Memoirs MCZ 5404

/Demoirs of tbe /IDuseum of Comparative Zoolocis AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol LIV No STUDIES OF TPIE WATERS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF, CAPE COD TO CHESAPEAKE BAY III A VOLUMETRIC STUDY OF THE ZOOPLANKTON BY Henry B Bigelow and Mary Sears MUS COMP ZOOL LIBRARY NOV 1964 HARVARD UNIYERSCDC CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A IprtnteO for tbe /IDuseum 1939 >> STUDIES OF THE WATERS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF, CAPE COD TO CHESAPEAKE BAY III.' A VOLUMETRIC STUDY OF THE ZOOPLANKTON By Henry B Bigelow and Mary Sears Contribution No 194 From Parts I and the II Vol II, No 4, 1933 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution appeared in Papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology, and Vol IV No 1, 1935 CONTENTS Page Introduction 189 Acknowledgments Geographic limits and subdivisions 190 of the area 190 History and sources of information 190 Methods 192 Collection 192 Measurements and calculations 193 Expression of results 196 197 Validitj^ of calculated results Part I The volume The water column of zooplankton as a whole 200 200 Seasonal cycle 200 February 200 April 202 May 203 June 206 July 209 Autumn 210 Annual differences 212 Vertical distribution 214 214 Diurnal stratification ^'ertical stratification other than diurnal Comparison with other areas Relative abundance of different species Monthly succession - 221 228 230 February 230 April 231 May 233 June 237 July 241 Autumn 243 Annual differences Sources of the local plankton The 217 area as a feeding ground for plankton-eating fish 245 246 253 memoir: museum of comparative zoology 184 Page 261 Conclusions The plankton as a 261 whole Horizontal distribution 261 Vertical distribution 264 Annual 265 differences Comparison with other areas 265 Relative importance of different species 265 Feeding conditions for plankton-eating Part II 268 fishes 270 Volumetric distribution of individual species 270 Chordates 270 Doliolum sp 272 Salps Fritillaria sp • 273 Oikopleura dioica 273 Oikopleura labradoriensis 274 275 Molluscs Clione limacina 275 Frequency 275 Abundance 277 Source of the local stock 278 Limacina reiroversa 279 Frequency 279 Abundance 280 Vertical distribution 284 Relation to temperature 284 Annual variations 284 Source of the local stock 284 Other molluscs Decapods Crab and hermit crab larvae 286 286 286 Crago sp 289 Palinurid larvae 290 Lucifer typus Stomatopods Euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica 290 290 291 291 BIGELOW AND SEARS! NORTH ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES 185 Page Nematoscelis megalops 293 Thysanoessa inermis 294 Thysanoessa gregaria 295 Thysanoessa longicaudata 296 Euphausiid larvae 297 Other euphausiids 298 Mysids 298 Amphipods 299 Euthemisto compressa 299 Frequency 299 Abundance 300 Annual variations 302 Other amphipods 302 Copepods 303 Acartia 303 Anomalocera pattersoni 304 Calanus finmarchicus 304 Frequency 304 Abundance 305 Breeding periods 310 Vertical distribution 310 Diurnal migration 312 Distribution in relation to temperature 314 Annual fluctuations 316 Calanus hyperboreus 317 Candacia armata 318 Centropages hamatus 320 Centropages typicus 321 , Frequency 321 Abundance 321 Annual variations 324 Vertical distribution 324 Centropages violaceus 326 Corycaeus sp 326 Eucalanus sp 326 Euchirella rostrata 328 memoir: museum of comparative zoology 186 Page Mecynoccra clausi 328 Metridia lucens 329 Frequency 329 Abundance 331 Annual variations 333 Oithona sp 333 Oncaea sp 334 Pleuromamma sp 334 Paracalanus parvus 336 Paraeuchaeta norvegica 337 Pseudocalanus minutus 338 Frequency 338 Abundance 339 Annual variations 340 Bhincalanus nasutus 340 Frequency 340 Abundance 342 ScolecUhrix danae 343 Temora longicornis 343 Temora stylifera Other copepods 345 345 346 Cladocerans Podon and Evadne 346 Penilia 346 Chaetognaths Eukrohnia hamaia Sagitta elegans 347 347 347 Frequency 347 Abundance 349 Annual differences 351 Sources of the local stock 351 Vertical distribution 352 Sagitta enflata 356 Sagitta serratodentata 356 Frequency 356 Abundance 358 niGELOW ANO sears: north ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES 187 Page Annual variations Other chaetognaths Annelids 360 360 361 Tomopteris sp 361 Other annelids 361 Medusae 362 digitale 362 Regional distribution 362 Seasonal and annual variations 363 Aglantha Leptomedusae Other medusae 365 366 Siphonophores 366 Agalmidae 366 Muggiaea kochii Other siphonophores 367 367 Ctenophores 368 Beroe sp 368 Pleurobrachia pileus 369 Other ctenophores 370 Protozoans 371 Bibliography 372 memoir: museum of comparative zoology 364 augmentation seems, however, to be characteristic dance In 1930, for example, in April to about (average, less than umes it in its years of increased in average volume from less than in 1932, the May-June, while c.c in c.c.) it for existing in early abun1 c.c minimal population May, was succeeded by average of 56 c.c inshore, 17 c.c offshore, 37 c.c in the north, and 33 c.c in vol- the south in the succeeding month Unfortunately, we lack data later in the season, for that particular year But the facts that Aglantha averaged less than c.c, in any subdivision Cape Cod summer in the October 1931 was in August or in in July of 1930 less and 1931, that of 1913 (Bigelow, 1915), than c.c, added November, marks it tions, is and that the as definitely a spring numbers is of richest catch in whether and early summer concerned differences recorded within so short a series of observa- between years (1932), when Aglantha siderable vernal augmentation, it was found only twice west to its apparent absence in 1916, species, as far as occurrence in significant The very wide annual it as is in high frequency with a very con- described above, and tho.se (1929), when represented wuthin our boundaries by stray individuals only, are most reasonably explained on the assumption that while effectively endemic in some years, it may it may be generally and disappear altogether in others, with repopulation depending on immigration from the east and north Average and Month maximum volumes of Aglantha digitale 365 BIGELOW AND SEARS: NORTH ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES Leptomedusae A mixed population of small leptomedusae, belonging for the most part to 1% of the catch May 1931 (Table, the genus Obclia, call for notice here, since they formed about in May p 229) and June 1932, and as well as in July 1929, 4% in In frequency of occurrence these have shown an unmistakable seasonal cycle, for while wholly lacking in February of either year, and at only stations in April, they were at in July, while 34% in May, they were not taken at least in the offshore belt, to which the all and at 18% in June, in the north of the but at only on the one October cruise (1931) latter 10% —at survey was confined These medusae have proved much more frequent inshore (24% tions, April-July) 3% of the sta- than offshore (3%), as was to be expected; also more frequent (13%) than in the south (3%) months when they occurred in more than minimal numbers, show the same contrast between larger inshore and smaller The average catches, for the ofTshore as the average frequencies of occurrence; all thirteen of the catches larger than 50 c.c were, in fact, made strong north-south contrast in their abundance, larger than 50 c.c were made more But inshore is it is doubtful whether any characteristic, for while catches often south (10) than north (3), the average volumes were not only somewhat larger south than north as tabulated below, but the largest average volume for either subdivision, in any individual month (May 1931, 32 c.c.) was also in the south memoir: museum of comparative zoology 366 Other medusae Other medusae were negligible from the volumetric standpoint, none other much than those mentioned above having formed as as 1% any individual of catch nor has time allowed complete identification of the scattered specimens of : various species that were included in the catches papers (Bigelow, 1915; 1922) for We the hydro- lists of refer the reader to earlier and scyphomedusae taken during the summers of 1913 and 1916 Captures of Laodicea cruciata peake Bay and the summer this species off Hog added to the of 1913 (Bigelow, 1915, Fig 79) afford is it it is locality records for it in cumulative evidence that closely confined to the vicinity of the shore line in the was not represented there in any of plentiful at that season along the coasts of southern The genus p 203) Chesa- widespread in summer well out on the shelf in the southern sector, though apparently northern, for Island, in July 1929, off our July collections, though New England (Mayer, 1910, Liriope also proves to occur over the shelf in the southernmost summer, when the inshore species (or race?) the southern harbors and bays, while the genus sector in February, as well as in scutigera is common Aequorea— already (Bigelow, 1915, p in and known off to be widespread throughout the —also occurs sparingly 319, Fig 79) in May area in summer and June, as well, at least in the southern sector SIPHONOPHORES Agalmidae Recent towings have shown that one member of cara, occasionally any agalmid is swarms in the Gulf of some 93 Cape Cod, Stephanomia Maine But we have no evidence that ever of volumetric importance in the planktonic shelf waters west or south of at this group, for while community of the agalmid fragments were recorded stations (Fig 41D), they did not form as much 1% as of the total any subdivision in any individual month Agalmids appear to be about equally frequent north and south But the distributional picture shows them to be much more frequent offshore than inshore, in our area, for about 76% of the volume in stations of record, lay in the former belt contrasted with about latter The seasonal distribution of the records (present at 11 February, at 93% 0% in April, at 13-23% in October) suggests a decided in May and June, peak of frequency at in 24% only in the % of the stations in 5% in July, and at autumn, alternating with a period of great impoverishment in the early spring Previous experience (Bigelow, 1915, Fig 81) would suggest that in the northern sector, we were deal- 367 BIGELOW AND SEARS: NORTH ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES ing with both Stephanomia cara and with Agalma elegans, But the specimens were all mentary (bare stems, or mere remnants of nectophores and alone in the soutliern sector and with the latter in condition so frag- bracts), as to prevent identification MUGGIAEA KOCHII records for this calycophore are confined to the south, one for June, and The eight for July, M all in the year 1929 In the latter month, the average catch of kochii, "south," was, indeed, c.c, equivalent to ton for that sector at the time (Table, p 229) with a fact that it was not recorded about 2% of the total plank- maximum of at all within our hmits, except in the one year, shows that such invasions occur less 19 c.c But the summer of that frequently off our coasts than they in the English Channel, where Russell (1934) found it quite regularly, in summer, from 1925 to 1931 We have yet to learn whether M kochii is a reUable indicator —other than of warm water in general—within our comment, however, that the record (so far as it limits goes) suggests that It M is worth kochii and mutually exclusive in our area as Russell (1934) has found them to be in English waters, for all our records for the former were in one year M atlantica are as (1929), those for the latter in another (1930) Other Siphonophores The seasonal more than two incidence of the only other siphonophores that were taken at stations each, was as follows Abylopsis tetragona, February, stations; : May, stations; July, station; October, station Bassia bassensis, February, station; May, stations; June, stations Lensia conoidea, May, stations; June, stations; July, stations; October, stations Muggiaea Most atlantica, February, stations; April, stations; of the locahties of capture for each of these contour, and this applies equally to the few other were recorded within our Umits (Fig 42) lie all in 1930 close to the members of the 200-meter group that In most cases, the records of sipho- nophores other than agalmids and Muggiaea kochii have been based on odd specimens only The Portugese man-of-war (PhysaUa) Woods autumn after drifts in to the coast, Hole, in considerable numbers in some years, in summer or early near 308 memoir: museum op comparative zoology strong southerly winds in on the shelf to the And we have heard reports of them at various localities southward Velella and Porpita have also been recorded at Woods Hole and Newport, Rhode Island (Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1904, 369 BIGELOW AND SEARS NORTH ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES : Since that time, Beroe has been reported at a 1916 northward to New York and again number of stations thence ofRng of Martha's Vineyard, though in the once only in the intervening sector The records include February, May, June, and July there are none for April or for October but large catches were noted — — in the log only in June (3 instances) and in July (1 And instance) they were between the Atlantic City and Winter- likewise concentrated regionally, inshore, quarter profiles (Fig 41C) The most we dare from the foregoing to hazard sionally multiply to great abundance is in the inshore belt, that Beroe may between the occa- offings of Chesapeake Bay and of Atlantic City, most frequently toward the south, perhaps due to the influence of the outflow from Chesapeake Bay, nor have we any evidence that Beroe ever an important factor in the plankton of the north- is eastern sector of our area, or of the offshore belt, south or north Rich aggregations of Beroe seem, also, to be confined to the forskalii is During the summer New York PILEtrS of 1913, this familiar ctenophore and of the stations over the shelf, between the and Cape the deeper water layers there May in was taken at all but such abundance in the inshore belt profiles that it practically monopoUzed In 1916, however, the "Grampus" had four stations within our hmits at this (off suggesting that the species chiefly responsible Pleurobrachia two summer months, Chesapeake Bay), and not at same season, once only all in that November, while in it it at but any abundance was detected at only 16 of the 604 stations for the period 1929-1932 (Fig 41C) Definite record of it within our limits has also been confined so far to May, June, and July- August, whatever the year As already remarked Pleurobrachia may have been "more widespread in small numbers than these captures suggest, such a fragile organism being easily destroyed in the mass of unsorted plankton" (Bigelow, 1922, less, Neverthe- the evidence seems sufficiently convincing that while this ctenophore be expected anywhere it p 158) within our limits — ofTshore sometimes multiplies enormously, and perhaps confined warm to to a temperature summers locally, and inshore alike is to —and while near land, such events are unusual, of such years as 1913, somewhat higher than usual when the surface waters For a further discussion the local status of this ctenophore, see Bigelow, 1915, p 321 of memoir: museum of comparative zoology 370 Other Ctenophores In the summer Mnemiopsis leidyi, was southward from Barnegat, of 1913, the large lobate ctenophore, not only distributed generally over the inshore belt but swarmed in the surface waters near the coast between that point and Cape May to the practical exclusion of everything else, as described elsewhere (Bige- low, 1915, p 323) It was again encountered general region in August 1916, though in abundance same locally, in that observed range was then restricted to its Bay (Bigelow, 1922, p 158) And the fact near Woods Hole in every month in the year (Sumner, the vicinity and offing of Delaware that it Cole, lesser has been reported and Osborne, 1904, p 579) points to its constant presence in greater or number and at one stage of development or another, along the inshore belt in general Unfortunately, the catches for 1929-1932, add nothing to the foregoing, for if they did originally contain any representation of Mnemiopsis, the latter had been battered beyond recognition before the collections were examined, either in the nets, or among "Mnemiopsis" question The is may is the other more resistant animals after capture occasionally named actually have been in the station log book, the specimens in is, however, sufficient to show that summer temperatures are relatively high, pening to the eastward of New it is definite record, as yet, of Maine, to which a has never been recorded ture be actually the barrier to than when tempersuch a hap- Woods some summers Neither have we any reason of the Gulf of but where young stages in years a stray destined to perish in the colder waters of George's Bank, Nantucket Shoals, or the even when Mnemiopsis ever occurs beyond the Martha's Vineyard to suppose that the adult it, locally York, except close in to the coast, as at Hole, where Mnemiopsis swarms in would carry and But we have no atures are relatively low of it very important role in the general planktonic community over considerable areas in the inshore belt at least near the surface, in any year profile, unless as while some other lobate genus positive record for Mnemiopsis likely to play a And its If, drift in that direction however, low tempera- dispersal in that direction, of this ctenophore are much more we must assume resistent to that low temperature the adult, else this species could not survive the winter chilling to which the waters of the continental shelf are yearly subjected, southward to Chesapeake Bay Mnemiopsis appears also to be definitely neritic in habit, for while been recorded well out on the shelf (Bigelow, 1915, Fig it were made near shore During the summer it has 80), the largest catches of of 1913, when Mnemiopsis was BIGELOW AND SEARS NORTH ATLANTIC ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES 371 : moro abundant than taken only close to any other time during our observational scries, it was the surface, which accords with its frequent abundance, at to the tide line right in Mnemiopsis and around Woods Hole of Pleurobrachia Consequently, "the swarms of were mutually exclusive" (Bigelow, 1915, 324) — in — hand that adult Mnemiopsis is not abundant if it occurs waters colder than about 20°, or more than a few miles out from the The evidence at all p at coast inclines us to believe that lobate ctenophores of large size, six liters of which were reported the outer edge of nets midway book (under the name "Mnemiopsis"), as taken near the shelf off Cape May on May 15, 1929, and as clogging the in the log Chesapeake Bay, two days later, actually referred to the Bolinopsis infundihulum which has long been known to abound out, off northern species, , from Arctic Seas southward to the Gulf of Maine (Bigelow, 1926, p 372) on our side of the Atlantic PROTOZOANS Our But the catches made off mesh sampling any but the largest protozoa Bodie Island and off Currituck in May 1929 yielded a nets were too coarse of for few Noctiluca, which had already been found of Chesapeake Bay dence that it is in November 1916 plentiful at this season, p 328) abundance at the mouth (Bigelow, 1922, p 163); cumulative evi- of widespread occurrence in the southernmost sector, in late spring and autumn This agrees with most in great and its status in Chesapeake Bay, where least so in it is January and March (Cowles, 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