Memoirs MCZ 3403

Umotrs of % Ulustum of Compnitibt ^oblocjn AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol XXXIV No HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ECHINI THE ECHINOTHURID.E BY ALEXANDER AGASSIZ and HUBERT LYMAN CLARK WITH THIRTY PLATES Plates 60-89 [Published by Permission of George M Bowers, U CAMBRIDGE, ^rintco for tljc November, S U Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.] S A : ifluscum 1909 CONTENTS No HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ECHINI by the U Thomas, S Fish IT S Commission Steamer " Albatross N., Commanding, and " Based upon Collections made Commander Chauncey Commander L M Garrett, By Alexander Agassiz and in 1902, in 1906, Lieut The Echinothurid^: Commanding Hubert Lyman Clark 72 pp 30 plates October, U S N., 1909 CONTENTS Page 141 Wyv Thom Eckinothuridffl Some Anatomical Features, Plates 141 60-63 The Spines, ridia, Paok Echinosoma Pomel {continued) Echinosoma Petersii A Ag and Pedieellarise, Position Thom 153 155 157 Phormosoma Sigsbei A Ag Phormosoma iudicum Dod Phormosoma Plates 157 bursarium 62, fig fig 157 67, figs 12-21 CI., 158 160 161 163 Plates 64, figs 1-8; 71 72 ; 173 174 176 179 181 181 183 Araeosoma hystrix A Ag and CI 167 168 Araaosonia tessellatum Mort 169 species 186 188 190 190 190 Araeosoma fenestratum Mort., Plate 66, fig 20 168 * Hawaiian 186 ' Arasosoma pyrochloa A Ag and CI., Plates 66, figs 1-4 ; 7880 Araeosoma Belli Mort., Plate 66, fig Araeosoma violaceum Mort Araeosoma coriaceum Mort 165 171 172 172 172 Araeosoma pellucidum A Ag and CI Araeosoma eurypatum A Ag and CI., Plates 66, figs 1S-19; 7375 Araeosoma leptaleum A Ag and CI., Plates 76 and 77 Echinosoma tenue Pomel, Plate Echinosoma Koehleri A Ag and CI Echinosoma zealandise A Ag and CI Echinosoma panamense Mort., Plate 67, figs 1-8 Echinosoma uranus Pomel Araeosoma Mort Araeosoma thetidis A Ag and CI., Plates 66, figs 6-17; 6870 Araeosoma bicolor A Ag and 164 67, figs 4-11 Ijimai Yosh., Plates 62, fig ; 63, fig A • ford 63, fig S Echinosoma Pomel Echinosoma hoplacantha A Ag and CI Echinosoma luculentum A Ag and CI Echinosoma hispidum Mort., Plates 62, fig 3; 63, fig ; Asthenosoma 156 156 156 Asthenosoma Grube Asthenosoma varium Grube Asthenosoma urens Saras Asthenosoma heteractis Bed- 151 • , of Echino- Phormosoma Wyv Thom Phormosoma alternans de Meij Phormosoma verticillatum Mort Phormosoma rigidum A Ag Phormosoma adenicum Dod Phormosoma placenta Wyv Ag., 170 Kamptosoma asterias Mort Kamptosoma indistinctum A Ag 170 146 Echinothuridae The Genera and Species thuridae 142 the of 169 169 Kamptosoma Mort Sphse- and Spicules, Plates 64-67 The Systematic CI 190 HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ECHINI 140 Page Page Spierosoma Koshler (continued) Sperosoma giganteum A Ag Araeosoma Mort (continued) Aroeosoma gracile A Ag and CI., Plates 81, figs 3, ! 5-8 ArteosomaOwstoni Mort., Plates 81, figs 1, 2, 5, ; Sperosoma Kcehler Sperosoina Grimaldii Koehler Meij Plates 64, figs 9-12; 1-3 ; 83-86 65, figs A Ag obscurum *Sperosoma and CI., Plates 62, fig 4; 63, 87-89 fig ; 65, figs 4-14 ; quiucunciale CI., 191 82, figs 1-4 Sperosoma and 82, figs 192 194 196 Sperosoma Plate 65, biseriatura figs 196 15-20 * Hawaiian Plates and Explanation of Plates species 199 Dod., Sperosoma durum Dod de 197 202 203 204 HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ECHINI by the U S Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," Commander Chauncey Thomas, U S N., Commanding in 1902, and Lieut Commander L M Garrett, U S N., Commanding in 1906 Collected ECHINOTHURIDiE Wyv Thorn Some Anatomical Features Plates 60-63 ALTnouGn thuridoB in various writers more or less detail, have discussed the anatomy of the Echinoand some have published figures to illustrate certain anatomical peculiarities, it has seemed to be desirable to give a few- showing the general arrangement of the alimentary canal and the lantern in some of the species, whose anatomy has not hitherto been figured figures As our investigations have led us to believe that the Echinothuridas and Diadematidae are nearly related families, showing the anatomy we have also added a few figures of several species of Diadematidas A comparison of the figures given on Plates 62 and 63 shows that the genera of Echinothuridae differ not a little among themselves in the details of their structure It nevertheless, instructive to compare these figures is, with those of the genera of Diadematidae given on Plates 60 and 61 The someoesophagus, for example, is shortest in Echinothrix (PL 60, fig 3), Micropyga (PL 61, fig i) and Phormosoma (PL 62, fig 2), in Echinosoma and Sperosoma (PL 62, figs 3, 4), and longest in Asthenosoma (PI 62, fig 1) and Astropyga (PL 61, fig 3) The alimentary canal of Phormosoma is remarkably different from what longer much longer in that of Asthenosoma (compare to note that figs that of Echinosoma and (PL 2, PI 62, fig 62), 3) is but it quite is interesting intermediate Trans Roy Soc London, 164, pt 2, Pis Wyville Thomson, 1S74: "Porcupine" Echinoidea, " Echinoidea, Pis XII, XIV, XVIII" Paul and " A Agassiz, 1881 Challenger "Hirondelle" Kciehler, 189S Fritz Sarasin, 1888: Ergeb Nat Forsch Ceylon, I, Pis XII-XVII Deutsch d 5, lfg 3, Wiss 1906 Tiefsee-Exp IX and Pis IV Ergeb Echinides, Schurig, LXIII-LXVII : : : Pis LI-LIV HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC 142 That of Sperosoma the arrangement of peculiarities (PI 4) fig Echinothrix in its 62, in own, ECHINI shows some noticeable resemblances to (PI addition 60, 3), fig the to long, has certain it though slender oesophagus There can be no question that the general arrangement of the canal in Asthenosoma (PI 62, fig 1) is quite as near what we find in Astropyga (PI 61, fig 3) as A comparison it is to that of any genus of Echinothurids of the lanterns and perignathic girdles figured on Plate 63 with those of the three genera of Diadematidoe (PI 60, fig PI 61, figs 2, In the Echinothurids, the apo4) reveals two very important differences ; physes, whether conspicuous as in inconspicuous as in Asthenosoma Phormosoma (PI 63, fig 3), or (PI 63, fig 2), are single, in relatively keeping with the presence of the single primordial interambulacral plate, while Diudematids they are paired in the In the Echinothurids (PL 63), the Stewart's organs, though very different in appearance from those of the Cidaridaa, are while in the Diadematids they are either wholly wanting or are reduced to mere rudiments as shown in Echinothrix (PI 60, fig 4) well developed, Aside from these two points, the differences between the girdle and lantern of Phormosoma and of Asthenosoma those are as great those as which distinguish Phormosoma from Astropyga, or Echinothrix from Micropyga We find there is noticeable individual diversity in certain points, such as the bulk of the auricles and the amount of forking at the end of the compasses, so that these features are of little value in determining generic limits The Spines, Pedicellari^:, Sph2eridia, and Spicules Plates 64-67 The spines of the Echinothuridte show so much diversity of form, aside from the differences between primary, secondary, and miliary spines, that they deserve a special paragraph They may be conveniently classified under four heads, naked spines, sheathed spines, glandular spines, and hoofed spines The naked sjmies are the ordinary spines, more or less — abundant on all parts of the test; they maries, secondaries, or miliaries rarely, widened and flattened at ; they tip, may may be slender or stout, pri- be either sharp or blunt, or long or short, smooth or rough ; they Those writers who have said that Stewart's organs are rudimentary or wanting in certain Echinothurids have either had poor material or have overlooked these long, slender outgrowths Or else there is more individual diversity than would naturally be expected ECHINOTHURIDiE are rarely verticillate as in Diadema some of the solid, at their in least sheath of skin when are very slender ones and those on the primary spines, but but They distal commonly hollow, though buccal membrane are oft en The sheathed half or secondaries be may 143 spines are commonly when the even miliaries; thick and loose they are conspicuous and unmistakable, is the sheath is and thin close-fitting they can scarcely be dis- from ordinary "naked" spines, which are, of course, really Sheathed spines may be either actinal or abactinal covered by the skin in position, and the sheath may be either cylindrical or distally swollen ; tinguished when cylindrical, it may have one or more The circular constrictions secondaries or miliaries, exceedingly sharp, and pro- glandular spines are vided with a poison-gland at the tip They are commonly abactinal in be arranged in regular series on the interambulacra The and are the most conspicuous hoofed spines are always actinal primaries, They are usually hollow, even the shining spines on the test when present and position, may white hoof-shaped swelling in which they terminate being only loosely but in some species the hoof and the distal filled with calcareous strands ; half of the spine are perfectly solid ever in is more or individual spines, even of a single different All four of less diversity how- Unfortunately the and otherwise good specimens may show these different kinds of spines may occur on hoofs are very easily broken few or none there ; off, a single individual, but as Mortensen has pointed out, species which have sheathed spines actinally not have hoofed spines The pedicellarice of the Echinothuridas have been so fully discussed and by Mortensen and Doderlein, it is hardly necessary devote much space to their description There are four different sorts, satisfactorily figured to any individual The triphyllous and always have three valves, pedicellaria? (PI C4, fig 3) are always present, which are broadest at or near the tip and are well separated from each two or more of which may be found when the pedicellaria is closed the valves " " which is usually more cover-plate 12) are provided with a other just below the middle (PI 64, figs S, in ; These pedicellaritB are abundant on almost all parts of and are borne on long slender stalks, which are several times as or less perforated the test, long as the head 15, 17; The 67, figs 2, 3, 4, 6, S, 9, triphyllous, but are very on all tridentate pedicellaria? (Pis 64, fig as 12, 17) are nearly or quite much more ; 66, figs common diverse in size and form 1, 2, as the They occur in different indiparts of the test, but their abundance varies greatly HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ECHINI 144 viduals The length of stalk exceeds that of the head also very variable, is The it though structure of the stalk is commonly of the usual type in the Diadematidte, a cylinder of irregularly but closely united coarse rods very interesting to note that in Kamptosoma the stalk is made up of "long threads, almost only united at the ends" (Mortensen); the stalk It is in this genus, therefore, bears the same relation to the stalk in other Echino- thurids that the stalk of the pedicellarioe in Micropyga does to that of the a very notable case of " parallelism." other Diadematids, The valves of — the tridentate pedicellarioe vary so them scription of is easily recognizable, valves, which are in size and form that a general de- impracticable, but certain kinds are very constant and and these deserve a few words more or less curved margins middle part of greater or First of all are involute and meet only at of the blade are rolled in, in these the cal much less length tip (PI 66, fig 1) ; forming a nearly cylindri- between the base of the blade and somewhat expanded tip secondly, there are contiguous valves, which are straight and in contact for nearly their entire length, these may be very broad (PI 65, fig 18), or rather narrow (PI 64, fig 5) a third sort the ; — ; be referred to as convergent valves, which are straight or may little little curved, or not at all involute, meeting only at tip or for their distal half valves are shown on PI 65, fig ; see also PL 67, figs, b, 12 ; such Although these three sorts of valves are usually recognizable with ease, they inter- grade more or (PI 65, figs less (PI 65, fig 1, 2) are much and have been found as yet 4; 66, less The fig 2) common, in only a ophicephalous pedicellaria} as a rule, than the tridentate, comparatively few species they are strongly constricted at the middle, and the articular loops on the valves these pedicellaria? show no (PI 65, fig ; 67, fig 21) are well developed ; ; to intergrade with the other forms The fourth form of pedicellaria tendency " " was first described by Wyville Thomson as a tetradactyle pedicellaria, and Mortensen has retained the name Unfortunately, however, the num- ber of valves priate ; is often three or five, so that the " tetra" we would pedicellarise suggest that this form be They are known called — is very inappro- simply the dactylous only from certain species of Araaosoma, and show considerable diversity in the form of the valves long and slender, united only near the base and quite free ; these may be distally (PI 66, fig may be much shorter and well surrounded by tissue as de Meijere figures them, or the valves may be wholly imbedded in tissue (PL 64, fig 1) The valves differ notably in shape (compare PL 64, fig 4, and 20), or they Plate 86 Plate 86 Sperosoma giganteum Actinal ambulacral Natural and interambulacral A Ag and CI below ambitus ten millimeters above ambitus size Abactinal ambulacral and interambulacral plates, Natural millimeters plates, three size 86 - A M.Vesterjren del th Boston Plate 87 Plate 87 Sperosoma obscurum A Ag and CI Abactinal view of partly denuded specimen Natural size "Albatross" Pacific and Hawaiian Echini e87 ^PC*u Heliotype Co Boston Plate 88 Plate 88 Sperosoma obscurum A Ag and CI Actinal view of same specimen as that shown on Plate 87 Natural size "Albatross" Pacific and Hawaiian Ec Plate 88 Heliotype Co Boston Plate 89 Plate 89 Sperosoma obscurum A Ag and CL Actinostome and base of corona, Abactinal system, x Actinal ambulacral and interambulacral x 1.3 plates, just below ambitus, Abactinal ambulacral and interambulacral x 1.2 plates, just above ambitus, x "Albatr AMWesi' B.MeiscI