Peterson’s AP European History Nathan Barber About Thomson Peterson’s Thomson Peterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and online resources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid Its Web site offers searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools for securing financial aid Thomson Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually For more information, contact Thomson Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at: www.petersons.com/about © 2006 Thomson Peterson’s, a part of the Thomson Corporation Thomson Learning TM is a trademark used herein under license Previously published as Peterson’s AP Success: European History Images: Copyright © CORBIS Editor: Wallie Walker-Hammond; Production Editor: Teresina Jonkoski; Composition Manager: Michele Able; Manufacturing Manager: Ivona Skibicki ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com ISBN 0-7689-2229-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 First Edition 07 06 05 Petersons.com/publishing Check out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new information regarding the rest and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book We’ve made sure the information in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the test format or content may have changed since the time of publication OTHER RECOMMENDED TITLES Peterson’s AP Calculus AB & BC Peterson’s AP Chemistry Peterson’s AP English Language & Composition Peterson’s AP English Literature & Composition Peterson’s AP U.S Government & Politics Peterson’s AP U.S History Peterson’s AP World History CONTENTS Introduction 10 Facts About the AP European History Test Practice Plan for Studying for the AP European History Test The Panic Plan Scoring High on the AP European History Test Suggested Readings PART I: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST BASICS Chapter 1: About the AP European History Test 13 The Multiple-Choice Section 13 Scoring the Multiple-Choice Section 20 Guessing on the Multiple-Choice Section 21 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the Multiple-Choice Section 22 The Free-Response Section 22 Organization of Your Thoughts 23 Part A: The DBQ 25 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the DBQ 38 Practice DBQ 39 Part B: The Thematic Essays 41 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the Thematic Essays 44 PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Practice Test 1: Diagnostic 49 Section I 51 Section II 66 Answer Key and Explanations 74 Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays 87 PART III: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW Chapter 2: The Renaissance (c.1350–c.1550) 91 Overview 91 The Italian Renaissance 92 The Northern Renaissance 95 Renaissance Art 95 The New Monarchies 96 v CONTENTS The Major Players 97 Chronology of the Renaissance 102 Sample Essay Questions 104 Chapter 3: The Reformation (1517–1648) 105 Overview 105 Historical Background 105 Martin Luther 106 Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin 107 The English Reformation 108 The Catholic Reformation 109 Results of the Reformation 109 Wars of Religion 110 Theology of the Reformation 112 The Major Players 114 Chronology of the Reformation 117 Sample Essay Questions 119 Chapter 4: The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism 121 Overview 121 European Expansion 122 The Rise of Absolutism in France 123 The Rise of Absolutism in the East 125 The Rise of Constitutionalism in England 125 The Golden Age and Decline of Spain 127 The Major Players 127 Chronology of the Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism 130 Sample Essay Questions 133 Chapter 5: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 135 Overview 135 The Scientific Revolution 136 The Enlightenment 138 Effects of the Enlightenment 140 The Major Players 141 Chronology of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 145 Sample Essay Questions 147 www.petersons.com vi CONTENTS Chapter 6: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era (1789–1815) 149 Overview 149 Background of the Revolution in France 149 The Estates-General 150 The First, or Moderate, Stage of the Revolution 152 The Second, or Radical, Stage of the Revolution 153 The Third, or Reactionary, Stage of the Revolution 155 The Napoleonic Era 155 The Major Players 158 Chronology of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era 162 Sample Essay Questions 165 Chapter 7: The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions 167 Overview 167 The Agricultural Revolution 167 The Population Explosion 169 Protoindustrialization 170 The Industrial Revolution 171 Consequences of the Industrial Revolution 172 The Major Players 174 Chronology of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions 176 Sample Essay Questions 178 Chapter 8: Europe from 1815–1900 179 Overview 179 New Ideologies 179 The Age of Metternich (1815–1848) 181 The Revolutions of 1848 183 The Crimean War (1854–1856) 184 The Unification of Italy 185 The Unification of Germany 185 England from 1848–1900 186 France from 1848–1900 187 Russia from 1848–1900 188 Imperialism 188 Nineteenth-Century Culture 189 The Major Players 190 Chronology of Europe from 1815–1900 193 Sample Essay Questions 195 vii www.petersons.com CONTENTS Chapter 9: Europe in the Twentieth Century and Beyond 197 Overview 197 The Russian Revolution of 1905 198 The Causes and Outbreak of World War I (1914–1918) 198 The War 201 The Treaty of Versailles 202 The Impact of the War 203 The Russian Revolution 204 The Rise of Stalin 205 The Great Depression 206 Fascism in Italy and Germany 207 The Causes and Outbreak of World War II (1939–1945) 209 The Holocaust 211 Impact of the War 211 The Cold War and Communism After World War II 212 The End of Colonization and Imperialism 214 Economic Recovery After World War II 214 Contemporary Europe 215 The Major Players 216 Chronology of Europe in the Twentieth Century 221 Sample Essay Questions 223 PART IV: PRACTICE TEST Practice Test 227 Section I 229 Section II 245 Answer Key and Explanations 254 Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays 266 PART V: APPENDIX Appendix: Enrichment Resources 271 Internet Resources 271 Historical Movies 272 www.petersons.com viii Introduction 10 FACTS ABOUT THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST THE ADVANCED PLACEMENT (AP) PROGRAM GIVES HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AN OPPORTUNITY TO RECEIVE COLLEGE CREDIT Students who take AP exams in any one or more of twenty subject areas gain college-level skills and can earn college credit or advanced placement In 2002, more than 900,000 students took AP exams MORE THAN 2,900 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES PARTICIPATE The College Board does not award college credit for the AP exams You need to find out from the colleges to which you are applying whether they grant credit and/or use AP scores for placement THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST MEASURES FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE AND A RANGE OF SKILLS According to the College Board, the AP European History Test measures factual knowledge of the following: • Knowledge of the basic chronology of major events from approximately 1450 to the present • Knowledge of the basic chronology of the major trends from approximately 1450 to the present • Knowledge of some of the basic themes in modern European history including intellectual and cultural history, political and diplomatic history, and social and economic history Additionally, the AP European History Test measures the following skills: • The ability to analyze historical evidence • The ability to express historical understanding in writing INTRODUCTION THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST HAS TWO SECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE AND A TWO-PART FREE RESPONSE SECTION The total test is hours and minutes Section I contains 80 multiplechoice questions You will have 55 minutes to complete Section I The multiple-choice questions count as 50 percent of your total score Section II includes two Free Response essay sections The first essay section contains the DBQ, or Document Based Question The DBQ will require you to use a number of historical documents to compose an essay The second section contains two groups of essay questions, each group with three questions You may choose one question from each of the two groups Section II counts as 50 percent of your total score THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST COVERS THREE AREAS OR THEMES OF MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY The AP European History Test covers three main areas or themes of European history spanning the last six centuries The three main areas are Intellectual and Cultural History, Political and Diplomatic History, and Social and Economic History These areas can be broken down into six smaller areas: • Intellectual History, which includes religious thought, changes in education and literacy, scientific and technological advances, and changes in social, economic, and political thought • Cultural History, which includes changes in elite and popular culture, changes in the family, changes in work, changes in ritual, changes in the arts, and overall changes in European culture • Political History, which includes the growth of nationalism, the rise of the nation state, the evolution of political parties, the extension of rights, and reforms, rebellions, and revolutions • Diplomatic History, which includes foreign policy, the use of treaties, the origins and resolutions of armed conflicts, efforts to avoid armed conflicts, colonization, imperialism, and decolonization • Social History, which includes the growth and development of social classes, racial groups and ethnic groups, gender roles, family structure, and the influence of such things as urbanization, diet, health, sanitation, and disease on society • Economic History, which includes economic activity of states and of individuals, the development of commercial practices, industrialization and competition, and the development and implementation of economic theories such as capitalism, socialism, and communism www.petersons.com SELF-EVALUATION RUBRIC FOR THE ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAYS PRACTICE TEST www.petersons.com 266 PRACTICE TEST Rate yourself in each of the categories below Enter the numbers on the lines below Be as honest as possible so you will know what areas need work Then calculate the average of the four numbers to determine your final score It is difficult to score yourself objectively, so you may wish to ask a respected friend or teacher to assess your essays for a more accurate reflection of their strengths and weaknesses On the AP test itself, a reader will rate your essays on a scale of to 9, with being the highest Each category is rated (high) to (incompetent) DBQ Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score DBQ _ _ Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score _ _ _ _ _ Free Response Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score _ _ _ _ _ Free Response _ _ Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score _ _ _ _ _ Free Response Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Free Response _ _ Self-Evaluation Overall Impression Understanding of European History Development Organization/Conventions of English TOTAL Divide by for final score _ _ _ _ _ 267 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ www.petersons.com Part V: Appendix Appendix ENRICHMENT RESOURCES INTERNET RESOURCES As you already know, you can find information on the Internet about nearly every topic imaginable European history is no exception Below are a few that may be helpful for you both during your course of study and while you are preparing for the AP exam http://www.collegeboard.com/ap/students/index.html—This is the College Board’s official AP European History site At this site, you can find official information about the course and the exam http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html—The University of Texas has collected an extraordinary amount of maps, and many of those are historical maps of Europe http://historyplace.com/—This site contains many United States and World History exhibits and links http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html—The Internet Modern History Sourcebook contains many full-length documents from modern European and American history This is a great place to primary source reading http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html—The Medieval History Sourcebook contains many full-length documents from medieval European history This is another great place to read primary sources http://historychannel.com/—This site was created by and is maintained by the History Channel The History Channel site contains history exhibits, famous speeches, and more, including a listing of programming on the History Channel http://www.killeenroos.com/link/europe.htm—This site was created by students in Killeen Independent School District in Killeen, Texas This site includes a multitude of links to European history sites on the Internet http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/hss/ref/history.html—The University of Florida Humanities and Social Sciences Electronic Reference timelines are a great place to look for chronologies 271 APPENDIX Study Strategy If you are searching for a good secondary source of information that will enhance your AP European History experience and further prepare you for the exam, you should choose a source that deals with broad topics or entire eras, such as the ones listed here Avoid reading secondary sources that are very specific or narrow in scope For example, a secondary source about Japanese aircraft of World War II will probably not be very beneficial when you take the exam http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/homepage.html—Brigham Young University has made available at this site many full-length primary source documents from European history Yet another great place to find primary source documents http://www.pbs.org/neighborhoods/history/—This site was created by and is maintained by PBS In this particular area of the PBS site, you will find articles, biographies, exhibits, and links related to history http://history.hanover.edu/—This site, maintained by Hanover College Department of History, includes a historical text and image archive along with other history information and history links http://lcweb.loc.gov/—The Library of Congress maintains a very large Web site that contains many documents, archives, and exhibits on government, history, and more http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/—The Galileo Project by Rice University contains vast information on the life and times of Galileo http://www.academicinfo.net/histeuro.html—The Academic Info: Modern European History site contains numerous links to European history sites on the Internet HISTORICAL MOVIES Test-Taking Strategy Just because a movie is listed here does not imply that all information in the movie is factual or unbiased Don’t use information from a movie to answer an exam question unless you are absolutely sure of its accuracy www.petersons.com For many people, one of the most enjoyable ways to learn about history is to watch a movie about a person from another period or a film set against a historical backdrop Granted, Hollywood often embellishes the facts of a story or uses the film medium to make a statement Many movies, though, are very accurate portrayals of people and events from different eras in European history We have listed for you many movies about European history subjects that would enhance what you have read about in your classes For summaries and all sorts of information about these movies, you should check the Internet Movie Database found at www.imdb.com When you get a chance, sit back with some popcorn, relax, and watch a good European history movie 272 ENRICHMENT RESOURCES List of Historical Movies A Man for All Seasons Amadeus The Agony and the Ecstasy All Quiet on the Western Front Anne of the Thousand Days Charge of the Light Brigade Das Boot The Diary of Anne Frank Dr Strangelove Dr Zhivago El Cid Elizabeth Europa, Europa Fire Over England Gallipoli Gandhi Henry V Immortal Beloved Joan of Arc Lady Jane Last of the Mohicans Lawrence of Arabia The Madness of King George Mary Queen of Scots The Messenger Michael Collins Northwest Passage Private Life of Henry VIII Reds Rob Roy Saving Private Ryan Schindler’s List Shakespeare in Love War and Remembrance 273 www.petersons.com NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES ... History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern Stromberg, Roland N – Modern European Intellectual History www .petersons. com 10 PART I: AP European History Test Basics Chapter ABOUT THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY. .. your total score THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST COVERS THREE AREAS OR THEMES OF MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY The AP European History Test covers three main areas or themes of European history spanning the... Scoring High on the AP European History Test Suggested Readings PART I: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST BASICS Chapter 1: About the AP European History Test 13 The Multiple-Choice