Memoirs MCZ 1402

Jmoirs of t^« Hustum of Comparalifaj ^oblogg AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol XIV No THE DISCOBOLI CYCLOP TEBIB^, LIPAROPSID^, AND LIPARIDIDJE By ""with S GARMAN thirteen plates CAMBRIDGE, Prtnteti for "'April, tije U.S.A.: Jluscum 1892 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION Page LIPARIDIDtE 43 Gill Genera and Species 45 DiSTUIBUTION History in General LiPARix^ Gthr 45 History of Liparis Liparis Art 45 " LlPARIDID^ 11 L Montagui Don 47 52 54 " CtCLOPTERUS AND LUMPUS 12 L niucosus A\r " Cyclopterid.e 13 i calliodon " LiPAROPSIDiE 14 L 14 L antarctica Put Relations 15 Zi Literature 85 L tunicatus Reinb 65 17 i Steineni Fisch 66 Families and Genera 19 L pulchellus Ayr 67 CYCLOPrERIDiE Bon 19 L pallidas Vaill 70 Genera and Species 20 Ctclopterus Linn 20 C microjnis C lumptis Linn 21 C major Fabr 72 31 (J gelatinosus Pall 76 34 C Reinhardi Kroy 78 " Discoboli DISCOBOLI Gthr " Early Stages Eumicrotremus spinosus K orbis Gthr Cyclopteroiues gen n C gyrinops sp n Milll 36 37 37 lip>aris Pall Linn 57 CI Agassizii Put 62 Careproctus Kro}- C longifilis Amitrinje J 71 Gthr 72 Gann &G Paraliparis Coll 80 80 40 P 40 P bathybius Coll 81 C ventricostis Pall 41 P Uparinus Goode 82 C amissiis Vaill 42 P membranacens Gthr 42 P finibriatiis Garm 42 Explanation of the Plates LIPAROPSID^ fam n CYCLOPTERicnTiiYS Steiiul LiPAEOPS gen n L Stelleri Pall rosaceus GiWo '.80 83 93 THE DISCOBOLI CYCLOPTERIDyE, LIPAROPSID^E, AND LIPARIDIDiE Though there are several of the the Museum's collections, it more possesses so rare Discoboli unrepresented in many duplicates of certain species, undescribed types of others, that, because of the uncertainty and confusion existing in the literature as to the validity of species and genera or their affinities, the facilities here provided for a study in addition of the rare or to group are in themselves But, besides these, many sufficient of the drawings inducements now for the undertaking published had been made long ago, by Mr Eoetter, to illustrate a projected work for the institution to have been written by Prof F W Putnam At the instance of the Director of the Museum Comparative Zoology, this paper has been prethose drawings, and to make the work the more complete of pared to utilize he kindly permits the use of a number of di'awings from his own work on the Young Stages of Osseous Fishes Excepting the outline sketches, the remainder of the illustrations are by the pencil of Mr J H Blake, from specimens herein described The notes made by Professor Putnam for his intended work were published by him, under the title " Notes on Liparis and Cyclopterus," in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol XXII., page 337, 1874 IN GENERAL The species belonging to this group are provided with a disk, the trans- formed ventral surrounded by a marginal fold of the skin, below the anterior portion of the body, for the purpose of attaching themselves to rocks or other objects to prevent being dashed about by the waves or the currents fins This adhesive apparatus is usually spoken of as the sucking THE DISCOBOLI or sticking disk them to designate forms One as Discoboles, or disk-bearers that of the is on species known to Cuvier induced him Its presence common of the most familiar also Liunp-fish, Cyclopterus lumpus, called Lumpsucker, Sea Owl, Paiclle, or the male Cock Paddle or Red Lump, In other languages we and the female Hen Paddle or Blue Lump meet with such names Lompe, Gras-mollet, See-hase, Bauchsauger, Havpadde, Steenbider, Rognkjaekse, and Nepisa, applied to the Snotdolf, same as In shape the fish Lump and high forward, slender tubercular scales, as among that if rather short and clumsy, blunt, thick is the caudal region, roughened in when for protection the rocks, and, as more if still all over with the mercy of the billows at to suit the surroundings, it has flesh might be described as gelatinous or mucilaginous, and a skeleton hardly more than cartilage Lump-fishes reach a length of a couple In places they are numerous at of feet, and a weight of twenty pounds particular seasons, but, though found to agree with the stomachs of some that is much people, they are not objects of consideration in the markets Several species have been recorded Others of the Discoboles are more elongate than the Lumps, more like slender tadpoles in shape, with a longer and stronger caudal region, and The common consequently more force in swimming species of Liparis, L liparis and L Montagui, are good representatives of this section of the group Vernacular names for these are Sucker, Sea Snail, Seeschnecke, and Ringbug These have so many features that their kinship is not called in question number eral structure to the Liparis are a in common with the Closely allied in Lumps shape and gen- of species that possess neither yet the agreement in the other important details of structure, as exemplified by such items as the stomach, the ca?ca, sucking disks nor ventral fins, the suborbitals, and the opercles, propriety and it is of retaining them in is so close that there the group probable that, descending from the shoals floor of the ocean, in leaving the rocks the need of the disk, and lost it They is are deep-sea to the and currents they through disuse no doubt of the left However species, ooze-covered behind them the loss may very evident that we have species without have been brought about, it is disks that must be included among the Discoboles Though the Discoboli are not the only disk-bearers among the fishes, they are easily distinguished from others, Gobiidte and GobiesocidiB, which, through possession of an organ similar in location and utility, apparently THE DISCOBOLI have as much claim the designation to The Discobole has a suborbital bone that reaches back across the cheek to the preopercle it has slender opercular bones and numerous pyloric cceca; and its disk, not always Neither Gobioid nor Gobipresent, includes the transformed ventral rays ; esocoid has either the suborbital bone or similarly transformed ventral rays The adhering organ of the Discobole is formed by modifying the ventral fins; that of tlie of the in front secured by the addition of a dermal fold, a sac, is Goby ventral rays and below the bases of the fins ; and that obtained by the growth of a dermal disk between the ventrals and behind the coracoids of the Gobiesocoid is because of greater variety in their uses that the ventrals are more subject to differentiation than the other fins of these and other fishes Elsewhere I have pointed out special modifications of the pelvis and ventrals It is on the Potamotrygons of South American rivers, or, the union of the two fins to form a single one on of Selachians, notably more recently, in Balistes vetula, and for is the As scale-like ; in this place note the peculiar tube-like mittens the ventrals of reception of distended foot-like may well known, on is Chaunax some when the abdomen pictus fishes these fins have become on others, they are reduced to mere filaments rarely they are a few have but one of the pair, and others have, like Para; ; liparis, lost both The food of the species with which w^e are at present most carnivorous in part that of worms, and the like The long fishes, — small fishes, Crustacea, intestine of the to more or that at less the contents of the stomachs confirm the idea, and ; is mollusks, Lumps suggested some portion of the year they might be accustomed vegetable diet more interested of a show that vegetation forms a portion of their subsistence DISTRIBUTION All of the species are found in to the shoals are made the colder waters Their approaches early in the spring, for the purpose of depositing and they would seem have returned to the deptlis again before the wintry temperature has been greatly changed by approaching their spawn, summer While Mediterranean, it it is pretty well established that the certainly is it Lump occurs in the home northward from France, along On our own Iceland, and Greenland more the shores of England, Scotland, coasts to at has been found as far to the south as New York A second species, THE called the Spinous A DISCOBOLI the North Atlantic, descends to considerable Lump, from and a fourth species of the family Ci/clopteridic are deA couple of peculiar Lumps with a single scribed from the North Pacific dorsal fin, Liparopsidce, were discovered in the North Pacific, and recently depths third Professor Vaillant has indicated a third from 'the Straits of Magellan the genus Atlantic, the Liparis, of Liparididce, three four in the North Pacific, and the North in much reduced from the North Atlantic, and one species are occur Of the Antarctic regions, Carcprodus, of the deep-sea three near the southern end of South America forms in the family, has the disk species in in size ; three from the North of its Pacific Another of the genera from great depths, Paraliparis, of the same family, has entirely lost the disk, and with it all traces of the ventral fins have recognized, are Northern From the Atlantic, and one has been reported from the North Pacific disappeared three of ; its species, as at pre.sent might be shown that the Discoboles are more numerous toward foreo-oino- it the Arctic regions, but the fact that the small amount of investigating thus far done at the far South has discovered so large a proportion of the whole noted makes it appear very hazardous to assume that number of species they are any we less abundant in that direction If, in connection take into account recent discoveries in deep-sea work, we with this, can, to say the least, hardly avoid admitting a possible distribution of the Discoboles from one of the icy zones to the other through the frigid waters of great depths The conditions far below the ocean surfoce in the torrid zone, as to temperature, pressure, and existence of animal food, not being essendifferent from those obtaining in localities in which some of the forms tially are known seems to be no apparent reason why we should meet with representatives of one or another of the genera, to occur, there not expect to or with allied forms hitherto unknown, in the results of future explorations With an ascertained existence of the sea bottom in the equatorial regions of the deep sea, anticior less extensive pation of a distribution of these fishes that shall be more Anthroughout the greater depths of the ocean from the Arctic to the in the North and in the tarctic does Soutli, not appear at in portions unreasonable.* In the surface waters of the hands by Professor Agassiz for investigation since this work has been the fact grounds for announcing the confirmation of these suggestions, and * In collections placed in press, I find sufficient all and again in my The material is of that recently of the existence of a snbequatoVial distribution of the Discoboli States Fishery Commission gathered in the Pacific by the Steamer "Albatross" of the United Among the fishes collected by this vessel there are species of both Careproctus and Paraliparis that THE DISCOBOLI and subtropical Gobioids and Gobiesocoids are abundant, but there are apparently no representatives of the Discoboli tropical seas, the HISTORICAL of the Discoboli previous to the time of Knowledge nite and uncertain that it the origin of one of the generic names make Gesner can hardly be said to have existed references to earlier writers ; now so indefi- is In tracing becomes necessary to but the term had no application among in use, it the fishes properly included in the group before the appearance of Wil- To lughby's work be from the general history, that of each of the different subdivisions has been arranged separately under a distinct heading eliminate confusion as far as may — In book thirty-second, chapter eleventh, " Animalium omnium in mari viventium, centum septuaginta sex genera esse," of Pliny's Natural History, this name is given as that of one of the fishes in the Liparis list to of marine animals There Lyparis is 1554, Gesner, Salviani, In Holland's translation the spelling no sufficient Artedi, clue to the identity of is changed the species and others, give references to Pliny the name, without attempting identification for Belon, 1553, describes and one of the herrings (Clupeidte) as Liparis Eondelet, 1554, bestows the title on a very different fish, the figure of which bears some figures resemblance to the more slender genera of the Sparidse, such as Boops, The only agreement between the forms to which Smaris, and Mtena these authors have applied the designation appears in an elongate shape, and especially derives its sideration or oiliness very fat, from which the word "liparos" (XiTrapd?) Neither has any other claim to present conapplicability in being than lies in the possession of the name indicative of fiitness Gesner, 1558, copies from both Belon and Rondelet ; Aldro- were secured southwest of Panama, in depths of more than 1,700 fathoms, and in temperatures of about 36° Fahrenheit The species are described and figured in the forthcoming ichthyological report on these researches of the Commission One species is named Careproclus longifilis, because of the slender prolongations of the upper rays of its pectoral fins The type is black, much compressed, very slender, and in a total length of more than four inches and a quarter the head and body together measure only an inch, of which the head alone is more than half The disk is very small, one sixth of an inch A little larger than the eye; the nostrils are tubular; and the caudal is acuminate second species is given the name Paraliparis Jimbriatus, on account of the prominent fringes formed by the lower parts of the pectoral fins, like those of P membranaceus Its type is black anteriorly, and be- in length, hind the body it shades into light grayish In total length it is more than four and three fourths inches, of which the head and body occupy an inch and five eighths As in the first species, the nostrils are tubular, and the caudal is acuminate The head is more depressed and broadened THE DISCOBOLI 10 vandi, 1613, also draws from them makes a reference H to Pliny, and, agi'eeing with Belon, fixes the name on a Charleton, 1677, refers to Eondelet herring Plate Jonston, 1649, copies from Aldrovandi, Fig 6, name Willughby, 1686, page 135, indebted to the same author; he 8, is also, page 115, applies In the Appendix is to be fomid the first use of the name in connection with a member of the group in which we are at present interested " Liparis nostras, Dimehnensihis et Eboracenthe to a species of Gunnellus : Sea Tlie sibiis, page 17, in forte idem," now e Limax all likelihood refers to one or both of the species i Snail, called Liparis Uparis no ventral disk, mariniis The and L Montagid and otherwise is Piscis dictus, Rondeletiana Lipari figure, scarcely recognizable ; H 6, Fig by Dr Johnson does not he gives relates to the satisfactorily common name, the fix type has has more like- it The ness to species of Lycodes than to any of the disk-bearers tion 1, most ; descripof what the disk, and the condition of the Ray, 1713, notes Liparis Rondeletii and L nostras of Johnson Artedi, 1738, was no doubt inspired by Willughby and Ray in establishHe adds, with its ing the genus Liparis with L nostras as the type flesh synonymy, the Liparis of Rondelet name as a generic Liparis is as a second form, sufficiently /3 That he used evident from the introduction with which he separated his references, giving Johnson, Willugh Append., p 17, for the first, and Rondelet and Gronow, 1756, unable to reconcile Willugh., pp 135, etc., for the second two forms, and the of the cai'e Belon, Rondelet, and Artedi, renamed the genus Ci/clogaster, making L nos- and using the name given by Artedi as a synonym Linne made no mention of any species of the Liparids until 1766, when he made tras the type, Artedi's Liparis a species under Cyclopterus Scopoli, genus from Artedi, and gave a pertinent diagnosis II p 1777, adopted the Duhamel, 1777, Vol 492, resuscitates the Liparis of Belon, correctly placing it with the La Cepede, 1800, formed two subgenera, Avithout Latin names, under Cyclopterus, the second of them to contain C liparis without and C lineatus Rafinesque, 18 15, provides the name Lipariits, sardines and herrings characterization, possibly intended for Liparis as a subgenus under Cyclopterus Fleming, 1822, makes it Oken, 1816, placed Liparis Cuvier, 1817, retained a genus, containing only species it in now this rank included Gunther, 1861, recognized the genus Bonaparte, 1846, follows Fleming to be the type of a subfamily, Liparidina, under the family Discoboli Gill, 1801, made a similar disposition, naming the subfamily Lipariuce, Discoboli Pl VI "^s^"*^^ '%L 5g'jy>a-y-:-'-;cgxy f- aft aSSiam •^ X^ P.Roette r J.Uh from Nal Printed 1-b, LiPARIS CALLIODON 6-10 LiPARlS ANTARCTICA 'byRMeise PL DiSCOBOLL Vll %; ^,^^^" -vv-^vas ;m ^^ttfiPrxff^ vmA ^ •ii* ?- -y.'V/ii, Lf^ tA.I "^m P.Ro e tte r Li Ih from N al PcintedbyBMeisel- 1-5,21-22, LiPARIS LIPARIS 6-20 LiPARIS MONTAGUI Pl Discoboli \k 'Vvi^ # - ^ \iA\ K\\ '^ill^ //4 ^^ i^t -^m vJ PR BMciSelJnh tel- 1-3 15-17 CycLOPTERUSLUMPUS 4-7 12-14 LlPARIS PULCHELUIS 8-11, LlPARIS MONTAGUl Discoboli PlIX ^^^„:^A E^^»- Cyclopterus lumpus Xlll