Memoirs MCZ 1117

MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD VOL COLLEGE XXXVIL CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM 1909 a- University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A CONTENTS REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, iu charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U S Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut Commander Henry L M Garrett, U B Bigelow S N., Commanding 243 pp., 48 Plates XVI February, 1909 The Medusae By lemoirs of iht i^uscum of (iTompiu-utibc Soologu AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol XXXVII REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U S FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS," FROM OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT COMMANDER L M GARRETT, U S N., COMMANDING XVI THE MEDUSAE By henry BIGELOW B WITH FORTY-EIGHT [Piiblislieil by permission of George M Boweks, I'LATES U S Ooinmissioner of Fish ami Fisheries.] CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.: PrintrU for tijc February, fflusfum 1909 TABLE OF CONTENTS Fagb Page Introduction Scyphomedusae 13 Charybdeida Charybdeidae Charybdea Peron et Lesueur Charybdea rastonii Haacke Coronata 15 15 Periphyllidae Periphylla Steenstrup Periphylla hyacinthina Steenstrup Periphyllopsis Vauhoffeii Periphyllopsis braueri Vaiilioffen Atorellidae Atorella Vanhoffen Atorella vanhoffeni, sp nov Ephyropsidae Nausithoe Kolliker Nausithoe punctata Kolliker Nausithoe rubra Vanhoffen 70 72 Aegina citrea Eschscholtz Aegina alternans, sp nov Solmundella Haeckel 73 74 75 Solmundella biteutaculata Quoy et Gaimard Aeginura Haeckel Aeginura grimaldii Maas Solmaridae Pegantha Haeckel Pegantha martagon Haeckel Pegantha triloba Haeckel Pegantha smaragdina, sp uov Development of Pegantha smaragdina Pegantha laevis, sp nov 77 78 80 81 83 83 87 90 93 97 35 36 Petasidae 37 37 39 Gossea L Agassiz Gossea brachymera, sp nov Gonionemus A Agassiz 41 41 Gonionemus suvaensis Agassiz and 107 Mayer 43 Olindias F Mliller 44 Olindias singularis 46 Geryonidae Liriope Lesson Atolla wyvillei Haeckel Discophora Pelagia Peron et Lesueur Pelagia panopyra Peron Poralia Vanhoffen Poralia rufesceus Vauhdlfen Craspedotae Narcoiuedusae Cunanthidae Cunoctantha Haeckel Cunoctantha octonaria McCrady Cunoctantha tenella, sp nov Cunina Eschscholtz Cunina globosa Eschscholtz Cunina peregrina, sp nov Cunina species? Sohuissus Haeckel marshalli 20 -3 24 26 27 28 30 30 30 67 Aeginidae Aegina Eschscholtz AtoUa Haeckel Mayer 17 33 33 Atollidae Solraissus 15 Solmissus incisa Fewkes Agassiz 47 100 101 Trachomedusae Browne 51 Geryonia Peron et Lesueur Geryonia proboscidalis Forskal , Trachynemidae Aglaura Peron et Lesueur Peron Aglaura hemistoma 65 57 59 62 G."> and 04 108 109 Ill 112 115 Liriope species? Lesueur Aglantha Haeckel Aglantha digitale var var nov Tetrorchis, srvn miv 103 103 Ill Liriope tetraphylla Chamisso 64 105 47 60 52 116 116 117 117 et • 119 121 intermedia, 122 123 CONTENTS Page Page Tetrorchis ervthrogaster, sp nov Ainphogoua Browne Amphogona apsteini Vanhoffen 124 Sarsia coccoraetra, sp nov 125 Sarsia respleudeus, sp nov 181 126 Purena Hartlaub Purena brownei, nom nov Ectopleura L Agassiz Ectopleura ochracea A Agassiz Peunaria Goldfuss Pennaria vitrea Agassiz and Mayer 182 183 127 Ehopaloiieina Gegeiibaur Rhopaloneiua velatum Gegeiibaur 129 132 Vanhoifen Ehopalonema funerariuin 132 Coloboneraa Vanhoffen 133 Colobonema sericeum Vanhoffen 134 Pectyllidae 134 Crossota Vanlioffen 135 Crossota brunnea Vanhoffen 136 Halicreasidae 138 Halicreas Fewkes 138 Halicreas papillosum Vanhoffen 141 Honioeonema Maas 179 187 Zanclea gemmosa McCrady 189 189 189 Cytaeidae Cytaeinae Cytaeis Eschseholtz Dendroclavinae Honioeonema species? Halitrephes, gen nov 145 Lynmorea Mayer Lymnorea alexandri Mayer Maas 146 Bougainvilleidae 147 Bougainvillea Laodiceidae 148 149 sp nov Ptychogena A Agassiz Ptychogena erythrogonon, sp nov Eucopidae Phialium Haeckel Phialium duodecimalis A Agassiz Phialidiura Leuckart Phialidium discoida Mayer Phialucium Maas Phiahicium coniata, sp nov Eirene Eschseholtz Eirene medusifera, sp nov Eirene viridula Eschseholtz Eutiminae Eutinia McCrady Eutima levuka Agassiz and Mayer Eutimalphes Haeckel Eutimalphes scintillans, sp nov Octocanninae Octocanna Haeckel Octocanna polynenia Haeckel Aequoridae Aequorea macrodactylum 15randt Aequorea coerulescens Brandt Anthomedusae Codonidae Sai'sia Lesson , , , , Mayer 190 192 Leptomedusae Halitrephes maasi, 187 188 Cytaeis vulgaris Agassiz and racovitzae 186 186 Zanclea Gegenbaur 144 145 Homoeonema 184 185 Penuaria species? Cladonemidae 142 Homoeonema alba Vanhoffen 184 fulva 193 193 195 and Agassiz Mayer 150 Ainphinemidae Ainphinema Haeckel 152 Amphinema 153 australis Mayer Auiphinema turrida Mayer 154 Stoinotoca L Agassiz 155 Stoniotoca divisa 155 Tiaridae 157 Pandea Lesson 158 l^andea violacea Agassiz and 160 Tiara Lesson Maas • Mayer 195 197 198 199 200 201 203 204 205 161 Tiara papua Lesson 205 206 207 163 Turris Lesson 2(19 164 Turris foutata, sp nov 209 165 Bythotiaridae 165 Sibogita 212 213 213 21G 216 218 218 Maas 166 Sibogita siinulans, sp nov 167 Heterotiara 168 Heterotiara anonj'ma ]\Iaas 168 Williidae 169 Proboscidactyla Brandt 170 Proboscydactyla ornata vav stoloni- Maas Maas 179 Bathymetric range 220 221 228 179 179 Bibliography 2,37 Explanation of plates 245 174 177 fera Geographical distribution INTRODUCTION The collection of Medusae obtained during the in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in important of recent years it new includes two 904-05 Not only is the to be is cruise of the "Albatross" ranked as among the more number of species large (72), but intermediate genera of great interest from their system- atic relationships, as well as excellent examples of several previously little- known genera, such as Atorella, Periphyllopsis, Aeginura, Pegantha, Halicreas, Homoeonema, Sibogita, and Heterotiara The number of new species (17) may seem comparatively small, but it must be remembered that the greater now known oceans The fact part of the collection consists of holoplanktonic forms, organisms to be of general distribution in the warmer waters of all that the greater portion of the cruise led through an oceanic area far from land no doubt explains the total absence of rhizostomes from the collection Intermediate genera, both craspedote and acraspedote, are especially well represented Among the features of morphologic interest I new the discovery of a of a of a new may halicreid, Halitrephes, with call attention numerous here to radial canals trachyneniid, Tetrorchis, with four gonads on the subumbrella Cunina lacking peripheral canal system which, unlike previously well developed ; the gonads in a known members ; of a Cunoctantha, C tenella, in of this genus, a canal system and of the development of free medusa buds new species of Eirene From is in the region of the developmental standpoint the discovery of an almost complete series of stages in the development of Pegantha smaragdina known is is of especial importance, since nothing was previously and of equal importance of the early stages of this interesting genus; the demonstration of the occurrence of internal budding in Cunina and Pegantha To the student of geographic distribution the collection is especially timely, since although the explorations of the recent deep-sea expeditions of the " Valdivia," the fairly " Siboga," and those of the Prince of Monaco had given us a good idea of the holoplanktonic Medusa fauna of the Tropical Atlantic THE MEDUSAE ' 10 and Indian oceans, the eastern half of the remains practically a still in this respect mare incogniium The Pacific collection (20 species) made in Acapulco Harbor is likewise important from the distributional standpoint, for the Medusa fauna of the west coast of When compared Central America was previously almost unknown West Indian Medusae the between the Owing it with illustrates in striking fashion the close relationship faunae on the two sides of Central America littoral to the rapid growth of our knowledge of the structure and relationboth Acraspedae and Craspedotae ships of the Medusae the in a state of such constant change that no system as yet proposed can be ex- classification of pected to remain permanent based in its essentials, The scheme adopted must as all future attempts in the present But outlined by Gegenbaur, Agassiz, and Haeckel on the be, memoir is is classifications have not hesitated to I adopt the very extensive modifications which recent authors have shown to be necessary and several new changes are proposed, ; which attention to will be called in the appropriate connections Perhaps a few words are called for to explain a presentation subject-matter in the reverse of the so-called " natural order " The present arrangement was adopted adopted of the now usually for purely practical reasons connected with the preparation of the drawings and plates, and for the sake of preserving a parallel arrangement of text and plates; as indicating the author's idea of where supposed relationships rest it is not to be taken Within the several orders, phylogeny on a much firmer basis than they between the orders, I have preserved what I believe to be the natural sequence of families and genera Throughout the my special lot, specimens in value, as so that I life, any student memoir and preservation had the opportunity to of this many ; group wiU recognize of of the Medusae fell to study the great majority of the or at least in the fresh condition colored sketches of this cruise, the care a privilege of the greatest I was also able to prepare the species, a few of which are reproduced in Colored drawings of Atolla and Ptychogena were likewise made by Mr A M Westergren, The great majority artist on the expedition of specimens were preserved in 5% formalin in sea water, a method which has proved satisfactory both for gross anatomy and for histology, solved A its few only drawback being individu.ils that were preserved various of the acid histologic fixing reagents otoliths in alcohol, I may are and frequently still dis- others in call attention here to Plate 45 Plate 45 Fig Pegantha exumbral view of a marginal lappet, showing form triloba, extent of otoporpae (otp), and position of otocysts (otc) X perona Pegantha Fig Cunina peregrina, Pig X 30 Young medusa triloba, dissection of and (per) ; gonad, showing the sexual lobes (go) supported by the gelatinous genital prominence (g-pr) just liberated from above stolon, (t), X 10 Stolon, taken from bell of a sp nov.(?) rudimentary tentacles velum Pig Fig ; (v) and otocysts Ehopalonema velatum showing long manubrium (mn), X (otc) 50 Oral view of somewhat older medusa, from the same stolon, in which there are eight tentacles and well-developed otoporpae; (otc) otocyst; (mn) manubrium X Fig 60 Side view of same medusa, from a photograph, showing otocysts (otc); manu- brium (mn) Fig Two ; velum and outline of gastric (v); tentacles; cavity marginal lappets of same specimen, showing otoporpae (otc) There is (otp), no visible indication of a peripheral canal system Fig Cunina peregrina, Fig Crossota brunnea, oral view of apex of sp nov., otocyst; (otl) otolith bell, ; (otp) otoporpa and otocysts (v), X velum 250 showing the long manubrium (ran), gonads (go) hanging from the radial canals (era) into the bell cavity, and the muscular condition of the subumbrella Fig 10 Amphogona Fig 11 Rhopalonema velatum apsteini, otocyst; (en) ; Colobonema sericeum ; ; maasi, and interradial tentacles, gen nov., sp nov 100 about 25 muscular condition of the From a photograph Portion of specimen, showing relation of radial canals (otcV X (otc) otocyst subumbrella, and extent of the gonads (go) Halitrephes x one octant of bell margin, showing the relative sizes of radial (t.ra), adradial, Fig 13 (otl) otolith, ; one octant of bell margin, showing arrangement of mar- ginal organs; (t.ra) radial tentacle Fig 12 X endodermic core (era), the bell X margin of type tentacles, and otocysts Albatross Easters ^'r,' Bigelow I'el Pagifiu ^' Ex Medusae Plate 45 Plate 46 Plate 46 Bathymetric chart of the route (For stations occupied see Plates 47 and 48.) Albatross' Eastern ntcinc Ex Bathymetrical Chart Medusae Plate ^b Plate 47 Plate 47 Chart of the route, with stations occupied commoner vulgaris, species of surface Medusae, and Aglaura hemistoma results, the colors captured A ; showing the distribution of four of the Ehopalouema velatum, Liriope tetraphylla, Cytaeis There merely indicating the is no attempt made to show quantitative localities at which the respective species were legend indicating the species to which the different colors correspond be found on the chart The heavy dotted itself In the legend Cytaeis communis should read is to C vulgaris line intersecting the lines Callao Easter island, Easter island Gala- pagos, and Galapagos Maiigareva coincides with the southern limit of good trawl hauls, as plotted in the General Report of the Expedition (A Agassiz, : 06, pi 3°.) HEOusAe, Plate 47 Albatboss E>stehh P^cinc ix \ Plate 48 dUH Plate 48 Chart of the route, with stations occupied, showing the geographic distribution of intermediate Medusae For explanation of species to which the various colors correspond, see legend on the chart itself in the The occurrence of Atolla (red) and of Periphylla (brown) Gulf of Panama and in the Gulf of California is plotted from the records of the expedition of the " Albatross " in 1891 No attempt is made To agree with the bonema typicum to to illustrate the quantitative distribution of text the following names in the legend should be C sericeum; Laodicea erythrogonon to The heavy dotted line any of the altered : species — Colo- Ptychogena erythrogonon corresponds to the southern limit of good trawl hauls Medusae, Plate 48 Albatiioss' £asterh Rucinc Ex