Animal Kingdoma V01

: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIER, MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, #c #c #c ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO NAMED, AND OF MANY NOT BEFORE NOTICED, EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S, A.S., &c AND OTHERS VOLUME THE TIRST LONDON PRINTED FOR GEO B WHITTAKER, A VE-M ARIA-LANE MDCCCXXV1I LONDON: Printed by William Clowes, Charing Cross : THE CLASS MAMMALIA ARRANGED BY THE I BARON CUVI^R, SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S., A.S., #e MAJOR CHARLES HAMILTON SMITH, F.R.S., L.S., #c AND EDWARD PIDGEON, VOLUME THE Esq FIRST LONDON PRINTED FOR GEO B WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE MDCCCXXVII LONDON: Printed by 14, William Clowes, Charing Cross 590 OF PLATES IN THE FIRST VOLUME LIST To Mongolian African Human Human face 96 Sculls (Front or side view) 166 Sculls, (Top view) 166 North American 184 Malay 186 Yango Mungo ye Yango A 191 Gunna Hoodee Aged 192 Chief, Otaheite and New 194 Hollander South African Bush-woman Pinche, or Red-tailed Monkey 226 Ruffled Lemur, or Vari Chimpause Chimpause (Profile 238 250 252 heads) Skeleton of Chimpause Siamang 228 —Orang Outang Smaller Gibbon Douroucouli Cacajao 256 284 Monkey 301 313 Loris and Galago Erratum In Plate of Ruffed 318 Comparative View of Crania of Monkeys in Plate Lemur, read, " V;iri or Ruffed Lemur." 252 254 Ouanderou, Maimon, and Bonneted Monkey Ursine Howling 200 224 White-throated Sai Orang Outang Page 96 331 346 PREFACE IT is that scarcely necessary to ^remind the Public we possess no complete and compendious work on zoology at least, with the in our language commensurate, modern improvements and dis- coveries in that science And naturalists of the continent have been zealously that while the and rapidly enlarging the extent, and determining the limits of the various the animal kingdom, we have departments of evinced but little solicitude to participate in their labours or to emulate their acquirements The attempt tion, and to to supply a work of this excite, if possible, a little descrip- more at- tention to this very interesting subject, cannot, it is view presumed, require apology it was With this originally intended that the present book should have been presented to the Public in an original form but upon consideration that ; the system almost altogether, as well as much of the materials would be derived from the trious naturalist to nized nature Vol f is whom illus- the science of orga- so deeply indebted, it b was PREFACE 11 thought better to translate the whole of his compendium of zoology, the " Regne Animal," and to make such additions to it as might appear requisite to render the present work not merely useful to the naturalist as a book of pure science, but also interesting at large as a gene- biography, and ornamental as ral zoological containing original and well-executed illustra- was thus proposed to avoid the charge of unacknowledged or repeated plagiarisms on the one side, or of presumptuous temerity on the tions It other The propriety of this course will, further appear, when it is it is hoped, considered that the " Regne Animal" of Cuvier itself is little else than a scientific, though partial, catalogue or synopsis of the living tribes, arranged according to the was meant to serve as an introduction to his still more elaborate work on Comparative Anatomy, and inlaws of their conformation It tended chiefly for the use of professional dents : it is consequently deficient in stu- much popular and entertaining matter relative to the instincts, habits, #c, of animals, and contains only a partial selection of the various species sufficient for the purpose different genera To of illustrating the supply this deficiency, additional descriptions of all the species will PREFACE be here found proportioned may Ill in extent to the in- Thus while a complete translation is given of the " Regne Animal" with as much closeness and accuracy as the corresponding idioms of the two languages will perterest mit, each offer much that is interesting and important from the pens of other modern naturalists and travellers, and from original sources, subjoined by way of supplement some feared that It is be found will and per- repetitions, haps occasional apparent diffusiveness, have resulted from this plan ; they have, how- ever, been avoided as much as when detected, nial, if It it hoped is may will and possible, be deemed ve- not absolutely necessary may be proper to state here the objects Cuvier had in view in his work on the Animal Kingdom, together with a summary of his labours upon it This we shall in his own words " I necessitated," (says the Baron, in was the preface to his therance of zoology, my ' Regne object, to dissection Animal,') make anatomy and and classification, ceed hand in hand together,— in marks on organization, in fur- '< my pro- first re- to look for the best general principles of distribution, those principles in making new —to employ observations, b PREFACE IV and those new observations in their turn, to carry to perfection the general principles of In fine, to produce from this ac- distribution and re-action of the two sciences, such a system of zoology, as might serve for an intro- tion duction and a guide in anatomical researches, and such a body of anatomy as might tend to develop and explain the zoological system " I by no means, however, intended to carry this twofold labour into all the classes of the animal kingdom rally claimed in ; the vertebrated animals natu- a larger portion of my attention consequence of their superior interest in every point of view Among the invertebrated tribes, have occupied myself more especially with the naked mollusca and the larger zoophytes I But the innumerable corals, the microscopic animals, families and the other which play no very apparent part on the theatre of fords and variations of shells few life, or facilities to whose organization af- the scalpel, did not require to be treated with similar minuteness of detail " It formed no part of my design to arrange the animated tribes according to gradations of relative superiority, nor plan to be practicable I the mammalia and I conceive such a not believe that birds placed last, most imperfect of their class; still are the less, I 340 CLASS MAMMALIA the philosopher, by the difficulty of fixing a limit between the actions which result from a similarity of their organs with ours, and such as emanate with ourselves, from a superior principle of intelligence " They by the not, however, less embarrass the naturalist, difficulty of distinguishing them accurately from each other, and of grouping their different species, according to their genuine and natural relations " The monkeys, as well as the parrots and other imitators of mankind, people the forests of the torrid zone The either hemisphere first in animate the woods by their gambols, and by their petulant and ludicrous motions, while the second cause them to resound with their confused, and piercing cries shrill, Both are alike astonishing by the variety of their species, and the number of individuals belonging to each " The abundance, and the nutritious quality of the fruits from which they derive subsistence, must of necessity produce considerable fecundity, and cause a rapid reproduction of these animals: and as the monkeys, as well as the par- have a capacity of escaping from the majority of savage rots, beasts, if not by flying, at least by climbing the trees, their usual habitation, and by jumping with incredible agility from branch to branch, and from tree to tree; it follows that they have fewer causes of destruction to fear than the rest of the feebler quadrupeds From these two causes proceeds the wonderful multiplication of their various species " It is in every a general law of nature, that the number of species genus is pretty nearly in an exact ratio with the degree of fecundity peculiar to each species case, This is the whether the subdivisions which we term species are only various degenerations from one original stock, multiplied in proportion to the greater or less frequency of parturition, or whether many among them be sprung from ORDER (JUADRUMANA 341 the junction of kindred species, the efficacy of which junction must materially depend upon the gled kinds The vis generatrix of the min- orders rodentia and carnivora furnish us with numerous applications of this law, as well as the Qua- drumana " The very productive character of the monkey race ought therefore to give rise to considerable multiplication of the species, that this and accordingly, we is ascertain, on investigation, In spite of the assiduous re- the real fact searches of the greatest naturalists, it is seldom that we survey a moderately-numerous collection of these animals without discovering some new species, or some varieties unknown It is also far from doubtful, that if were more apparent, if they were constituted for example by marked and striking traits of colour, our cabinets of natural history would be still better furhitherto their differences nished with such varieties than they are at present But vial variations in the shades of gray, of slight tri- brown, or of yellow, changes in the length of the muzzle, the form of the cranium, or the proportions of the members, were insuffi- command the attention of the generality of travelThe observation of such men is arrested only by ex- cient to lers treme differences, and it is a mere chance that the animals which they import, evince, on being subjected to the inspec- tion of the naturalist, such characters as are peculiar to the species already known, whatever general similarity a superficial observer may imagine to exist between them The frequent recurrence of such cases, evidently proves how very numerous the species must be, and also what farther accessions to their number may result from enter- prising researches undertaken with a view to their discovery The respective examination stuffed or living specimens of which we have made of monkeys, has sufficed to con- vince us of the utter impossibility of properly illustrating CLASS MAMMALIA 312 their natural history, without seeking for characters better defined, and more easy of detection, than those hitherto in use, on which to establish the distinction of species " But as the human faculties are too limited to make a si- multaneous comparison of a great number of objects, as the mind proceeds only by the way of generalization, and has it begins to unite them in groups, and then again forms other groups more comprehensive, for the purpose of descending* by degrees from these general, to more particular subdivisions, we have thought proper to begin by making in this immense family of the monkeys a sufficient number of separations that they may not produce false ideas, that they may not unite scarcely acquired any ideas, but ; together very different species, or separate those which are similar, it was necessary to seek the basis of such divisions in the most important differences of conformation, in those which are most intimately influential on the whole animal system " We could not employ the generic cases of preceding zoologists, characters which are The little less tail, for defective than their specific instance, this member, or rather this appendage, superfluous and foreign to the body, must of necessity prove a very defective basis of distinction point of fact, there is Magot, which has none, approximates closely to In The the Maca- a Mandrill found without a tail The case is similar with the posterior callosities; if we adopt them as an essential character, the Guenon, which is named Douc (Simia nemams, Lin.) would come after the Orangs, and the Gibbon would ques which have this organ be removed from their vicinity " The cheek-pouches, as organs accessary to nutrition, are not without importance division, They serve as the basis of a which to be sure does not forcibly sunder kindred genera, but which fails, however, of uniting them under ORDER QUADRUMANA the totality of their relations are infinitely more The 343 Alouattes, for instance, distant from the Orangs, than Guenons, though these last from the have the cheek-pouches, and the two former genera are both devoid of them the cheek-pouches are to be employed, it If, then, must be as a se- condary, not as a primary character " Linnaeus, at first, founded his division only on the tail This appendage was wanting in his apes, short in his baboons, long in his cercopitheci, or monkeys " Buffon added three characters, cheek-pouches, callosities, and prehensile tail By these means, he separated the Sapajous from the Guenons, and the Sagoins from the Sapajous Of the three families of Linnaeus he made five, which Schreber, Erxleben, and Gmelin have adopted either as proper genera, or subdivisions of genera " This was, existed in fact, the most natural division which then at the period of its formation, there But even were exceptions, and some species were arranged in it, contrary to nature We have already noticed the Magot, and the Douc There are other examples properly so called, has not a short tail, The Baboon, as Buffon imagined, from having seen only a mutilated individual Its tail is as long as those of the Guenons It ought, therefore, according to this system, to be ranged very different in all among them, though so other points " The Guenons themselves form two very distinct famiwhich Buffon could not separate by the characters which he employed " The Alouattes should be removed from the Sapajous, from which they differ both in habits and configuration This was impossible on the system of Buffon lies, " Besides these ancient defects, the newly-discovered species have given rise to additional exceptions mal described by the scientific society of The ani- Batavia, under the CLASS MAMMALIA 344 name among of Pongo must be ranged vertheless he wants the short tail by the baboons Ne- which Buffon charac- terizes that family " It must be owned that better distinctions was not very easy it to find All the organs of a superior character have a general resemblance in the monkey races fingers, the teeth, and tongue, appear to have been formed according to the same type We think, however, that the various elongations of the muzzle if The In truth precisely determined may be it is of some utility, by these, that the proportion between the volume of the cranium and that of the face is established, a point of no mean importance in the animal economy; for the size and convexity of the cra- nium indicates sensibility, in a similar proportion as the elongation and largeness of the muzzle indicates brutality " We observe in the various races of in the different species of tions mankind, as well as animals, a similar series of rela- between the projection of the cranium and the degree of intelligence, or of that exquisite sensibility, that mobility in the organs, which in all probability forms the prin- cipal basis of those distinctions and man " We rarely which exist find the tribes distinguished between man by a depressed forehead and prominent jaws, furnishing examples of intellectual power equal to the generality of Europeans accustomed, indeed, are we So to this connexion between the proportions of the head, and the faculties of the mind, that the rules of physiognomy founded upon matter of common " Every one mark is it, have become opinion aware that Camper was the first to re- that a trifling inflexion of the line which terminates these proportions was what constituted the ideal sublimity realized by the Grecian chisel " The importance of this proportion of the cranium to ORDER QUADRUMANA 345 the face holds equally in relation to the different species of monkeys, as li does to the different races of mankind it The Orangs, with a round and vaulted cranium, with a short and flattened visage, surprise us by their gravity, their address, and their intelligence " The Sapajous, with a flattened, are lively, gay, their tricks, short face, and cranium slightly and frolicksome They amuse by and please us by their gentleness " The Guenons, which have a similar configuration of with the Sapajous, have likewise many other relations skull with them, in character and manners " The Macaques, and the Magots, in which the muzzle begins to elongate, exhibit considerable petulance, and are far from tractable " The Alouattas with elongated muzzle, but cranium of and mischievous Their and they cannot be tamed tolerable convexity, are merely wild howlings are frightful, " Finally, the Mandrills, or baboons, animals with camuzzles, not nine from the colour of less ugly their faces, in which have the appearance of having been recently burned, are They gible ferocity the most present, as revolting brutality, form, than disgusting it all of the most incorri- were, living pictures of and the most abandoned vice t* We have followed pretty nearly the same method which Camper has observed in his researches of the various races of mankind on the physiognomy We have only endea- voured to describe the principal lines in a manner still and rigorous more " One named the horizontal precise is supposed to pass through the centre of an imaginary line drawn from one auricular fo- ramen to the other, and through the edge of the incisive teeth " The other is the facial, which proceeds from this last : 346 : CLASS MAMMALIA point, to the projection formed between the eye-brows, or over the root of the nose, by the frontal line " The angle intercepted between these two lines is the facial angle ** j?" ,.-r ~y' •/Cy\ }/ """^X \ .^- j Carry ' it to o, o Take the distance from one of the auricular foramina to the middle of the edge of the incisives "o make with Take with a compass the distance between the two auricular foramina this distance o, d, the isosceles triangle o, o, d ; take in like manner the distance between the auricular foramen and the projection of the forehead, and make the triangle o, o,f " Take the distance d, ff, between the edge of the incisives and this same projection, with g,f, and d,ff, make on g, d, the triangle g, d, ff, the angle g, d, ff, will be the facial angle " If this operation be once performed for a species in each genus, no future mistake can ensue, and a simple glance will be sufficient to distinguish them " It is principally the facial angle which we use to dis- tinguish our genera " We consider also the palatine angle which bv the meeting of the horizontal line is formed with another line supposed to divide into two equal parts the plane of the alveolar arcade, When and which we name the palatine these two last lines are parallel, which is line often the case, the palatine angle is o " In applying these measures to the crania of different quadrumana, we have obtained the following results " The Orang-Outang of Camper, the Jocko and the Gibbon of Buffon had the facial angle from 56° to 63° The Sapajous, and the Sagoins of Buffon, with the exception of the Alouatta, have this angle about 60° The Guenons or Cercopitheci have it 50 and a few degrees The .TWE WI1KW ©IP @IF TWE MMCU2L4-TIOW ? MOTKlJi FJLCIAJL JL,IME m 4- The Sapajons The G-uenons Tht Macaques The Apes properly spea/Cir.o The The The Mag ob JSandnlls Howlers : ORDER QUADRUMANA Magots and Cynocephala from 42° Mandrills and Alouattes " It upon Finally, in the to 45° seldom passes 30° made evident that the divisions founded angle are by no means contrary to the natural has been this For order mate it 34*7 to in fact, the three first species man which approxi- in this respect (his facial angle as is well known being about 70° at least), approach him points more nearly than any species beside bone, like his, only, is also in other Their hyoid slender, their liver divided into two lobes and their csecum provided with a vermiform append- age " Moreover the organic differences are found to follow pretty closely the law of this angle: for example, the Ma- gots and Cynocephala have the hyoid bone of the form of a buckler with a only a sac little somewhat The Mandrills have Guenons and sac beneath larger, while in the Macaques it is entirely wanting, as also in (l The Alouattes, which are completely magnitude of the palatine angle, for it is the Sapajous isolated by the 23° in those ani- mals, have likewise a structure of the larynx altogether peculiar to themselves " But it has also been sufficiently apparent to us that, though this character should be considered as the principal one, it ought not to be employed alone, because it would not serve as a perfect division for the different families we have therefore combined with which the number it some others, with of the molar teeth, and the presence or ab- sence of a bony crest above the eye-brows have furnished us " From these investigations have resulted seven ent genera, of which the following is differ- a tabular synopsis: ;;; 348 CLASS MAMMALIA Mammalia Order Quadrumana Section the First Four incisive teeth above and below Monkeys " Genus I Orang, Simia Short muzzle facial angle rounded head, four or five molar teeth; no tail nor ; 60°, cheek-pouches sometimes slight ; callosities " The Orang-Outang, the Jocko, and the Gibbon " Genus It Sapajou, Callithrix Short muzzle cial angle 60° ; head flattish ; prominent occiput much Nostrils very six {Simia beelzebut "Genus III facial angle 50° tail colli- and the Ouarina excepted et seniculus.) Guenon, and more not very prominent long fa- apart " The Sapajous and Sagoins of Buffon (cebus and tkrix of Erxleben,) the Alouatte ; molar no cheek-pouches, no teeth; long tail, often prehensile; callosities ; ; five cercopitkecus molar teeth not prehensile ; Short muzzle; head slightly flattened ; ; ; occiput no superciliary crest cheek-pouches, and very fre- quently callosities " The Guenons of Buffon with round heads; the Simice, rolowai, diana, talapoin, petaurista, mono-, rubra, nem&us, sabcea, cephus, cetkiops, ?iasica, (Linn.) " Genus IV Macaque, short; facial angle 50° five ; Muzzle pithecus flattened head tolerably superciliary crest ; molar teeth; long tail, not prehensile; cheek-pouches; most commonly callosities " The Guenons of Buffon, with short muzzle and depressed nose, some of his baboons ; simice veter, silenus, faunus, cynomolgus, sinica, {Linn.') Genus V facial Magot, cynocephalus angle 40°; flattened head; Elongated muzzle frequently superciliary 349 ORDER QUADRUMANA crest molar teeth five ; very short ; ; tail cheek -pouches ; not prehensile and sometimes callosities " The Magot, {Simia Inuus,) the Papion, or dog-headed monkey, for these two species make but one, {Simia Sphinx,) and Cynocephalus, (Linn.) the Simia Hamadryas " Genus VI Baboon, Papio Muzzle considerably elongated; facial angle 30°; head flattened; superciliary crest; five molar teeth; short tail; cheek-pouches; large callosities " The Maimon and Mandrills and the Choras, Simia Mormon, the Pongo of Batavia " Genus VII Alouatte, Cebus Oblique visage; fasix molar no cheek-pouches, nor callo- angle 30°, palatine 25°, pyramidical head cial teeth long prehensile ; tail ; ; sities " The Alouatte and Ouarina of Buffbn, Simia Beelzebut et Seniculus (Linn.)" Such was the first classification mana formed by our roy of this part of the quadru- author, in conjunction with Subsequently in his M GeofF- " Tableau Elementaire de VHistoire Naturelle des Animaux," he revised his former labour, ma- king some necessary alterations in the indication of the facial angle, and suppressing the genus Magot which he united with the Macaques, simplifying also the characters of those genera which he termed families is The following a view of the system thus re-modified I The Apes, properly so called: with round head; prominent muz- without tail The Orang-Outang, {Simia Satyrus.) II The Sapajous Head flattish, muzzle not very pro- zle very slightly (facial angle 65°), or cheek-pouches minent tocks ; The Vol (60°), long tail, without cheek-pouches; hairy but- nostrils pierced at the sides of the nose Coa'ita, I {Simia Paniscus.) B : 350 CLASS MAMMALIA III The Guenoks minent (60°); long Head tail, muzzle flattish; not prehensile slightly pro- Cheek-pouches; callous buttocks The Mone, {Simia Mona.) IV The Macaques Flattened head; prominent muzzle (45°), cheek-pouches; posterior callosities The Macaque, {Simla Cynomolgos.) V The Baboons Long muzzle (50°), cheek-pouches, callous buttocks, short or no tail The Mandrill, {Simia Maimon.) VI The Alouattes Pyramidical head, lower jaw conlong prehensile siderably elevated, pouches or tail, without cheek- callosities The Alouatte {Simla Beelzebut.) Lacepede in his table of the Mammalia appears to have followed pretty nearly the same division His method is this Quadrupeds, properly so called First Subdivision The fore-feet in the form of hands QUADRUMANA FIRST ORDER Teeth incisive, canine, and molar Ape f < Guenon incisive teeth in each f I Cercopi- I thecus I Four gle GO jaw no cheek -pouches nor The Satyr Ape Simia Four gle 65°, facial an- Simia Satyr us incisive teeth in each , ; tail cheek -pouches ; jaw; facial an- tail; callous poste- riors Long-nosed Guenon Cercopithecus'Nasica ; ORDER QUADRUMANA Four Sapajou- incisive teeth 351 each jaw; in facial angle 60°; no cheek-pouches; prehensile tail; hairy buttocks Sapajou Sapajou Four Sagoin incisive teeth sile ; Four Alouatte cal j Alouatte incisive teeth in each head Four ; no cheek pouches incisive angle 45° ; gle 30° no ; lus pyramiditail ; each jaw ; facial callous buttocks Maccaca Inuus in each cheek-pouches Pongo Borneo gle 30° \ ; jaw ; facial an- posterior callosities ; ; tail Four Cynocepha- in teeth Four incisive teeth Baboon jaw Prehensile Alouata Beelzsbut, cheek-pouches Macaque Magot I L Pongo not prehen- Sagoin lacchus Howling Alouatte PoNGO tail hairy buttocks < ; facial ; hairy buttocks Sagoin Ouistiti Sagoin Macaca each jaw in angle 6°; no cheek-pouches I Macaque Sapajou Paniscus i Pongo Borneo incisive teeth in each ; cheek-pouches ; tail jaw ; ; facial an- posterior cal- losities sities Baboon Mandrill Cynocephalus Maimon On comparing this distribution of the of Cuvier and Geoffroy, we monkeys with that perceive that Lacepede has es- Sagoin and the Pongo, Guenons before the Sapajous that he tablished two additional genera, the that he places the ; has united, in imitation of Cuvier, the genus of the Magot with that of the Macaque * I ; and that the Alouattes not B CLASS MAMMALIA 35*2 terminate the division of the monkeys, but precede the Macaques, the Pongos, and Baboons, which form the last families Audebert, in his magnificent work on the monkeys, differs somewhat from Bufton in his method of arrangement He The four first divides the Quadrumana into six families present a view of the species belonging to the ancient continent, the character of which separates the which is to have the partition nostrils extremely slender, so that their openings are nearly contiguous and underneath The first family comprehends those monkeys which, by the conformation of their head, approximate the nearest to the human Such are the Orang-Outang, Gibbon, species They have no fyc tail This family he divides into three sections The second and Macaques and third families correspond to a part of the to the Baboons of Cuvier The fourth contains the Guenons The monkeys of the two last families are peculiar to new world, and are easily distinguished from those of old, the the by the thickness of the partition which separates their This partition nostrils is surement of the nostrils as large or larger than the in mea- the greatest width of their diameter The fifth family is devoted to the Sapajous, whose tail is revolute and prehensile The sixth, in fine, is composed of the Sagoins, which have the tail flexible, and not prehensile For a their Jist of the species of these numerous orders, with synonyma, §~c., we must refer to the Synopsis END OF 'THE FIRST VOLUME ... however, intended to carry this twofold labour into all the classes of the animal kingdom rally claimed in ; the vertebrated animals natu- a larger portion of my attention consequence of their superior... views I have esta- blished my dom, which four divisions of the animal kingI believe more exactly to express the mutual relations of animal conformation than the old arrangement of vertebrated and... the Vol I phenomena of not con- mere dry description of the external forms of animals all It is life It embraces and animal motion d ; PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE XJV the internal organization of