230 urban, 53, 358 urea, 82, 220, 431, 450 uric acid, 8, urine, 8, 33 USA, 4, 7, 9, 10, 32, 49, 51, 57, 64, 199, 202, 221, 224, 248, 295, 298, 301, 327, 330, 333, 351, 383, 440 UV, 22, 111, 120, 133, 136, 143, 274, 327, 338, 339, 361, 367, 454 UV radiation, 22, 111, 133, 274, 367 V vaccine, 38 vacuole, 118 vacuum, 67, 70, 71, 76, 331, 332, 338 Valencia, 12, 60, 358 validation, 323 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index valuation, 198, 323, 383, 384 valve, 70, 75, 331, 333 vanadium, 29 vapor, 156 variables, 143, 178, 179, 191, 219, 320, 334, 357, 392 variations, 210, 212 varieties, 174 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 22 vector, 104 vegetable oil, 233, 244, 247, 281, 331 vegetables, xii, 149, 157, 326, 359 vegetation, vehicles, 27, 286 vein, 378 velocity, 46 vertebrates, 359 vessels, 22, 285 vibration, 441 viral infection, 43 virus replication, 49, 150 viruses, 15, 235 viscosity, 210, 231, 240, 245, 281 vision, 138, 294 visualization, 253 vitamin A, 150, 168, 341 vitamin B1, 6, 150, 404 vitamin B12, 6, 150, 404 vitamin B12 deficiency, 150 vitamin C, 7, 22, 402 Vitamin C, 339 vitamin E, 7, 392, 402 vitamins, vii, ix, 1, 7, 13, 22, 136, 141, 145, 149, 202, 287, 326, 392, 395, 405 volatility, 281 volatilization, 111 vomiting, W Washington, 44, 46, 50, 169, 221, 308, 356, 383 waste, xi, 4, 32, 33, 44, 51, 71, 97, 133, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 166, 229, 232, 238, 245, 277, 288, 293, 294, 298, 302, 311, 389, 390, 391, 392, 395, 397, 399, 401, 406, 439, 448 waste treatment, 4, 97, 133, 302 475 waste water, 4, 145, 389, 392, 439 wastewater, vii, 1, 23, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 71, 103, 128, 129, 134, 136, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 157, 164, 165, 168, 169, 221, 229, 238, 243, 249, 280, 287, 289, 290, 297, 307, 356 water quality, 218 water resources, xi, 252, 277, 279 water supplies, 279 water vapor, 83, 156 wavelengths, 414 web, 128, 134 weight reduction, 109 wetting, 347 white blood cell count, 378 wild type, 28, 29, 268, 367, 406 wildlife, 115, 119, 132 Wisconsin, 130 wood, 83, 85, 94, 95, 96, 97, 283 wool, 330 workers, 12, 197, 262 World War I, 104 worldwide, xi, 104, 116, 201, 229, 277, 279, 282, 289, 326 X xanthophyll, 342, 389, 400 X-ray diffraction, 337 X-ray diffraction (XRD), 338 XRD, 337, 338 Y yeast, xiii, 27, 196, 285, 290, 360, 361, 363, 368, 387, 392, 395, 397, 399, 401, 404 yield, ix, x, 4, 14, 24, 33, 40, 54, 62, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 142, 148, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 188, 191, 193, 194, 197, 218, 227, 228, 233, 234, 235, 237, 241, 245, 253, 275, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 301, 306, 326, 329, 332, 334, 388, 394, 398, 399, 411, 412, 449 yolk, 400 Z zinc, 22, 34, 116, 137, 138, 146, 147, 167, 415 zooplankton, 13, 208, 241, 404 www.ebook777.com ... microbiology, and energy / editor, Melanie N Johansen p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Microalgae Microalgae-ISBN:  (eBook) Biotechnology Microalgae Microbiology. .. convert solar energy into chemical energy through CO2 fixation and O2 evolution, being well adapted to capture CO2 and store it as biomass Microalgae and cyanobacteria have an interesting and not yet... convert solar energy into chemical energy through CO2 fixation and O2 evolution, being well adapted to capture CO2 and store it as biomass Microalgae and cyanobacteria have an interesting and not yet