ZOOLOGY OF NEW-YORK V4 FISHES, James E. De KAY 1842

ZOOLOGY OF NEW-YORK, OR THE NEW-YORK FAUNA; COMPRISING DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE ANIMALS HITHERTO OBSERVED WITHIN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THOSE OCCASIONALLY FOUND NEAR ITS BORDERS, AND ACCOMPANIED BY APPROPRIATE ILLUSTRATIONS BY JAMES PART IV E BE MY FISHES ALBANY PRINTED BY W & A : WHITE & 1842 J VISSCHER PREFACE In the General Introduction to this work, a few facts were noted, to illustrate the peculiar position of this State in reference to the number and variety of its animal species In continuation of this subject we may remark, that by means of the great lakes Ontario and Erie on our northern and western borders, we have numerous northern lacustrine fishes Through Lake Champlain we have many fluviatile species by the Alleghany river ascend numerous wesand while our numerous rivers teem with those of fresh water, our northern tern species ; ; extensive sea-board furnishes us with marine species ranging from the coast of Labrador to the shores of Brazil It cannot therefore fail to be perceived that the Ichthyology of New-York will embrace a very large proportion of the Fishes of the United States and that the following pages can only be considered in the light of an outline, to be filled up, and enlarged and modified by the labors of ; future naturalists The study of Fishes, or that branch of natural science which is termed Ich- thyology, has, until recently, attracted in this country less attention than any other Almost the first positive knowledge of our fishes is derived from Linneus, who many through Dr Garden of Charleston, South Carolina From the letters of Garden, we gather that he was an indefatigable collector in all departments of Natural History, and a man of eminent attainments Cotemporaneously with Garden, appeared the work of Catesby on the Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands This work is imposing in its form, received Fauna, Part IV b PREFACE IV but is of little real practical value The plates are grossly colored, them are apparently drawn from memory The text is meagre and and some of insignificant.* In an unexpected quarter, appeared in 1787 an original work on the Fishes of America allude to the Natural History of Cuba, by Antonio Parra, the We of which will be found in our of cited works not exclusively confined to fishes, but embraces Crustacea, marine plants, etc There are forty plates, illustrating seventy-one species of fishes, coarsely but vigorously executed by his son and as far as we have had occasion to compare them with the origititle list It is ; This work exceedingly rare, and the copy in my The text is brief, possession is believed to be the only one in the United States without and of a popular character, any attempt at classification or scientific nals, they are very correct is Notwithstanding these defects, it will always remain, from its original figures and its descriptions drawn from the recent specimens, a work of great value to naturalists, and more especially to those of the Southern Atlantic arrangement States Pennant, an English writer on natural history, published in 1787 a supplement to his Arctic Zoology, which contains an enumeration of one hundred and thirty They are prinspecies of fishes, compiled chiefly from Linneus and Catesby of Gulf of waters South-Carolina and the Mexico from the very few, cipally A scarcely exceeding six new species, are noticed more in detail, and these are chiefly from the collection of Mrs Anne Blackburne, whose brother apjaears to have been a zealous collector for several years at Hempstead, Long island In 1788, Schcepff, an army surgeon, who was in this country during the war of the revolution, published in the Transactions of the Friends of Natural History memoir entitled " Descriptions of North American Fishes, chiefly from the waters of New-York." His paper is for the most part a meagre catalogue of species from New- York and the gulf of Mexico, mostly identical with at Berlin, a those previously described by Linneus In common with many of the observers of that period, he had such a slavish deference to the great reformer of natural science, that he scarcely dared to pronounce upon the validity of a species unless In taking a review of what has been done in American ichthyology up to the period at which he wrote, Pennant breaks " small a part is this of the zoology of our lost dominions out into the following apostrophe: May what I have " done be an inducement for some learned native to resume the subject! and I shall without envy see my trivial labors lost How ! '• in the immensity of new discoveries Vain thought for ages must pass, ere the necessary perfection can be given, " ere the animated nature which fills the space between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans can be investigated Ages must ! " " pass, before new colonization can push place ere those studies in its progress westwardly ; and even then, civilization, which use and amusement are so intimately blended can be carried ease and luxury must take into effect." PREFACE had received die Linnean stamp of authority One hundred and twenty species are enumerated, of which thirty only are accompanied with detailed descripit The celebrated ichthyologist Bloch added a few notes to this memoir.* Bosc, and a few other naturalists, had communicated to Lacepede some isolated tions this period species after American Academy ; and Dr Peck had described, in the Transactions of the of Arts and Sciences at Boston, a few more ; but, with these exceptions, our knowledge on this subject remained nearly stationar}' until 1814, when Dr Mitchill published a small tract, which may be said to have given a new impulse study of American ichthyology It contains original and detailed descriptions of forty-nine species, with a simple catalogue of twenty-one to the the titlepage of this little tract, he states that " a very considerable of these beginnings of an attempt are not evep named in the present list, On more number because they have not come to hand during the few weeks that have elapsed It does not, however, appear to have attracted much since its commencement." only cited in the latter volumes of the great work on About the same period he published in the Fishes of Cuvier and Valenciennes American Medical and Philosophical Register, conducted by Drs Hosack and attention abroad, and is Francis, a paper on the Cod-fishes of New- York, in which he enumerates eleven In December of the same year, he read species and six varieties of that family before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New- York, a paper entitled " The Fishes of New- York, described and arranged;" which was shortly after In this paper, which at that published in the Transactions of that Society period was the most important and valuable essay on the fishes of the United States, he -describes (deducting the foreign and doubtful one hundred and seventy small but In February, 1818, he published a supplement to thirty-four species, illustrated quite recognizable figures.f fishes) by six copperplates, containing * Schoepff appears to have been a man of varied attainments, and has left several works relating to the natural history of this country, the most important of which is his Historia Testudinum He is the author of two volumes of travels in the United States, and of a Neither of these, t work on its geology, under the following titles : Reise durch einige dermittlern und sudlichen vereinigten Nord Americanischer Staaten vols 8vo Erlangen, 1788 Beytrage sur mineralogischen kentniss dor osllichcn theil von Nord America und seiner geburge pp 191 Erlangen, 1787 This memoir is we believe, " Thus there had scarcely been in the eighteenth century spoken of by Cuvier in the following terms North America, except the work of Catesby, and what had been inserted by Pennant in his : any thing on the fishes of Arctic Zoology But of that city, in have been translated into our language in 1815, Dr Mitchill, a learned physician of New-York, gave a history of the fishes in the vicinity which he described one hundred ond forty-nine species, distributed after the system of Linneus, with well PREFACE VI American Monthly Magazine, in which he describes forty-two species, some of which had been figured in the previous essay, but without any If we subtract from these, four as doubtful or mere varieties, and description this paper in the eight from the Bahama islands, those previously published The coast of New-York we have a total work thirty additional species, making with of one hundred and sixty-four fishes from the supplement appeared was a literary magazine of considerable reputation, but its circulation was limited, and it appears to have been little known or consulted either by our own or by foreign in which this naturalists communications of Dr Mitchill on ichthyology were distributed through periodicals of every description, not even excepting weekly magazines and daily newspapers As a matter of interest to the Ame- Subsequent to this period, the we Appendix A, given a list of Mitchill's species, collated from all these sources, and accompanied them with the names which they bear in the present work It is no reflection upon the reputation of this natufor at that ralist, that these changes have been rendered necessary day, ichthyrican naturalist, have, in ; ology was He little studied, and it was far have trusted too much from having attained its present accuracy vague descriptions of foreign writers, appears and referred too hastily, descriptions of European to American species In his case, however, it did not amount to a servile deference to authority; for even in his preliminary essay, he indicates new generic forms, some of which have been to to the adopted in the great standard work of the present day Nearly simultaneous with the first essays of Dr Mitchill, appeared a new and American ichthyology We allude to Mr Charles A Lesueur, an eminent French naturalist, who had accompanied Daudin important laborer in the field of as a draftsman in his exploring expedition phia, subsequently removed He lived several years in Philadel- to the settlement of Mr Owen at New-Harmony, His contributions are chiefly to be found in the finally Journal of the Academy of Natural Science, and the Transactions of the AmeHe also contributed a few articles to the Annales rican Philosophical Society and returned to France executed though small figures of the most interesting As he adopted but two of the genera subsequent to Linneus his species arc sometimes placed a little at random; in the genus Esox, for example, he includes many heterogeneous species Nor has he always unravelled the true nomenclature in the often confused works of European naturalists; but he has himself furnished in his descriptions the means of rectifying the errors which had escaped him, and his memoir the best which has appeared in this century on the fishes of the new world." His'.oirc d'Ickthyologie, p 202 is certainly PREFACE VU du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris M Lesueur at one time contemplated a history of North American fishes, but I believe never advanced farpublishing ther than to prepare a few plates and a few pages of letter press Through the kindness of Mrs Say, the estimable widow of our great American naturalist, I am The part in my possession contains descriptions of Petromyzon americanus and nigricans, Ammocetes bicolor, and Acipenser rubicundus ; the plates illustrate these species, and also Petromyzon indebted for a copy of this work as far as published and two other sturgeons not named on Most of these are reproduced in the following pages and as the the plate work of Lesueur is probably in few hands, I should have copied them all, had lamotlenii, Acipenser maculosus, measius, ; they been accompanied with the requisite descriptions Pursuing a chronological order, we have next to mention a work which be said to have created a new epoch in this department of science We may allude by Cuvier and Valenciennes, of which the first volume appeared in 1828, and which has now reached the sixteenth volume To judge by the field already explored, it will probably require ten more volumes to complete the work In this History, which may well serve as a model to future observers for its philosophical spirit and unrivalled accuracy of detail, to the Natural History of Fishes, many excellent descriptions of North American species The many obligations I owe to this standard work, will be apparent in the following are to be found pages In 1836, Dr Richardson published a work, which, although limited to the fishes of the northern regions of America, is of great value to the ichthyologist It contains and elaborate of the United States original descriptions of about sixty species, illustrated by twenty-four beautiful plates, and is one of the most This work is published at the eximportant contributions to this department pense of the English government, and we may be allowed to hope that a similar enlightened liberality will be displayed by the government of the United States, in the publication of the results of the late Antarctic exploring expedition The attention of the various Commonwealths of the Union having been directed to the examination and description of their various natural products, almost one of its first fruits appeared in 1835, in the form of a copious catalogue of the animals and plants of Massachusetts In 1838, appeared under the aus-' pices of the State of Ohio, a report by Dr J P Kirtland on the Zoology of that It contains a State catalogue of seventy-two species of fish all, of course, fluviatile or lacustrine It is numerous and valuable notes, illusaccompanied ; by PREFACE Vlll and characters of trating the habits for several important fishes To the same author, we are indebted In 1839, papers in the Boston Journal of Natural History on ichthypreviously furnished several valuable papers on the Fishes of ology in the Journal just alluded to, published a masterly report In this report, the author has enumerated one hundred and nine Massachusetts Dr D H Storer, who had which one hundred and four are accompanied by original and caredrawn up descriptions This i-eport is an invaluable document to the Ame- species, of fully rican ichthyologist, and is every way worthy of its eminent author Among the the to enumerate we have this of to casual contributors science, department name of a former Governor of this State, De Witt Clinton of Mr Wood of Phi; and quite recently, of Mr Halladelphia of Messrs Redfield, father and sun; deman, of Pennsylvania; Having thus briefly alluded to the various sources knowledge of the my fishes of this country, the pleasing who have obligations to those assisted me my in from whence is derived our duty remains, of expressing solitary and arduous under- known for Several years since, my his work on the Reptiles of the United States, contemplated publishing a work on the Fishes of Carolina He collected many species, and caused them to be friend Dr Holbrook, so favorably taking who had so successfully carefully drawn under his own eye, by the same artist These drawings, illustrative of fifty-two species, he placed figured the reptiles manner in the kindest at my disposal, and they have enabled me to extend our acquaintance with the geographical distribution of many species I feel much indebted to Dr Storer for the instruction I have derived from his correspondence, and prompt and for the he has afforded by furnishing me with several and comparison To Mr I Cozzens, Librarian of the liberal aid specimens for illustration Lyceum of Natural History, collecting, and I am under many obligations for his assistance in and practical discrimination of several specimens from Lake Champlain, his accurate are also due, for species My thanks Mr Z Thompson publishing a work on the Natural to of Burlington (Vermont), who is occupied in History of Vermont, at the moment these sheets are passing through the press In no department of the natural sciences is the want of good illustrations more strikingly felt than in the class now before us Those which relate to American through so many rare and expensive volumes as to render of access, and indeed entirely beyond the reach of a large majority fishes are distributed them difficult of students cies, We hope, which appear therefore, that the figures of in this two hundred and fifty spe- work, will not be unacceptable to the American ich- PREFACE IX are taken for the most part from living specimens, and careFor those which are copied, due credit is given in the fully colored on the spot last twelve Where and the text, plates are almost entirely of this character thyologist They we have been to make unable to draw from a living specimen, and have been compelled use of a cabinet specimen, we have given merely an outline Exclusive of the fossil fishes, we enumerate in the work four hundred and forty under one hundred and fifty-six genera and thirty-two famispecies, comprised Of these, two hundred and ninety-four species belonging to this State, or lies the adjacent waters, are accompanied by detailed In preparing descriptions the following pages, we have endeavored to compress our descriptions within the shortest possible compass consistent with clearness Had this been the only department entrusted to us, we should have dwelt more on the anatomical details, and perhaps have been more on the habits and peculiarities of species Too little, however, is positively known of their habits, and that little is mixed up with too much of the marvellous, to render it desirable or profitable to intro- duce them here When it diffuse is, moreover, recollected that through the whole animal kingdom, we would we are to traverse fain indulge the hope that this imperfect attempt to enlarge our acquaintance with a single class may be received with a favor proportionate to the difficulties and extent of the task J The Locusts Queens County July 1, 1842 E DE KAY LATIN INDEX 401 Page CYPRINIDiE, 188, 394 Cyprinodon ovinus, 215 23 Cypsilurus, Dactylopterus volitans, 330 Diodon carinatus, — — — — — 49 — — Page 233 Grystes salmoides, serrata, 232 Gunnellus mucronatus, tabacaria, 233 232 FlSTULARIDJE, Fundulus fasciatus, 216 — 26 153 vulgaris, 154 320 Gymnodontid^, Hemulon fulvomaculatum, 84 323 — — pilosus, 326 Gadid.e, 274 rivulalus, 323 Gadus 280 Hemitripterus americanus, verrucosus, 325 279 Hippocampus brevirostris, 324 fuliginosus, maculostriatus, Dules auriga, 34 EcheneidjE, 307 Echeneis albicauda, 307 naucrates, 308 — — — A-laminatus, 309 309 remora, Elacate atlantica, 113 ELEUTHEROPOMI, 344 Ephippus *- faber, 97 g'gas, 99 267 Elops saurus, — Page Fistularia neoboracensis, 267 inermis, Enchelyopus americanus, 291 EsociDas, 222 Esox belone, 227 estor, 222 — — — •• — — — — maskinongy, — — — — — — Exocetus — — comatus, — — Fierasfer — Fauna—Part Jlavulus, 216 fasciatus, 224 longiroslris, 227 lucius, 226 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — viridescens, 217 218 zebra, albidus, aglifinus, ' carbonarius, 287 compressus, 285 lacustris, 294 luscus, 278 maculosus, 284 merlucius, 280 220 diaphana, 219 multifasciata, 220 punctatus, 293 purpureus, 286 Johnnius regal is, 71 tenuis, 293 JUGULARES, 274 tomcodus, 278 280 Labrid.e, Labrax albidus, 172 vulgaris, minulus, 277 pruinosus, 278 reticulatus, 223 scomberius, 225 tredecim-lineatus, 225 tredecimradiatus, 225 appendiculatus, 23 231 Gerres aprion, furcatus, 231 Govivm, 148 mesogaster, 231 Gobio 394 noveboracensis, 230 Gobius alepidotus, borealis, 316 322 — — — — Hyodon — — 178 parrce, • • 67 65 concinnus, 68 inconstans, , 68 68 apelles, biaculeatus, — Hydrargira atricauda, 226 316 29 phaleratus, parryi, hudsonius, Hippoglosus vulgaris, 86 56 322 284 Galeus pristodontus, 387 Galeichthys marinus, 178 — formosum, lota, 215 284 ovinus, ; 85 longipes, 27 86 chrysopteron, Holoptychius nobilissimus, 385 Huro nigricans, 15 osseus, 222 arcualum, — 274 callarias, — Gasterosteus — — — — mainensis, — — — — pungilius, — quadracus, — — — niger, 68 neoboracensis, 66 occidentalis, 68 68 67 97 cataractse, 160 boscii, 160 viridipallidus, 160 52 nigrofasciala, 221 221 ornata, clodalus, 266 chrysopsis, 267 tergisus, 265 — — — mucronatus, — — — — Labrus — americanus, — appendix, — — grunniens, — — Labeo — — — gibbosus 13 lineatus, multilineatus, nigricans, 12 nolatus, 14 pallidus, 11 rufus, 31 aurilus, 175 32 172 chogset, 81 obliquus, 69 tautoga, 175 cyprinus, 194 elegans, 192 195 esopus, — 14 oblongus, 194 193, 394 402 LATIN INDEX Paob Laboo elongatus 394 Lactophrys camelinus, — — Lamna acuminata, — — — — triqueter, yalei, 341 342 162 radiatus, 166 319 17 19 387 plicata, 387 punctata, 352 Lucioperca americana, — — Lumpus anglorum, — Malthaea — — — canadensis, vulgaris, 134 216 69 69 Menidje, 70 Merlangus carbonarius, 215 cllipsoides, Lepisoma cirrhosum, Lepisosteus bison, — — Leuciscus — — — — — — — — comutus — — — — elongatus, — — — — pygmasus, — 41 27 cubifrons, — — 97 leptocephalus, purpureus, — 287 288 286 280 costatus, 83 undulatus, 84 210 Monochirus apoda, atronasus, 205 Morone 214 flavescens, maculata, 31 rufa, 204 Mollinesia latipinna, chrysopterus, 211 Monocanthus aurantiacus, 333 335 broccus, hudsonius, 206 nitidus, 209 oregonensis, 215 pulchellus, viltatus, 208 214 212 Lichia Carolina, Lobotes surinamensis, 114 Lota compressa, 285 88 inornata, 283 maculosa 284 — — — — tomenlosus Morrhua americana, — — minuta, — — 221 massachusetensis, 336 337 setifer, ffiglefinus, — — — — — 274 279 277 pruinosa, 278 vulgaris, 280 Mvgilidm, Mugil 335 • 144 albula, 146 grunniens, 180 lineatus, 144 69 obliquus, petrosus, 47 147 plumieri, 72 drummondi, 72 Otolithus carolinensis, — — 71 regalis, Pagrus argyrops, Palaoniscus agassizi, — — — — 304 chrysoleucas, 214 latus, 385 macropterus, 385 ovatus, 386 Palinurus perciformis, 118 Pastinaca hastata, 373 — — maclura, 375 sabina, 375 PECTINIBRANCHII, Pelamys 86 formosa, flavescens, gracilis, granulata, minima, 7 nebulosa, 75 ocellata, saxatili.s, septentrionalis, Peprilus alepidotus, 136 serrato-granulata, Percina, — Murenoides guttata, 153 Lophius americanus, 162 Mustelus canis, 355 Petromyzonid^e 168 Myliobatis freminvilli, 376 Petromyzon americanus, 06 PERCID.E, Perca acuta, — — — — — — — — — — # sarda, 162 bufo, 95 386 385 fultus, Lophid^:, — 153 316 stigma, 341 atromaculatus, 214 • • Oslracion sex-cornutus, 343 212 213 inucronaium, 167 argenteus, dissimilis, — — — — vespertilio, Micropogon corporalis, 387 243 243 viridescens, Ophidium barbatum, 315 marginatum, 315 331 Merlucius albidus, 214 207 Ostracionidj;, 273 cephalus, Otodus appendiculatus, Osmerus eperlanus, Ortbagoriscus mola, 274 215 113 noveboracensis, 112 166 biguttatus, 166 — 167 caurinus, 305 376 notata, longirostris, — — 305 Paob Myliobatis say, Naucrates ductor, nasuta, platyrhincus, 19 grisea, punctulatus, Lebias ovinus, — — piscator, LOPHOBRANCHII, lanceolala, obliquus, — — 387 354 — Leiostomus humeralis, — — xanlhurus, 164 342 caudata, Lampugus Page Lophius gibbus, 137 cryptosus 379 , 379 403 LATIN INDEX Petromyzon appendix, — — — — — Page Page 381 Pleuronectes hippoglossus, 294 argenteus, 382 lamotteni, 382 marinus, 380 381 nigricans, 151 150 sub-bifurcatus, melanogaster, 295 303 mollis, oblongus, 299 295 planus, Plagusia fasciata, Pacilia fasciata, — triacanthus, Rhinoptera quadriloba, Roccus — 304 216 alipes, Pristis antiquorum, 365 187 Pteraclis carolinus, 138 Sauridje, Ptychodus mammilaris, 386 Saurocephalus leanus, 186 aneus, 87 atrarius, 185 borealis, 187 82 catus, cendescens, 187 cmnosus, 186 87 flavus, 87 furcatus, 187 cupreus, lemniscatus, nebulosus, nigrescens, 87 182, 187 punctulatus, 180 xanthocephalus, 187 PLAGIOSTOMI, 348 Planid*, 293 Platessa dentata, 298 ferruginea, 297 oblonga, 299 ocellaris, 300 plana, 295 pusilla, 296 stcllata, 301 Platirostra edenlula, 347 PLECTOGNATHI, 323 Pleuronectes aquosus, 301 dentatus, glacialis, 298 302 80 81 fasciatus, Polynemus — Pomotis — — — — — — Prionotus — — — Pristipoma — tridigilatus, sex-radiatus, 43 49 appendix, 32 calesbei, 33 gibbosus, 33 holbrooki, 33 incisor, 33 33 raveneli, solis, 33 vulgaris, 31 carolinus, 46 lineatus, 45 punctatus, 48 tribulus, 48 — fasciatum, 87 rubrurn, 88 mortoni, Raia americana, — bonasus, — ccntroura, — chantenay, — desmarestia, — diaphanes, — eglanteria, — — — — — 215 375 242 240 canadensis, 243 confinis, 238 eperlanus, 243 erythrogaster, 236 235 243 242 242 242 240 242 248 242 hearni, hoodi, nitidus, otsego, quinnat, rossi, 242 salar, 241 scouleri, 242 91 arenosus, 89 ovis, — 98 271 387 lanciformis, 387 Sciena multifasciala, — 69 Scienidj:, Scolopsis sayanis, 372 Scomber — — — — — 69 73 oscula, 369 373 247 amethystus, 373 366 71 fontinalis, 386 368 375 235 pullus, boscii, multilineata, 137 comes, Salmonidj;, Salmo albus, 184 100 — Pogonias chromis, — 136 strialus, pallidas, 16 Pimelodus albidus, — — 301 301 longipinnis 187 Pimelepterus — — — — — — maculatus, — 180 293 punctatus, Pileoma semifasciatum, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 303 nigricans, 291 furcatus, — linea' "", aquosus, — — — — — — — — gairdneri, — — — mackcnzi, — namaycush, — — — — — — Sargus — — rhomboides, 29 Phycis americanus, — — — — — — tridentatus, 382 Pbolis carolinus, — — Paoe Rhombus 35 104 colias, ductor, 112 grex, 103 hippos, 122 niger, 113 vernalis, 101 erinaceus, 372 laevis, 370 ocellata, 359 maclura, 375 quadriloba, 375 Scomberesox equirostrum, 229 229 sculcllatum, 366 stored, Raiid.e, — — 229 404 LATIN INDEX Page Page SCOMBRID.E, 101 Scopelus humboldti, 246 59 Scorpsena bufo, — 58 porcus, Scymnus brevipinna, Sebastes norvegicus, 361 Selachus maximus, 357 Seriola bosci, — — — — Serranus — — — 60 129 cosmopollta, — — — — — — — 331 elephas, 357 litloralis, 351 Teuthidje, 139 maximus, 357 Thynnus 106 obscurus, 350 vulpes, 348 zygmna, 362 Squatina dumerili, 363 Stilbe crysoleucas, 327 turgidus, — corctta, 105 vulgaris, Trachinotus argenteus, — — 116 117 fuscus, 117 204 Trichiurus lepturus, 109 spinosus, Stonwdon bilmearis, 280 Trigla cuculus, 43 leiarchus, 129 Stromateus cryptosus, 137 lineata, 45 zonata, 128 longipiniiis, 136 TriglIDjE, 43 triacanthus, 137 Umbrina alburnus, 78 coroides, 79 319 fournieri, 83 23 acutirostris, erythrogaster, fascicularis, gyrinus, Somniosus brevipinna, StURIONIDvE, Syngnathus 82 86 361 Sparid.e, 89 Spams 89 ovis, borealis, — 21 177 Silurus catus, — 23 23 morio, Siiurid.*:, 39 — — — — fasciatus, 321 pet kianus, viridescens, Tautoga americana, — — 319 Vomer brownii, 127 32 Xiphias gladius, Ill 319 Xirichthys lineatus, 177 175 Zeus 125 362 capillaris, laevigatas, 329 — — — vomer, Zoarces — mathemalicus, 329 Zygsena malleus, 173 niger, 175 Temnodon 348 Tetraodon curvus, 37 32 cerulea, 359 — — — — Syngnathide, — Uranoscopus anoplos, Uranidea quiescens, typhli Squalid*:, Squalus americanus, 366 355 canis, , fuscus, Sphyraena Spinax acanthias, — Page Tetraodon mold, 129 fasciata, — 29 365 Squalus carcharias, saltator, 130 328 crinitus, setapinnis, anguillaris, fimbriatus, 61 23 127 24 155 56 LIST OF PLATES OF THE FISHES, Plate Fig Fig Fig Fig 10 11 12 I The American Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) The Little White Bass (Labrax pallidus) The Striped Sea Bass (Labrax lineatus) Plate II The Fresh-water Bass (Centrarchus aeneus) The Black Sea Bass (Centropristes nigricans) The American Aspidophore (A monopterygius) Plate III The Ruddy Bass (Labrax rufus) The Black Fresh-water Bass (Centrarchus fasciatus) The Two-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus biaculcatus) Plate IV The Greenland Bullhead (Cottus grcenlandicus) The Northern Sebastes (Sebastes norvegicus) The Banded Gurnard (Prionotus lineatus) Plate V 14 The Common Bullhead (Cottus virginianus) The Little Star-gazer (Uranidea quiescens) 15 The Web-fingered Gurnard Fig 13 Fauna —Part (Prionotus carolinus) 53 406 LIST OF PLATES Plate VI Fig 16 17 18 19 The American Sea Raven (Hemitripterus hispidus) The New- York Stickleback (Gasterosteus neoboracensis) The Four-spined Stickleback (G quadracus) The Brazen Bullhead (Cottus aeneus) Plate VII Fig 20 21 22 The King-fish (Umbrina alburnus) The Speckled Redmouth (Hemulon fulvo-maculatum) The Yellow-finned Redmouth (H chrysopteron) Plate VIII Fig 23 24 Fig 25 26 27 The Sheepshead (Sargus ovis) The Weak-fish (Otolithus regalis) Plate IX The Big Porgee (Pagrus argyrops) The Banded Seriola (Seriola zonata) The Striped Bonito (Pelamvs sarda) Plate X The Common Tunny (Thynnis vulgaris) The Bottle-headed Dolphin (Coryphajna globiceps) The Carolina Lichia (Lichia Carolina Fig Plate XI 32 33 Fig 34 35 36 Fig 37 38 Fig 39 40 The Spotted Lampugus (L punctulatus) The Fall Mackerel (Scomber grex) The Spanish Mackerel (S colias) Plate XII The Spring Mackerel (Scomber vernalis) The Silvery Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) The American Butter-fish (Gunnellus mucronatus) Plate XIII The Green Herring (Clupea virescens) The American Alewive (Alosa tyrannus) Plate XIV The American Tautog (Tautoga americana) The Banded Drum (Pogonias fasciatus) LIST OF PLATES Fig 41 42 Fig 43 44 45 407 Plate XV The American Shad (Alosa praestabilis) The Striped Mullet (Mugil lineatus) Plate XVI The Sea Wolf (Anarrhicas lupus) The Bordered Eel-pout (Zoarces fimbriatus) The Thick-lipped Eel-pout (Z anguillaris) Under side and mouth of the same Plate XVII Fig 46 47 48 The Sea Swallow (Dactylopterus volitans) Scales and head of the same magnified The Smooth-browed Bullhead (Cottus mitchilli) The Obscure Fresh-water Bass (Centrarchus obscurus) Plate XVIII Fig 49 The Black Triple-tail (Loboles surinamensis) 50 51 Fig 52 53 54 Fig 55 56 57 58 59 Fig 60 61 62 63 The Spotted Wrymouth (Cryptacanthodes maculatus) Head magnified The Silvery Corvina (Corvina argyroleuca) Plate XIX The Groper (Serranus erythrogaster) The Spinous Trachinote (Trachinotus The Coachman (Dules auriga) fuscus) Plate XX The Maleshagany (Corvina richardsoni) The Razor-fish (Pimelepterus bosci) The Tessellated Darter (Boleosoma tessellatum) The Spotted Troutlet (Baione fontinalis) The Squirrel-fish (Hemulon formosum) Plate XXI The Mossbonker (Alosa menhaden) The Branded Corvina (Corvina ocellata) The Spineless Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) The Lake Sheepshead (Corvina oscula) Fig LIST OF PLATES Plate XXIX Fig 90 91 92 93 Fig 94 95 96 Fig 97 98 99 100 Fig 101 102 103 Fig 104 105 106 The Spotted Bergall (Ctenolabrus uninotatus) The New-York Shiner (Stilbe chrysoleucas) The Red-fin (Leuciscus cornutus) The Common Bergall (Ctenolabrus ceruleus) Plate XXX The Cirrhous Lepisoma (Lepisoma cirrhosum) The Bay Shiner (Leuciscus chrysopterus) The Sharp-finned Corvina (Corvina oxyptera) Plate XXXI The Horned Sucker (Catostomus tuberculatus) The Striped Killifish (Fundulus fasciatus) The Big Killifish (F viridescens) The New- York Chubsucker (Labeo elegans) Plate XXXII The Gibbous Chubsucker (Labeo gibbosus) The Black-headed Dace (Leuciscus atro-maculatus) The Variegated Bream (Abramis versicolor) Plate XXXIII The Pale Sucker (Catostomus pallidus) The Shining Dace (Leuciscus nitidus) The Common Sucker (Catostomus communis) Plate XXXIV Fig 107 108 109 110 Fig 111 112 113 Fig 114 115 116 Fauna—Part The The The The Common Pickerel (Esox reticulatus) Banded Dace (Leuciscus vittatus) Spawn-eater (L hudsonius) Barred Pickerel (Esox fasciatus) Plate XXXV The Northern Bill-fish (Scomberesox storeri) The Banded Garfish (Belone truncata) The American Pipe-fish (Fistularia serrata) Head of the same seen from above Plate XXXVI The New-York Flying-fish (Exocetus noveboracensis) The Single-bearded Flying-fish (E comatus) The Black Catfish (Pimelodus atrarius) 54 409 UST OF PLATES 410 Plate XXXVII Fig 117 118 119 The Brown Catfish (Pimelodus pullus) The Oceanic Catfish (Galeichthys marinus) The Common Catfish (Pimelodus catus.) Plate XXXVIII Fig 120 121 122 123 The Brook Trout (Salmo fontinalis) The Argentine (Scopelus humboldti) The Sea Salmon (Salmo salar) The Lake Salmon Trout (S confinis) Plate XXXIX 125 The American Smelt (Osmerus viridescens) The Western Mud-fish (Amia occidentalis) 126 The Fig 124 Fig 127 128 129 Fig 130 131 132 Red-bellied Trout (Salmo erythrogaster) Plate XL The Autumnal Herring (Alosa mattowaca) The Slender Herring (A teres) The Spotted Shadine (A sadina) Plate XLI The River Mooneye (Hyodon tergisus) The Saury (Elops saurus) The Spotted Thread Herring (Chatcessus signifer) Plate XLII Fig 133 134 135 136 The Mullet Sucker (Catostomus aureolus) The Pigmy Dace (Leuciscus pygmajus) The Many-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus The Brilliant Chubsucker (Labeo oblongus) occidentalis) Plate XLIII Fig 137 The l 138 139 Flat-nosed Bony Pike (Lepisosteus Upper view of the head The Haddock (Morrhua The Buffalo Bony Pike platyrhincus) Scales aeglefinus) (Lepisosteus bison) Plate XLIV Fig 140 141 142 143 The The The The American Cod (Morrhua americana) Power Cod (M minuta) Tom Cod or Frost-fish (M Cusk (Brosmius vulgaris) pruinosa) Anomalous tooth LIST OF PLATES Plate XLV Fig 144 145 146 147 Fig 148 149 150 Fig 151 152 153 Fig 154 155 156 Fig 157 The Coal-fish (Merlangus carbonarius) The Plain Burbot (Lota inornata) The Green Pollack (Merlangus leptocephalus) The New-York Pollack (M purpureus) Plate XLVI The American Hake (Merlucius albidus) The Spotted Codling (Phycis punctatus) The American Codling (P americanus) Plate XLVII The Spotted Turbot (Pleuronectes maculatus) The Long-toothed Flounder (Platessa ocellata) The Pigmy Flat-fish (Platessa pusilla) Plate XLVIII The New-York Flat-fish (Platessa plana) The Rusty Flat-fish (P ferruginea) The Oblong Flounder (P oblonga) Plate XLIX The Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris) 158 Platessa plana, reversed and doubled 159 The New- York Sole (Achirus mollis) Plate L Fig 160 161 The Small Black Bass (Labrax nigricans) The Two-spined Toad-fish (Batrachus celatus.) a 162 163 Fig 164 165 166 Fig 167 168 169 170 Dorsal view of the same The Champlain Pickering (Pileoma fasciatum) The Yellow Pike-perch (Lucioperca americana) Plate LI The Lake Mooneye (Hyodon clodalus) The White Lake Bass (Labrax albidus).The Common Pond-fish (Pomotis vulgaris) Plate LII The American Sand Launce (Ammodytus americanus) The Spotted Burbot (Lota maculosa) The New- York Ophidium (Ophidium marginatum) The Great Lake Catfish (Pimelodus nigricans) 411 LIST OF PLATES 412 Fig 171 172 173 Fig 174 175 176 177 Plate LIII The Hudson-river Sea Horse (Hippocampus hudsonius) The American Conger (Conger americanus) The Common New- York Eel (Anguilla tenuirostris) Plate LIV The Banded Pipe-fish (Syngnathus fasciatus) The Lump-fish (Lumpus anglorum) View of the under side of the same The Green Pipe-fish (Syngnathus viridescens) The White-tailed Remora (Echeneis albicauda) Plate LV Fig 178 179 180 181 Fig 182 183 184 185 Fig 186 187 188 Fig 189 190 191 The The The The Common Puffer (Tetraodon turgidus) Small Globe-fish (Acanthosoma carinatum) Hairy Balloon-fish (Diodon pilosus) Unspotted Balloon-fish (D fuliginosus) Plate LVI The Lineated Puffer (Tetraodon laevigatas) The Long-finned File-fish (Monocanthus broccus) The Warty Balloon-fish (Diodon verrucosus) The Spot-striped Balloon-fish (D maculato-striatus) Plate LVII The Orange File-fish (Monocanthus aurantiacus) The Massachusetts File-fish (M massachusettensis) The Dusky Balistes (Balistes fuliginosus) Plate LVIII.' The Sharp-nosed Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhincus) View of under side, and head viewed from above The Dromedary Trunk-fish (Lactophrys camelinus) The Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus) Plate LIX Fig 192 193 194 The Long-tailed Unicorn-fish (Aluteres cuspicauda) The Short Head-fish (Orthagoriscus mola) The Thread File-fish (Monocanthus setifer) LIST OF PLATES 413 Plate LX The The The The Fig 195 196 197 198 , La Fayette (Leiostomus obliquus) Northern Barracuta (Sphyraena borealis) Banded Sand Launce (Ammodytes vittatus) Common Shad Salmon (Corregonus clupeiformis) Plate LXI The The The The Fig 199 200 201 202 Thresher Shark (Carcharias vulpes) Small Blue Shark (C ceruleus) Dusky Shark (C obscurus) Nurse (Scymnus brevipinna) 204 Plate LXII The American Angel-fish (Squatina dumerili) The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygasna malleus) 205 The Fig 203 a a Underside Long-tailed Porbeagle (Lamna caudata) b Under side of the head tooth A ; ; the lower of the upper jaw 5, a lateral tooth The Basking Shark (Selachus maximus) 208 ; Plate LXIV The American Hound-fish (Mustelus Fig 209 a 210 211 Fig 212 213 214 Under a Under 216 217 canis) head of the same Dog-fish (Spinax acanthias) head of the same side of the The Small Lamprey (Petromyzon appendix) Ptate LXV The Spotted Ray, male, (Raia ocellata) The Broad Sting Ray (Pastinaca maclura) The Whip Sting Ray, female, (P hastata) a Fig 215 side of the The Spiny 210 Egg case with its embryo Plate LXVI The Prickly Ray, male, (Raia americana) The American Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon americanus) a View of the mouth The Cow-nose Ray (Rhinoptera quadriloba) a Fauna tooth Plate LXIII The Mackerel Porbeagle (Lamna punctata) 1, Head of the same 2, tail 3, front tooth Fig 206 207 209 A b — Part Tabular teeth of the same 55 jaw ; 4, of LIST OF PLATES 414 Plate LXVII , Fig 218 219 The The Clear-nose Ray, male and female, (Raia dipphanes) Devil-fish (Cephaloptera vampirus) Plate LXVIII Fig 220 221 222 Fig 223 224 The Rough-headed Yellow Perch (Perca granulata) The Canadian Pike-perch (Lucioperca canadensis) The Sharp-nosed Yellow Perch (Perca acuta) Plate LXIX The Growler (Grystes salmoides) The Black Huron (Huro nigricans) Plate LXX Fig 225 226 227 The Red Gurnard (Trigla cuculus) The Spinous Gurnard (Prinotus tribulus) The Spotted Sea Scorpion (Scorpaena bufo) Fig 228 229 Plate LXXI The Rhomboidal Porgee (Sargus rhomboides) The Aculeated Gilt-head (Chrysophrys aculeata) Fig 230 The Banded Corvino (Micropogon Plate LXXII 231 Fig 232 233 234 The Southern costatus) King-fish (Umbrina coroides) Plate LXXIII The Spotted Cybium (Cybium maculatum) The Spotted Caranx (Caranx punctatus) The Surgeon (Acanthurus phlcbotomus) Plate LXXIV Fig 235 236 237 Fig 238 239 c The Common Pilot- sh (Naucrates ductor) The Slender Silverside (Atherina menidia) The Greenish Seriole (Seriola cosmopolita) Plate LXXV The Rostrated Argyreiose (Argyreiosus vomer) The Long-finned Harvest-fish (Rhombus longipinnis) Plate LXXVI Fig 240 241 The The Mackinaw Salmon (Salmo White-fish (Corregonus albus) amethystus) LIST OF PLATES Plate LXXVII Pig 242 243 Fig 244 245 246 The Large-scaled Sucker (Catostomus macrolepidotus) The Long-finned Chubsucker (Labeo cyprinus) Plate LXXVIII The compressed Burbot (Lota compressa) Dorsal view of the same The Hedgehog Ray, a male, (Raia erinaceus) Dorsal view b Abdominal Plate LXXIX Fig 247 Bluish Sea Colored 249 Variegated Plain Mud 250 a Lamprey (Petromyzon Mud Lamprey 248 Lamprey (Petromyzon Lamprey (Ammoccetes Nostril b nigricans) (Ammoccetes Under bicolor) lamottenii) unicolor) side of the mouth 415 ... contributors science, department name of a former Governor of this State, De Witt Clinton of Mr Wood of Phi; and quite recently, of Mr Halladelphia of Messrs Redfield, father and sun; deman, of Pennsylvania;... extent of the task J The Locusts Queens County July 1, 1842 E DE KAY LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO Journal of the Ac Sc Alb Inst Ann L/i/c THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia... new Description of two species of the genus Batrachoid of Lacepede lb Vol 3, p 395 Desciiplion of several species of the Linnean genus Raia of North America lb Vol 4, p 100 lb Vol 4, p 361 Description