The Canadian Entomologist Vol 08

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Return to LIBRARY THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST VOLUME Oitet) bij VIII SHilUatn Satmbtr*, London, Ontario ASSISTED BY Rev C J.S.BETHUNE.M.A Port Hope, Ont; and J M E B REED.Barrister-at-Law.London.Ont., DENTON, London, LONDON Ont : PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET 1876 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME LIST OF ANDREWS, W V BEHRENS, JAMES BETHUNE, REV C BOWLES, J S G J Montreal, Que BRUNER, LAWRENCE BUNKER, ROBERT CAULFEILD, Brooklyn, N Y San Francisco, Cal Port Hope, Ont F B West Point, Nebraska Rochester, N Y Montreal, Que Covington, Ky Peterboro, Ont Glencoe, Nebraska CHAMBERS, V T CLEMENTI, V DODGE G M DURY, CHARLES EDWARDS, W H Cincinnati, O Coalburgh, W Va GROTE, AUG R., HAGEN, DR H HARVEY, LEON F HORN, DR GEO H LECONTE, DR JOHN L LINTNER, J A LYMAN, H H Buffalo, N Y Cambridge, Mass Buffalo, N Y Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Albany, N Y Montreal, Que MANN, B PICKMAN MEAD, THEODORE L MURTFELDT, MISS M E NORMAN, GEO PEABODY, S H Forres, Scotland Chicago, III PECK, GEO New W SAUNDERS, W., The Editor SCUDDER, S H WESTCOTT, O S WHITNEY, C P WORTHINGTON, Cambridge, Mass Ithaca, N Y Kirkwood, St Louis, Mo York London, Ont Cambridge, Mass Maywood, Cook Milford, N H C E Chicago, III Co., III THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 234 viz., to 34 for Brenthis 52 for Speyeria, 41 to 49 for Argynnis, and 33 This matter I have not investigated and eye are compared, the length of the eye being taken as to 2, and in Speyeria they are stated to be 1.50, in Argynnis unity I find Speyeria 1.29, Argynnis 1.07 to 1.60, and Brenthis in Brenthis The palpi — ; T.33 to — compared with the hind tibiae, being as 33+ in $ or 50 $ in Brenthis .40+ $ in Argynnis, and 50 Speyeria, 40^ I find Speyeria 36, Argynnis 40 to 45, and Brenthis 29 to 44 The fore tibiae are — or The tarsi are said to Argynnis 75 + The middle be scarcely shorter than the I find for ; tibiae tibiae in Speyeria, in Speyeria 80, and for Argynnis 80 to 88 " " a little shorter than the hind are said to be pair " " in Brenthis scarcely shorter Speyeria and Argynnis, eria 89, for Argynnis 85 to 96, and for Brenthis 81 to The 1st superior " Speyeria cell" (/ branch of the subcostal nervure is I find for in Spey- 93 said to arise in beyond the middle of the outer half of the upper margin of — " in the middle inside apex) ; in Argynnis 25 per cent " at 20 per cent, of the outer two-fifths of the upper border of cell (/ e., e., at , " inside apex) ; and in Brenthis shortly before the apex of the cell." For Speyeria! find 22.1 and 24.; for Argynnis a range of from 13.5 to 23.6, In a single species of Argynnis, viz., and for Brenthis from 2.6 to 17.5 atlantis, I find in 10 specimens taken at random the surprising variation of from 14 to 23.6 The next character is the only one among all those given for these three genera that I have been able to verify from specimens, here the variability is startling Mr and even Scudder gives the second branch of the subcostal as arising in " " at at halfway between the 1st and the apex of the cell (/ e., Argymiis 50 per cent.) and in B?-enthis as at a similar distance beyond it 100 per cent, beyond) For Speyeria no corresponding character I find in all specimens which I have examined that this (i is e., at given 2nd branch is given off in Argynnis within the apex, and in Brenthis beyond it, but the precise point varies in Argynnis from 55.6 to 15.0 per cent, within apex, and in Brenthis from 114 to 1500 per cent, beyond it, Mr Scudder's unit (the distance between the origin of 1st branch and apex of cell) being adopted The last characters relate to the length of cell, which the Revision THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235 " congives for Speyeria as 40 per cent, of length of wing, for Argy tints as " " less than and for Bretithis as " The siderably 50, nearly 50 measurements give for Speyeria 40.5 to 46.1, for Argynnis 39.3 to 47.6, and for Brenthis 39.7 to 48.7, the average of the 26 specimens of Argynnis being 44.5, and of the 13 of Brenthis 44.1 Hence we find that out of all the characters given in the Revision as separating these three genera, there are none that divide Speyeria from Argynnis, and but a single peculiarity separating Argynnis and Brenthis, and that sometimes varying fifteen hundred per cent, from the numerical leaving out of account, for the present, the number of joints in the antennae, which I have not been able to investigate as yet In venation and length of cell, Euptoieta claadia agrees with Brenthis, ratio assigned to it, being about midway between bellona and myrina, so that though we might Argynnis and group would need further limitation to exclude The Melitaeas and Phyciodes also have the second branch be inclined to accept the Brenthis, Euptoieta outside the A table this character as sufficiently separating latter cell appended giving these measurements reduced to percentArgynnis and Brenthis, showing how extremely variable the species and individuals are, and that such proportions are not in any A large number of wise to be depended on even for specific characters measurements have been made in the genera Phyciodes and Melitaa, but these results must be reserved for a later paper, since their reduction and comparison will require considerable time, and since a number of additional measurements remain to be made in order to complete the is ages, for Speyeria, series TABLE Length Antenna (Abdomen = A aphrodite S idalia 93 , A cybele 1.21 B 1.21 myrina 1.06 A aglaia 1.24 1.08 A aphrodite 1.26 11 1.12 " A cybele 1.15 1.2 1.) A atlantis A aphrodite A Bremnerii B bellona A atlantis 13 1.13 " 1.33 B euphrosyne B freya 1.42 B epithore 1.44 1.37 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 236 The Revision "a Speyeria gives little Argynnis Brenthis longer." " A cybele 42 B euphrosyne 44 A atlantis 45 " considerably longer." The Revision Length Palpi (Eye = gives Speyeria 33 + Argynnis 40 or 40 + Brenthis 50 — or 50 i.) A cybele A Bremnerii i 07 i 17 Length of Tarsi (Fore Tibia = S idalia i 29 B i 33 i 40 A cybele 80 43 S idalia 80 88 89 myrina A atlantis B bellona 5o A Bremnerii B euphrosyne 56 A aphrodite A aphrodite A aglaia 58 60 A aphrodite i B epithore B freya The Revision i Speyeria — Brenthis 75 00 Argynnis 75 1.50 to — — = Length of Middle Tibia — (Hind Tibia = 1.) B freya 81 A atlantis 85 86 A aphrodite Length Fore Tibia 1.) B epithore B euphrosyne 87 93 B bellona 29 B bellona B myrina 29 B myrina S idalia 36 A Bremnerii A cybele B epithore 37 B freya 37 A Bremnerii 40 A aphrodite gives Speyeria gives Argynnis (Hind Tibia The Revision 1.) 4i 89 93 c 96 The Revision Speyeria 95 "a gives little shorter." THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST "a Argynnis Brenthis " little 237 A atlantis shorter." A Edwardsii scarcely shorter.'* 20.0 20.1 A cybele A aglaia ist Branch s c (Length from apex cell = A atlantis B freya S idalia 21.3 22.1 A atlantis 22.2 23.1 8.8 A cybele A atlantis 2.9 S idalia 24.0 ioo.) 2.6 B chariclea B myrina B arsilache 13.3 13.5 13.6 A atlantis 14.0 B thore 14.3 B amathusia 14.5 B triclaris 15 A Bremnerii 15.4 B epithore 15.8 A atlantis B helena 16.2 16.7 B selene 16.7 A atlantis 17.2 A cybele B dia 17.2 17.2 A Meadii B euphrosyne 17.5 A cybele A atlantis 17.6 A cybele " 18.2 A diana A cybele The Revision gives Speyeria 25 — 20 Argynnis Brenthis " shortly before apex." A atlantis A aphrodite A aglaia 23.6 13.3 A aglaia A aphrodite, var A atlantis 20.4 21.2 A Edwardsii cell B bellona ' 20.2 7.4 18 i8 s 18.9 19.5 19.5 20.0 2nd Branch s c from apex (Distance ist Branch to apex= cell 100.) 238 A diana THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239 MISCELLANEOUS Mr W H Edwards, of Coalburgh, W Va., wishes north the black variety of iurnus, female, is found, and pares in abundance with the yellow variety at the west trust that some of our readers will be able to supply know how far how it com- to also and south the needed We infor- mation C Wasserman, 50 Beverley Terrace, Cullercoats, England, wishes parties desirous of exchange British Lepidoptera for Canadian J to ; exchanging Wm will please write him DecaUir, Illinois, wishes to exchange insects from Canadian insects, and with this view will be glad to correspond with Canadian collectors Mr H K Morrison, of Cambridge, Mass., has been engaged during the past summer in collecting the insects of Southern and Middle Georgia Decatur Barnes, for and of the Black Mountains of North Carolina (6,700 feet high), the a region hitherto unexplored He has succeeded in obtaining a large series of insects of all orders, especially Lepidoptera and Coleop- latter tera CORRESPONDENCE OBSERVATIONS ON SPHINGID.E My summer's experience with the larvae of rare Sphingidae is, that Smerinthus astyhis Westwood, Smerinthas my ops Harr., Darapsa versicolor A charClemens, and Darapsa choerilus Walk, are all double brooded with two acteristic of astylus is its caudal horn, which is armed spines at These spines are constant from appearing bifurcate at first glance at its hatching Color of horn, dark brown tip and base ; pale green in centre*, pointing forward The long life in its larval condition, and con- its tip, sequent exposure, may in a measure account for Have fed some from six to seven weeks its exceeding great rarity — I have found that the red blotches on larvae are Smerinthus myops not uniform, and are more prevalent on the late brood, although some are entirely green and correspond in color to similar spots found on the leaves of the wild cherry at that season Darapsa last moult, * At versicolor when last it — Caudal horn points backward, assumes a moult the dark brown fine curve is faded to to the rear an extremely is straight until the Color of curved light shade THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 240 The larva presents two colors, pale horn, black above, orange beneath which not distinctions are sexual and brown, Eggs of all pale green Geo W Peck, green, slightly flattened New York NOTES ON VANESSA LINTNERII, FITCH In 1856, Dr Fitch described a butterfly allied to Antiopa, and ' it honor of in A from butterfly named discoverer, J.'H Lintner its was captured here a?itiopa as Lintnerii He the differences I " says : last summer copy Dr that is This butterfly is removed and point out nearly as far Fitch's description, closely related to antiopa, or Its wings have perfectly the same form and are white bordered butterfly similarly colored to those of antiopa, but their pale border is twice as in that species, occupying a third of the length of the wings, and wholly destitute of the row of blue spots which occur in antiopa for- broad as it is ward of the border." The specimen before me differs from the one described by the Doctor two respects the wings are shorter proportionally than in antiopa, and In the second place, the shaped more like those of Vanessa J-albwn in : lobes or tails of the hind pair of wings are larger and not as pointed as Again, the Doctor says its ground color is deep rusty more tinged with liver reddish than antiopa; the fore margin those of antiopa brown, much of the anterior wings and lines, but is is black, freckled with small transverse white streaks of the two white spots which are seen in destitute specimen has the white spots mentioned by the Doctor, but The specimen before me coincides they are small and not well denned with the remainder of Dr Fitch's description, which is as follows My antiopa : " The broad outer border is of a tarnished pale ochre yellow hue, speckled with black the same as in antiopa, and becomes quite narrow at The wings beneath are similar the inner angle of the hind pair of wings without are darker and but to those of antiopa, any sprinkling of ash gray scales or any whitish crescent in the middle of the hind pair, and the border speckled with gray whitish in wavy transverse streaks, without distinct band which is seen in antiopa." the forming Robert Bunker, Rochester, N Y is — On page O Zeller" should be " since — should read Errata " P 160 of present volume, 15 lines from bottom, " since he,*' &c, P C, and lines from bottom, This sentence has no reference to Mr Scudder, " which by an error of the printer it is made to have On page 213, 17 lines from bottom, for Hypsaphalus read Hypocephalus INDEX TO VOLUME VIII Blastobasis gigantella, n sp., 219 Book Notices, Acrididse, Nebraska, new Acridium, new species of, species of, 123 " Address, Annual, of President of Ent Soc Ont., octonal's, 156 1, Address of President of Entomological Club, Adela fasciella, n s/>., 103 " flammcusclla, 11 sp., 103 " n Agency for sp., 103 Exchange of Coleoptera, >/ Agrotis acqualis, " ft choris, " " " 210 trifasciella, 176 " pen i talis, sp., 98 Bowles, G Brady on J., Article by, Fossil Foraminifera of Sumatra, 140 Brotis vulneraria, 154 228 Brl'xer, Lawrence, Article by, sp., 36 Blxker, Robert, sp., 37 rccula, u sp., 71 sexmaculalis, n sp., 98 submcdialis n sp., in 123 Articles by, 120, 240 Butterflies, Blue, of the pyrqphiloides, n sp., 37 " 139 Botis communis, n sp., 99 " erec talis, 11 sp., 99 genus Nomiades, of Montreal, additions to " satis, " 11 sp., 36 c Sier?-ce, n sp., 37 Aletia hos tia, n sp., Anaphora agrotipennella Larva Andrews, W of, 185 Cabbage " V., Article by, 40 Anisopteryx pometaria, 178 " a synonym myrina, notes on, Arsilonche absidum, 35 " album, ji Asychna pulvclla, " 3, 59 Parasite on, Caloptenus lurida, " of, 164 Arctia americana, notes on, 20 Argynnis idalia, notes on, 208 " Butterfly, u sp., tegalis, n sp., Cantharides, notes on, 221 sp., 35 Cantharis Nuttalli, 224 " u sp., 171 vesicatoria, 224 " B Biston ursaria, notes on, Calopteron reticulatum, 182 Calymnia calami // sp., 54 161 Behrens, James, Articles by, 149, 174, Belostoma, Eggs of, 181 Bethune, Rev C J S., Address of, n n " spretus, Larva of, 227 vulnerata, 224 200 Caradrina conviva, ft sp., " Jlaviniaculata ft, Catalogue, Franck's, 48 Caterva catenaria, 205 Catocala Attgusi, >i s/>., 229 21 list of, 20 37 sp 54, 189 INDEX TO VOLUME 242 Catocala Belfragiana, " var " " " •' " " fraxini, 231 Emprepes habilis var basilis, 230 Endropia 73, 74, 121 of, Epicauta cinerea, " sp., 172 Meetings 224 vittata, 223 " series of, 230 Eggs and Larva Errata, 40, 105, 240 72 Ceratomia quadricornis, 40 " Larva Eubyja paenulataria, 153 Euerythxa pkasma, u sp., of, 120 Eupithecia fuscifasciata, V T., "Articles by, 18, 30, 39, 103,135, Chcephora and Allied Genera, sticticalis, 157 112 Eurymene Keutzingi, 17 153 28 Euproserpinus phaeton, Eurycreon 158, 171, 217 rosaria, 111 Choerodes, 153 Chytoryza, nov gen., " n Eustrotia caditca, n, sp., 207 190 190 sp., tectfi, V., Article by, 60 11 Coleophora nigralineella, Eutrapela, 153 Exchanges )esired, 239 172 sp G (Joleoptera of the Fauni-Boreali Americana, Synof, of, 228 Epimecis hortaria, 206 F B., Articles by, 38, 77 95 onymy S., 138 of, 176, 180 lemniscata, 224 Catocalas at Sugar, 183 Clewenti, 119, " list of, 187 Chambers, 113, 154 " " 229 Black-winged notes on, 81, novalis, u sp., 156 231 simulatilis, 229 CAULFEILD, >/ Ennomos, 153 Entomology at the Centennial, 58 Entomological Club of the A A A prctiosa, « sp., 121 on species 41, serrata, 152 Warneri, mira, 230 obscura, 229 Catocalaj, " Elachista cristalella, Kllida gelida, 125 flebilis, 229 relicta, Articles by, 148, 160, 161, 202 Bunkeri, 230 crataegi, n sp., 72 polygama, " " " " Edwards, W H., cerogama VIII 126, 150, 166, Colorado Potato Beetle, " " " 190 Galgula subpartita, 3, 40, 59 Conchylis argentifurcatana, it 26 Gelechia Clemensella, // sp., 173 " Saundersella, >i sp., 173 Parasite on, 180 sp., 206 Law Genera and the /lipcaua, n sp., 206 of Priority, 56 on, 194 Copidryas Gloveri, 99 reometrid Moths, ( Correspondence, 20, 39, 59, 120, 160, 220, 239 Corydalis cornutus, Eggs and Larva of, 181 Gortyna appassionato, Cyaniris lucia, 61, 66 " Monograph of, 139 Geometrida;, Notes on, 152 >i sp 155 cataphracta, 25 neglecta, 61, 65 necopina, 25 pseudargiolus, 61 " violacea 61, 66 Cysteodemus armatus, 222 11 Behrensella, D Danais archippus, obliqua, a sp., rracilaria basquella, < ^ 32 sp., >t sp., 32 inornatella, n sp., 31 negundella, u sp., 18 rhoifoliella, u sp., 31 Notes on Preparatory Stages sassafrasella, u sp., 33 of, 119 Danais archippus, Number of Broods Dodge, G M., Articles by, 9, 101 Doryodes acutaria, 205 Doryphora decemlineata, Dlky, Charles, Article of, 3, 40, 59 Sauzalitceella, 148 ( Iraphiphora pulchella, ( irasshoppers, in, 17, 25, 56, 98, 99, 100, 125, 131, 152, 156, 188, 205, 229 H of, 61 32 E Early Spring Blues, Relationship sp., sp., 54 (.rote, A R., Articles by, 107, by, 187 71 71 Hadena chlorostigma, n sp., 53 INDEX TO VOLUME Hadena Dunbar/, n sp., 52 243 VIII Lit/tariapteryx abrotiiccclla, Lithophane carbonaria, interna, 189 Oregonensis, Litodonta, ;«w gen., quaesita, n sp., 26 Hagen, Dr H., Article by, 194 Notes on, Haltica striolata, 59 Harvey, Leon Hepiali, Four F., Articles by, 5, 35, 52, 109, 154 New maricopa, 109 Lygranthcecia Meskeana, H, Lyman, H n sp,, 174 " sequoiolus, n sp., 174 Historical Sketch, 49 Lyonetia gracilella, 34 Lythria chamaechrysaria, Macrobasis albida, 223 atrivittata, 126, 150, 166, Hubner, Jacob, and his Works, 131 of, n sp., orobia, n sp., 154 in ckthl/ps/s, n.sp., Hydrocephalus armatus, 213 Hydrophilus triangularis, Eggs 223 segmentata, 223 Mamestra brachioluvi, 190 Mann, B Pick.max, Article by, 164 Mead, Theodore L., Article by, 232 Melanomma auiicinctaria, 28 182 gen., 27 Meloe, Early Stages " opaca/is, n sp., 27 of, 225 angusticollis, 222 Larva Mesographe " " " " " Ipimorpha subvexa, Washington, Kansas, 212 212 Brazil, 213 Queensland, 213 South Africa, 213 u sp., 189 Micro-lepidoptera, 18 Miscellaneous, 239 Mochlocera, nov gen., Moth, Bombycid, a new Canadian, Moths, Descriptions and Notes on, New, New New n sp., 35 On 111 Texan, Californian and Texan, 35, 52 Certain Species of, 205 Sugaring for, 12 Mi rtfeldt, Miss M Mylabris opercularis, 201 E., Aiticles by, 185, 201 cichorii, 221, 223 bifasciclla, n sp., 158 N glcditschiceella, n.sp., 135 " 125 25 List of taken at Sugar, 14 " Laverna " 157 Zelleri, n sp., 157 J Lagoa of, 227 rimosalis, 157 stramentalis, 157 Insects at the Centennial from Canada, 210 Jaspidea vitidata, 152 M Homopyralis disc a/is, n sp., 206 Horx, Dr Geo H, Articles by, >uk' 26 n sp., 155 unilineata, n sp., 108 and Allied Forms, 107 Hypeiucla, 202 Articles by, 20, 208 stylobata, n sp., 155 Hydrocampa of, 24 mertila, 22 Hepialus Baroni, n sp., 175 " Lenzi, n sp., 175 Homoptera inima, n sp., 55 Lobophora atroliturata, 153 Lycaena comyntas, Preparatory Stages Californian, 174 mendocinolus, sp., 217 n sp., hydromeli, on Insect Deformities, 140 >i a sp., 55 illata, 29 " cenothcrcesemcnclla, n sp., 138 unifasciella, n sp., 159 LeConte, Dr John Lepidoptera, Notes on, L , Address of, 176 75 Occurring in Montreal, on Denuding Wings of, Lerema Loammi, u sp., 76 Lintner, J A., Article by, 121 Lithariapteryx, nov gen., 217 38 39 Nepticula badiscapitelia, n Noctuae, Notes on, 188 Noctuidae, Captures of near " New, sp., 160 Orillia, Ontario, 67 154 Nomenclature, Entomological, 216 " " Discussion " •• Notes on, Rules on, on, 179 41, 81, 113 183 IMDEY TO VOL ME VIII I •244 Scudder, Samuel, Articles by, 21, 61 Scudder's Synonymic List of Butterflies, antiacis, 22 Nomiades liehrii, 23, 24 ( louperi, 22 23 lygdamus, oro, u Systematic Geo., Article by, 67 o n sp monotropci, Semele argentinotella, ( Kcanthus niveus, i3j cincta, Variation in (Jolcr Sisyrosea, of, 101 lEdipoda Nebrasceusis, « sp., ncocnemis Saundersiana, 29 " Remarks on, 109 123 Orgyia leucostigma, Smerinthus incisa, n sp., Stinging Larva, Experiment with, 201 Stiria rugifrons 27 of, 239 Tarache patruelis, 27 Telea polyphemus, 79 Parasite on, 220 Parasite on Colorado Potato P.eetle, 180 Peabodv, S H Article by, PECK, Geo W., Articles by, Perigea mveirena, 141 120, 239 n sp., 53 n sp., autumnalis, 10 gracilis, u sp., 124 ft Tentamen, Hubner's, 41 Tergrodera erosa, 225 Tetrads lorata, 152 Thalpochares clegantula, n Thyreus Abbotti, Larva of, Tinea ccemitariella, 105 " Pezotettix allcudoglaea tacdata, Pteromalus puparum, New, 240 Milberti, 20 Verzeichniss, Hubner's, 81 n sp., 18 w 98, 156 Weevil Cocoons, Pyrota mylabrina, 224 Annual Report, 20 Westcott, O S., Article by, 12 Whitney, C P., Article by, 75 Worthixgton, C E Articles by R Riley's 8th 140 X s Samia cecropia, on Variations " of, Xylomiges hiemalis, 165 Y Saturnia cynthia, 183 Vpsia innbripcnnis, n sp., 149 Satumian, a new, 149 S\i NDERS, \V., Articles by, 221, 20 Parasite on, 220 Mendocino, 106 77, 95 fuscostrigella, n sp., 30 Pyralids, s}!., sp., 105 Plagodis Keutzingi, 154 Pnlyhymno, " sp., 55 75, 100 tlioraccstrigclla, n sp., 106 Tineina, 30, 103, 135, Platysamia Columbia, Con- Systematic Revision, Notes on, 232 Segetia fidicularia, 18S Selenia Kentaria, 152 Selenis lanipes, 208 xerces, 21 Nor{.man, 140 Enquiries cerning, 141 23 s/>., Revision, n sp., 109 z 72, 112, 139, 176, 181, Zinckenia perspectalis, Zuphodia dentata, 158 157 165, 220 6L MBL WHOI LIBRARY H 1TBS £- *7 m^a•w d • 3- ^ -j^ s ^ JJ •c -/ y> =» , Si *• -vv, / ! H 5?_ ... members, whether they care only to form all collections of specimens, or prefer to devote their labours to the unfolding of the life-histories or the study of the classification of insects ? There... gather together a fitting in the satisfactory collection of insects, and to prepare them for exhibition, is a task that We have comthe resources of the Society menced the work relying upon the. .. and the whole insect darker than in the Californian species ; in the male at least the orbicular is more rounded, the the thorax is very similar not inwardly bent below the median vein, hence the