Distributed Water Modelling Using GIS

DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING USING GIS Second Edition Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 48 Editor-in-Chief V P Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A Editorial Advisory Board M Anderson, Bristol, U.K L Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden J F Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A U C Kothyari, Roorkee, India S.E Serrano, Philadelphia, U.S.A D Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa W.G Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING USING GIS Second Edition by BAXTER E VIEUX School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, U.S.A KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW CD-ROM available only in print edition eBook ISBN: 1-4020-2460-6 Print ISBN: 1-4020-2459-2 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://ebooks.springerlink.com http://www.springeronline.com Dedication This book is dedicated to my wife, Jean and to our children, William, Ellen, Laura, Anne, and Kimberly, and to my parents This page intentionally left blank Contents Dedication v Preface xi Foreword xv Acknowledgments DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 WHY DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING? 1.3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL REPRESENTATION 1.4 MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY 1.5 GIS DATA STRUCTURES AND SOURCES 1.6 SURFACE GENERATION 1.7 SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND INFORMATION CONTENT 1.8 RUNOFF PROCESSES 1.9 HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS 1.10 DRAINAGE NETWORKS AND RESOLUTION 1.11 SPATIALLY VARIABLE PRECIPITATION 1.12 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODEL FORMULATION 1.13 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 1.14 CASE STUDIES 1.15 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 1.16 SUMMARY 1.17 REFERENCES xvii 1 10 10 11 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 viii Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS DATA SOURCES AND STRUCTURE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 DIMENSIONALITY 1.3 MAP SCALE AND SPATIAL DETAIL 1.4 DATUM AND SCALE 1.5 GEOREFERENCED COORDINATE SYSTEMS 1.6 MAP PROJECTIONS 1.7 DATA REPRESENTATION 1.8 WATERSHED DELINEATION 1.9 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 1.10 LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION 1.11 SUMMARY 1.12 REFERENCES 21 21 23 23 24 26 26 31 37 42 43 45 46 SURFACE GENERATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 SURFACE GENERATORS 1.3 SURFACE GENERATION APPLICATION 1.4 SUMMARY 1.5 REFERENCES 47 48 49 66 70 71 SPATIAL VARIABILITY 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 INFORMATION CONTENT 1.3 FRACTAL INTERPRETATION 1.4 RESOLUTION EFFECTS ON DEMS 1.5 SUMMARY 1.6 REFERENCES 73 74 78 80 82 88 89 INFILTRATION MODELING 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 INFILTRATION PROCESS 1.3 APPROACHES TO INFILTRATION MODELING 1.4 GREEN-AMPT THEORY 1.5 ESTIMATION OF GREEN-AMPT PARAMETERS 1.6 ATTRIBUTE ERROR 1.7 SUMMARY 1.8 REFERENCES 91 92 93 93 101 103 108 111 111 HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF 1.3 APPLICATION TO THE ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN 115 116 117 123 Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS 1.4 1.5 SUMMARY REFERENCES ix 127 127 DIGITAL TERRAIN 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 DRAINAGE NETWORK 1.3 DEFINITION OF CHANNEL NETWORKS 1.4 RESOLUTION DEPENDENT EFFECTS 1.5 CONSTRAINING DRAINAGE DIRECTION 1.6 SUMMARY 1.7 REFERENCES 129 129 130 135 138 141 145 146 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 RAIN GAUGE ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL 1.3 RADAR ESTIMATION OF PRECIPITATION 1.4 WSR-88D RADAR CHARACTERISTICS 1.5 INPUT FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING 1.6 SUMMARY 1.7 REFERENCES 149 149 151 155 167 172 174 175 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 1.3 SUMMARY 1.4 REFERENCES 177 177 182 194 195 10 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 CALIBRATION APPROACH 1.3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 1.4 AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION 1.5 SUMMARY 1.6 REFERENCES 197 197 199 201 208 214 214 11 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.3 SUMMARY 1.4 REFERENCES 217 218 218 236 237 12 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 239 239 279 297 usually expressed on a logarithmic scale called dbz (decibels of reflectivity) RPG Acronym for Radar Product Generator The RPG is the computer in the NEXRAD system that receives polar-coordinate base radar data from the RDA and processes these data into end-user products Algorithms are utilized for pattern-recognition, rainfall estimation, computation of VIL and other products The RPG communicates these products to end-users Stage I Precipitation Processing : The first level of precipitation processing, occurring within the WSR-88D computer and performance for each volume scan of the radar Base reflectivity data are converted to a precipitation estimate for each grid in the radar umbrella using a complex algorithm that includes quality control procedures, a Z/R relationship, and a bias adjustment using data from a ground-based precipitation gage network Several graphical and digital products are produced for Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) operations and subsequent processing Stage II Precipitation Processing : The second level of precipitation processing, occurring within the WFO Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) and performed on an hourly basis Stage I precipitation estimates are further refined using data from additional precipitation gages and other sources such as rain/no rain determinations from satellite imagery Stage II may also be executed at RFCs for backup purposes Stage III Precipitation Processing : The third level of precipitation processing, performed interactively at RFCs Stage II precipitation estimates from multiple radars are mosaicked into an RFC area-wide product for use in river basin hydrologic modeling operations RFC forecasters can review the mosaicked product, interactively edit areas of bad data, and substitute gage-only fields into portions of the mosaicked radar based product Stage IV Precipitation Processing : The fourth level of precipitation processing, performed automatically and/or interactively at NCEP Stage III precipitation estimates from RFCs are mosaicked into a Nation-wide product for use in various real-time forecast activities and forecast verification operations 298 280 SAHEL A geographic region of semi-arid lands bordering the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in Africa It is characterized by a long dry season and a short wet season from July to September SCS Soil Conservation Service The U.S Department of Agriculture’s Soil Conservation Service changed its name in 1995 to National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) NRCS is the chief soil mapping agency in the U.S Conservation programs include flood and erosion control SEMIVARIOGRAM Mathematical model that describes spatial dependence or autocorrelation Used in geostatistics and Kriging to assign weights when interpolating a surface SHADED RELIEF Shading added to an image that makes the image appear to have threedimensional aspects This type of enhancement is commonly applied to digital topographic data to provide the appearance of terrain relief within the image SINKS Interrupted drainage develops on limestone or dolomite beds through the dissolving action of water on the formation Consequently, streams can disappear into subterranean caverns, often not re-emerging until they have traveled underground for a considerable distance The term sink (or sinkhole) or karst drainage is sometimes used to describe this unusual stream pattern Artifacts in digital elevation data where water appears not to drain is analogously referred to as a sink SOIL CLASSIFICATION The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories based on their characteristics Broad groupings are made on the basis of general characteristics and subdivisions on the premise of more detailed differences in specific properties 281 299 SOIL MAPPING UNIT It is the smallest unit on a soil map that can be assigned a set of representative properties SOIL PHASE A subdivision of a soil classification, usually a soil series or other unit based on characteristics that affect the use and management of the soil but which not vary sufficiently to differentiate it as a separate soil series SOIL SLOPE The degree of deviation of a surface from horizontal that is measured as a percentage, a numerical ratio, or in degrees SOIL TEXTURE The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay separates in a soil as described by the classes of soil texture SPHEROID Mathematical figure closely approaching the geoid in form and size and used as a surface of reference for geodetic surveys A reference spheroid or ellipsoid is a spheroid determined by revolving an ellipse about its shorter (polar) axis and used as a base for geodetic surveys of a large section of the Earth (such as the Clarke spheroid of 1866 which is used for geodetic surveys in the United States) SPLINES An interpolating polynomial that uses information from neighboring points to obtain a degree of global smoothness STATSGO State Soil Geographic The STATSGO is a State soil geographic database designed primarily for regional, multi-State, river basin, State, and multi-county resource planning, management, and monitoring These data are not detailed enough to make interpretations at a county level Detailed county-level soil surveys are not generally available in digital form 300 282 STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION A projection that maps points on the Earth’s surface onto a plane tangent to a point on the spheroid Circles and angles are preserved making the projection conformal STORM HYDROGRAPH A hydrograph representing the total flow or discharge at a point in a stream or river in response to rainfall excess SURFACE RUNOFF The runoff that travels overland to the stream channel Rain that falls on the stream channel is often lumped with this quantity TENT POLE EFFECT Artifact of some surfacing algorithms where the sparseness of the data produces unrealistic surface features similar to the fabric of a tent supported by poles THEMATIC DATA Thematic data layers in a data set are layers of information that deal with a particular theme These layers are typically related information that logically go together Examples of thematic data would include a data layer whose contents are roads, railways, and river navigation routes THIN PLATE SPLINES The thin plate spline is the two-dimensional analog of the cubic spline in 1-D It is the fundamental solution to the biharmonic equation Given a set of data points, a weighted combination of thin plate splines centered about each data point gives the interpolation function that passes through the points exactly while minimizing the so-called “bending energy.” Bending energy is defined here as the integral over of the squares of the second derivatives, Regularization may be used to relax the requirement that the interpolant pass through the data points exactly The name “thin plate spline” refers to a physical analogy involving the bending of a thin sheet of metal In the physical setting, the deflection is in the direction, orthogonal to the plane In order to apply this idea to the problem of coordinate transformation, one interprets the lifting of the plate as a displacement of the coordinates within the plane Thus, in 283 301 general, two thin plate splines are needed to specify a 2-D coordinate transformation TIN Triangular irregular network comprised of triangles or facets representing a surface such as topography TOPMODEL TOPMODEL predicts catchment water discharge and spatial soil water saturation pattern based on precipitation and evapotranspiration time series and topographic information TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Map that presents the horizontal and vertical positions of the features represented; distinguished from a planimetric map by the addition of relief in measurable form TOPOGRAPHY Configuration (relief) of the land surface; the graphic delineation or portrayal of that configuration in map form, as by contour lines; in oceanography the term is applied to a surface such as the sea bottom or a surface of given characteristics within the water mass TOPOLOGICALLY STRUCTURED Refers to the point, line, or area features of a data set and the relationships between these features These relationships are expressed as connections between spatially touching lines, small areas contained within larger areas, lines that make up the sides of an area or polygon, etc Topology does not provide information as to the features’ meanings, only their identity and structural relationships as they define spatial objects TRANSVERSE PROJECTION A transverse projection with a cylinder oriented such that the developable surface axis is at right angles to the Earth’s axis and is tangent to the Earth’s surface along some meridian 302 284 UNIT HYDROGRAPH (UNITGRAPH) The discharge hydrograph from one depth unit of surface runoff distributed uniformly over the entire basin for a given time period Assumes a linear response from the system due to unit impulse UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY Unit Hydrograph Theory states that surface runoff hydrographs for storm events of the same duration will have the same shape, and the ordinates of the hydrograph will be proportional to the ordinates of the unit hydrograph USGS United States Geological Survey Established in March of 1879, the Geological Survey’s primary responsibilities are: investigating and assessing the Nation’s land, water, energy, and mineral resources; conducting research on global change; investigating natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanos, landslides, floods, and droughts; and conducting the National Mapping Program To attain these objectives, the Geological Survey prepares maps and digital and cartographic data; collects and interprets data on energy and mineral resources; conducts nationwide assessments of the quality, quantity, and use of the Nation’s water resource; performs fundamental and applied research in the sciences and techniques involved; and publishes and disseminates the results of its investigations in thousands of new maps and reports each year UTM Universal Transverse Mercator Projection UTM is a widely used map projection that employs a series of identical projections around the world in the mid-latitude areas, each spanning six degrees of longitude and oriented to a meridian This projection is characterized by its conformality; that is, it preserves angular relationships and scale plus it easily allows a rectangular grid to be superimposed on it Many worldwide topographic and planimetric maps at scales ranging between 1:24 000 and 1:250 000 use this projection VARIOGRAM See semivariogram 285 303 VCP Acronym for Volume Coverage Pattern The VCP is the sequence of elevation angles that a NEXRAD radar is programmed to use to scan the atmosphere The NEXRAD operator can choose to scan using one of four possible VCPs The duration for completing the volume scan determines the timestep or interval of the precipitation estimate Vflo™ Commercially available distributed model that is fully distributed and physics-based Finite elements are used to solve the kinematic wave equations to generate flow rates at any location in a drainage network Geospatial data is imported using ASCII grids or via an ArcGIS extension Post-analysis and real-time applications hydrologic analysis and prediction is supported on Linux and Windows operating systems WATERSHED Land area from which water drains toward a common watercourse or point See the term BASIN WGS 72 World Geodetic System 1972 WGS 72 is an Earth-centered datum, and was the result of an extensive effort extending over approximately three years to collect selected satellite, surface gravity, and astrogeodetic data available throughout 1972 These data were combined using a unified WGS solution (a largescale least squares adjustment) WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 The WGS 84 datum was developed as a replacement for WGS 72 by the military mapping community as a result of new and more accurate instrumentation and a more comprehensive control network of ground stations The newly developed satellite radar altimeter was used to deduce geoid heights from oceanic regions between 70 degrees north and south latitude Geoid heights were also deduced from ground-based Doppler and ground-based laser satellite-tracking data, as well as surface gravity data This system is described in “World Geodetic System 1984,” DOD DMA TR 8350.2 September 1987 New and more extensive data sets and improved software were used in the development 304 286 WRS—Worldwide Reference System The WRS is a global indexing scheme designed for the Landsat program based on nominal scene centers defined by path and row coordinates WSR-88D A Doppler radar termed the Weather Surveillance Radar prototyped in 1988 at the NOAA-National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman Oklahoma Z-R RELATIONSHIP Mathematical equation that converts radar-measured reflectivity to an estimated rainfall rate The reflectivity factor (Z) is related to both the drop size distribution and the 6th power of the drop diameters However, the radar only measures reflectivity, not the drop size distribution Hence, the drop size distribution must be assumed and then the resulting rainfall amounts adjusted using rain gauge accumulations Different drop size distributions can produce the same reflectivity factor, but with markedly different rainfall rates For example, many small drops can produce the same reflectivity as one large drop; however, the rainfall rate from the small drops is very different from the one large drop Index cumulative rainfall 103; 120 adjoint 201; 206; 209 aerial photography 44 albers equal area projection 263 ANSWERS 122 ARC/INFO See Glossary ArcGIS 48; 179; 180; 241; 242; 264; 285 ArcView 37; 48; 264; 277 aspect 33; 48; 131 basin 5; 15; 37; 59; 75; 116; 131 bubbling pressure 104 calibration 201; 265 cartographic 265 CASC2D 9; 265 channel inflow 265 CHANNEL ROUTING 265 conceptual models 208; 265 conformal projection 26; 266 conservation of energy 266 conservation of mass 6; 74; 182; 184; 266 conservation of momentum 267 contour 21; 32; 33; 34; 35; 40; 266 cost function 202; 204; 210 Courant condition 191 cross-validation 53; 57; 65; 70 crusting 94; 266 cubic splines 61; 267 data structure 9; 21; 33; 37; 44; 130 datum 24; 267; 275 decorrelation length 154 degree of saturation 12; 102; 205 DEM 15; 32; 35; 38; 40; 41; 42; 267 deterministic models 145 developable surface 29; 268 digital elevation model See DEM digital terrain elevation data See DTEM digital terrain model See DTM dimensionality 23 distributed hydrologic model 3; 4; 9; 45 drainage basin 133; 268 drainage length 15; 83 drainage network 37; 42; 83; 130 DTED 33 DTM 33 Dunne 13; 269 effective porosity See porosity See porosity evapotranspiration 8; 22 FGDC 31; 269 finite element method 184; 187; 211; 269; 276 flash flood 269 flood 93; 167; 269 Contents 288 fractal 80; 270 LULC 123; 274 gauge 150; 270 gauge network density 151 GAUGING STATION 270 geodetic 270 geographic information system 1; 263; 270 georeference 25 Georeferenced Coordinate Systems 26 georegistered 270 GIS See geographic information system global positioning system 271 GMT 271 GPS 271 GRASS 271 Green-Ampt 92; 93; 96; 97; 101; 103; 108 GSSHA lumped model 1; 4; 201 HEC-HMS 271 Hortonian 11; 272 HRAP 27 hydraulic conductivity 93; 94; 96; 103; 106 hydrograph 201 hydrologic model 2; 6; 16; 22; 45 hydrologic unit 272 HYDROLOGY 272 HYETOGRAPH 272 IDW 50 infiltration 273 INFILTRATION CAPACITY 273 Infiltration Excess (Hortonian) See Infiltration infiltration rate 11; 92; 101; 273 interpolate 10; 50; 51; 53; 57; 273 inverse distance weighting interpolation See IDW isohyet 32 kinematic wave analogy 182 Kriging 10; 49; 50; 53 lambert azimuthal equal area projection 273 lambert conformal conic projection 273 land use/cover 43; 44 Manning’s roughness 118 map See map projections map projections 26 Map Projections 26 map scale 23; 130; 131 mercator 274; 284 metadata 31 MIADS 103; 106; 274 multiplicative bias correction 166 Nash-Sutcliffe statistic 205 NEXRAD 167; 275 NOAA 275 NRCS 276 nugget variance 56 NWS 275 oblique projection 276 orthophoto 25; 276 Orthophotography 25 ponding 102 pore size 104 porosity 7; 94; 102; 103 projection 26; 277 QPE 277 QPF 277 quantization 9; 33; 277 r.water.fea 8; 9; 16; 178; 179; 277 RADAR 275; 278 Radar Bias Adjustment 164 rain gauge 23; 154; 278 rain gauge network 151; 152; 153 random errors 132; 155; 160; 164; 174; 227 raster 33; 37; 278 reference latitude 28; 278 reflectivity 149; 155; 278 REFLECTIVITY FACTOR 278 RPG 170; 279 Sahel 66; 280 Contents Saturation Excess (Dunne Type) See infiltration SCS 96; 280 semivariogram 53; 55; 57; 280 shaded relief 280 sinks 131; 280 slope 15; 32; 86; 138 soil classification 42; 280 soil conservation service See SCS soil mapping unit 106; 281 soil texture 281 spheroid 26; 28 Splines See Also Thin Plate Splines, Cubic Splines standard error 96; 97; 109; 110; 152; 153; 165 STATSGO 103; 281 stereographic projection 27; 282 storm hydrograph 282 surface runoff 11; 92; 117; 282 systematic errors 17; 155; 156; 164; 172; 175; 227; 229; 237 tent pole effect 49; 52; 282 thematic data 282 Thiessen polygons 50; 150 thin plate splines 63; 282 TIN 21; 35; 283 TOPMODEL 83; 131; 283 289 topographic map 33; 45; 283 topography 1; 32; 283 topologically structured 283 transverse projection 29; 283 unit hydrograph 284 unit hydrograph theory 284 universal transverse mercator projection See UTM USGS 33; 44; 103; 123; 284 UTM 28; 29; 30; 284 variogram 53; 54; 60; 284 VCP 168; 285 Vflo™ xiv; 8; 9; 16; 17; 18; 20; 177; 179; 180; 196; 217; 218; 224; 227; 238; 239; 240; 241; 242; 243; 247; 248; 250; 252; 253; 256; 257; 258; 259; 260; 285 watershed 37; 285 wetting front 94; 99; 101; 205 WGS 72 See geodetic WGS 84 See geodetic WSR-88D 155; 167; 275; 286 Z-R relationship 156; 157; 160; 161; 162; 163; 171; 174; 225; 286 This page intentionally left blank Water Science and Technology Library 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.S Eikum and R.W Seabloom (eds.): Alternative Wastewater Treatment Low-Cost Small Systems, Research and Development Proceedings of the Conference held in Oslo, Norway (7–10 September 1981) 1982 ISBN 90-277-1430-4 W Brutsaert and G.H Jirka (eds.): Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces 1984 ISBN 90-277-1697-8 D.A Kraijenhoff and J.R Moll (eds.): River Flow Modelling and Forecasting 1986 ISBN 90-277-2082-7 World Meteorological Organization (ed.): Microprocessors in Operational Hydrology Proceedings of a Conference held in Geneva (4–5 September 1984) 1986 ISBN 90-277-2156-4 J Nˇemec: Hydrological Forecasting Design and Operation of Hydrological Forecasting Systems 1986 ISBN 90-277-2259-5 V.K Gupta, I Rodr´ıguez-Iturbe and E.F Wood (eds.): Scale Problems in Hydrology Runoff Generation and Basin Response 1986 ISBN 90-277-2258-7 D.C Major and H.E Schwarz: Large-Scale Regional Water Resources Planning The North Atlantic Regional Study 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0711-9 W.H Hager: Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1508-1 V.P Singh and M Fiorentino (eds.): Entropy and Energy Dissipation in Water Resources 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1696-7 K.W Hipel (ed.): Stochastic and Statistical Methods in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering A Four Volume Work Resulting from the International Conference in Honour of Professor T E Unny (21–23 June 1993) 1994 10/1: Extreme values: floods and droughts ISBN 0-7923-2756-X 10/2: Stochastic and statistical modelling with groundwater and surface water applications ISBN 0-7923-2757-8 10/3: Time series analysis in hydrology and environmental engineering ISBN 0-7923-2758-6 10/4: Effective environmental management for sustainable development ISBN 0-7923-2759-4 Set 10/1–10/4: ISBN 0-7923-2760-8 S.N Rodionov: Global and Regional Climate Interaction: The Caspian Sea Experience 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2784-5 A Peters, G Wittum, B Herrling, U Meissner, C.A Brebbia, W.G Gray and G.F Pinder (eds.): Computational Methods in Water Resources X 1994 Set 12/1–12/2: ISBN 0-7923-2937-6 C.B Vreugdenhil: Numerical Methods for Shallow-Water Flow 1994 ISBN 0-7923-3164-8 E Cabrera and A.F Vela (eds.): Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3536-8 V.P Singh (ed.): Environmental Hydrology 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3549-X V.P Singh and B Kumar (eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources (New Delhi, 1993) 1996 16/1: Surface-water hydrology ISBN 0-7923-3650-X 16/2: Subsurface-water hydrology ISBN 0-7923-3651-8 Water Science and Technology Library 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 16/3: Water-quality hydrology ISBN 0-7923-3652-6 16/4: Water resources planning and management ISBN 0-7923-3653-4 Set 16/1–16/4 ISBN 0-7923-3654-2 V.P Singh: Dam Breach Modeling Technology 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3925-8 Z Kaczmarek, K.M Strzepek, L Somly´ody and V Priazhinskaya (eds.): Water Resources Management in the Face of Climatic/Hydrologic Uncertainties 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3927-4 V.P Singh and W.H Hager (eds.): Environmental Hydraulics 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3983-5 G.B Engelen and F.H Kloosterman: Hydrological Systems Analysis Methods and Applications 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3986-X A.S Issar and S.D Resnick (eds.): Runoff, Infiltration and Subsurface Flow of Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4034-5 M.B Abbott and J.C Refsgaard (eds.): Distributed Hydrological Modelling 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4042-6 J Gottlieb and P DuChateau (eds.): Parameter Identification and Inverse Problems in Hydrology, Geology and Ecology 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4089-2 V.P Singh (ed.): Hydrology of Disasters 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4092-2 A Gianguzza, E Pelizzetti and S Sammartano (eds.): Marine Chemistry An Environmental Analytical Chemistry Approach 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4622-X V.P Singh and M Fiorentino (eds.): Geographical Information Systems in Hydrology 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4226-7 N.B Harmancioglu, V.P Singh and M.N Alpaslan (eds.): Environmental Data Management 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4857-5 G Gambolati (ed.): CENAS Coastline Evolution of the Upper Adriatic Sea Due to Sea Level Rise and Natural and Anthropogenic Land Subsidence 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5119-3 D Stephenson: Water Supply Management 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5136-3 V.P Singh: Entropy-Based Parameter Estimation in Hydrology 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5224-6 A.S Issar and N Brown (eds.): Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5282-3 E Cabrera and J Garc´ıa-Serra (eds.): Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5294-7 N.B Harmancioglu, O Fistikoglu, S.D Ozkul, V.P Singh and M.N Alpaslan: Water Quality Monitoring Network Design 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5506-7 I Stober and K Bucher (eds): Hydrogeology of Crystalline Rocks 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6082-6 J.S Whitmore: Drought Management on Farmland 2000 ISBN 0-7923-5998-4 R.S Govindaraju and A Ramachandra Rao (eds.): Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6226-8 P Singh and V.P Singh: Snow and Glacier Hydrology 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6767-7 B.E Vieux: Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7002-3 Water Science and Technology Library 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 I.V Nagy, K Asante-Duah and I Zsuffa: Hydrological Dimensioning and Operation of Reservoirs Practical Design Concepts and Principles 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0438-9 I Stober and K Bucher (eds.): Water-Rock Interaction 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0497-4 M Shahin: Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0866-X S.K Mishra and V.P Singh: Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Methodology 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1132-6 C Ray, G Melin and R.B Linsky (eds.): Riverbank Filtration Improving SourceWater Quality 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1133-4 G Rossi, A Cancelliere, L.S Pereira, T Oweis, M Shatanawi and A Zairi (eds.): Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1140-7 A Ramachandra Rao, K.H Hamed and H.-L Chen: Nonstationarities in Hydrologic and Environmental Time Series 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1297-7 D.E Agthe, R.B Billings and N Buras (eds.): Managing Urban Water Supply 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1720-0 V.P Singh, N Sharma and C.S.P Ojha (eds.): The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources 2004 ISBN 1-4020-1737-5 B.E Vieux: Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS Second Edition 2004 ISBN 1-4020-2459-2 M Monirul Qader Mirza (ed.): The Ganges Water Diversion: Environmental Effects and Implications 2004 ISBN 1-4020-2479-7 Kluwer Academic Publishers – Dordrecht / Boston / London ... prediction 1.17 References ASCE, 1999, GIS Modules and Distributed Models of the Watershed, Report, ASCE Task Committee GIS Modules and Distributed Models of the Watershed, P.A DeBarry, R.G Quimpo,... presented in Chapter 11 illustrate several aspects of distributed hydrologic modeling using GIS The case studies provide examples of using a distributed model in both urban and rural areas Case... the distributed model calibration process? In ? ?Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS? ??, Dr Vieux has distilled years of academic and professional experience in radar rainfall applications, GIS,