Geographic Information Systems in Water Resources Engineering Geographic Information Systems in Water Resources Engineering Lynn E Johnson Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑6913‑6 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid‑ ity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material 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a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Johnson, Lynn E Geographic information systems in water resources engineering / author, Lynn E Johnson p cm “A CRC title.” Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑6913‑6 (alk paper) Water resources development‑‑Geographic information systems Water resources development‑‑Systems engineering I Title TC409.J66 2008 628.1028‑‑dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2008044085 Contents Preface .xi Acknowledgments xiii Author xv Audience .xvii Selected Acronyms xix Chapter Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Water Resources and GIS 1.3 Water Resources Engineering 1.4 Applications of GIS in Water Resources Engineering .6 1.5 Overview of Book References Chapter Introduction to Geographic Information Systems .9 2.1 2.2 Overview GIS Basics 2.2.1 Definitions 2.2.2 GIS Data and Databases 11 2.2.3 GIS Analyses 13 2.2.4 GIS Management 14 2.3 Maps and Map Data Characteristics 14 2.3.1 Map Functions 14 2.3.2 Coordinate Systems and Geocoding 15 2.3.3 Data Representations and Data Models 16 2.4 User Interfaces and Interaction Modes 17 2.5 GIS System Planning and Implementation 18 2.6 GIS Software 18 2.6.1 Proprietary GIS 18 2.6.2 Open-Source GIS 19 References 19 Chapter GIS Data and Databases 21 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Overview 21 GIS Data Development and Maintenance 21 GIS Data Models 26 3.3.1 Overview 26 3.3.2 Rasters and Vectors 26 Digital Data Sources for Water Resources 29 3.4.1 Digital Elevation Models 29 3.4.2 Digital Line Graphs 31 3.4.3 National Hydrography Dataset 32 3.4.3.1 NHD Features 34 3.4.3.2 NHD Reaches 34 v vi Contents 3.4.4 Soils Data 36 3.4.5 Land-Use Data 37 3.5 Geodatabases 40 3.5.1 Overview 40 3.5.1.1 Hierarchical Database Structure 40 3.5.1.2 Network Database Structure 41 3.5.1.3 Relational Database Structure 41 3.5.1.4 Object-Oriented Database Model 41 3.5.2 Geodatabase Data Models 42 3.5.3 Arc Hydro Data Model 44 3.5.4 CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System 49 References 50 Chapter GIS Analysis Functions and Operations 53 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 Overview of GIS Analysis Functions 53 Spatial Data Capture and Maintenance 55 Geometrics and Measurements 55 Spatial and Aspatial Queries; Classification 56 Neighborhood Operations 58 Spatial Arrangement and Connectivity Functions 60 Surface Operations 61 Overlays and Map Algebra 63 Spatial Statistics .64 Image Processing 66 Display, Interfaces, Integration 67 Management Models 69 4.12.1 Background 69 4.12.2 Simulation 70 4.12.3 Optimization 71 4.12.4 Multiple-Criteria Evaluation 72 4.12.5 Decision-Support Systems 74 References 75 Chapter GIS for Surface-Water Hydrology 77 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction 77 Surface-Water Hydrologic Data 78 5.2.1 Overview 78 5.2.2 Digital Elevation Model Data 78 5.2.3 Hydrographic Vector Data 80 5.2.4 Soils and Soil Moisture Data 81 5.2.5 Land-Use and Land-Cover Data 82 5.2.6 Climate and Precipitation Data 82 5.2.6.1 Overview 82 5.2.6.2 Radar-Rainfall Estimation 83 5.2.6.3 Satellite Estimation of Rainfall 86 5.2.6.4 Snow 86 GIS for Surface-Water Hydrology Modeling 87 5.3.1 Overview 87 5.3.2 Digital Terrain Modeling 88 vii Contents 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 Arc Hydro Data Model and Tools .92 Surface-Water Hydrologic Model Modules 93 Precipitation 94 5.3.5.1 Rain-Gauge Data Spatial Interpolation .94 5.3.5.2 Radar-Rainfall Bias Correction 96 5.3.6 Abstractions, Infiltration, and Soil Moisture .96 5.3.7 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 99 5.3.8 Runoff Models 100 5.3.8.1 Unit Hydrograph Methods 100 5.3.8.2 Flow Routing 101 5.3.8.3 Distributed Runoff Modeling 102 5.4 Surface-Water Hydrology Models 104 References 106 Chapter GIS for Groundwater Hydrology 109 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Overview 109 Groundwater Hydrology and Management 109 Groundwater Data 111 Groundwater Models 112 6.4.1 Overview 112 6.4.2 Finite-Difference Model MODFLOW 112 6.4.3 Finite-Element Models 115 6.4.4 Groundwater Quality Modeling 115 6.4.5 Model Calibration 116 6.5 GIS for Groundwater Modeling 117 6.5.1 Overview 117 6.5.1.1 Model Data Development 117 6.5.1.2 Model Integration 118 6.5.1.3 GIS Databases 118 6.5.2 Case Studies 121 6.5.2.1 Cherry Creek Well Field 121 6.5.2.2 Conjunctive Stream–Aquifer Model 122 6.5.2.3 Rio Grande Valley Groundwater Model 124 6.5.3 Groundwater Quality and Modeling 127 6.5.4 DRASTIC 129 6.5.5 Contaminant Plume Modeling 131 6.6 Visualization 132 References 134 Chapter GIS for Water-Supply and Irrigation Systems 137 7.1 7.2 7.3 Overview 137 Water-Supply and Irrigation Systems Planning and Design 137 Water-Supply System Design 138 7.3.1 Estimation of Water-Supply Demands 138 7.3.2 GIS-Based Water-Supply Demand Forecasting 142 7.3.3 Pipe-Network Design Procedures 143 7.3.4 GIS-Based Water-Supply Network Modeling 145 7.3.5 GIS-Based Pipeline Routing 147 7.3.6 GIS-Based Water Network Optimization 148 7.3.6.1 WADSOP Decision-Support System 151 viii Contents 7.4 GIS for Irrigation 152 7.4.1 Irrigation Systems Planning and Design 152 7.4.2 GIS for Irrigation Systems Design and Modeling 154 7.4.3 Case Study: Evaluation of Irrigation Agriculture 155 7.4.4 Irrigation Consumptive-Use Modeling 158 7.4.5 GIS-Based Irrigation System Scheduling 159 References 161 Chapter GIS for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 163 8.1 Wastewater and Stormwater Systems Planning and Design 163 8.1.1 Wastewater and Stormwater Systems Components 163 8.1.2 Wastewater and Stormwater Collection System Design Procedures 165 8.1.3 GIS Applications for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 165 8.1.3.1 Planning and Design 165 8.1.3.2 Operations and Maintenance 166 8.1.3.3 Finance and Administration 166 8.2 GIS Database Development for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 166 8.2.1 GIS Database Development 166 8.2.2 Wastewater and Stormwater Geodatabases 168 8.2.3 Impervious Surface Mapping 171 8.3 GIS-Based Wastewater Collection System Design and Management Applications 173 8.3.1 GIS-Based Estimation of Sanitary Wastewater Demands 173 8.3.2 GIS-Based Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling 176 8.3.3 GIS-Based Wastewater and Stormwater System Modeling 179 8.4 GIS-Based Decision-Support Systems for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 181 References 185 Chapter GIS for Floodplain Management 187 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Introduction 187 Floodplain Management 187 Floodplain Mapping Requirements 189 GIS for Floodplain Mapping 189 9.4.1 Floodplain Data Development 189 9.4.2 Floodplain Geodatabase 193 9.5 Floodplain Hydraulic Modeling with GIS 194 9.5.1 HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS 195 9.5.2 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling 197 9.5.3 Floodplain Impact Assessment with GIS 198 9.5.4 New Orleans Flood Damage Assessments 201 9.5.5 Floodplain Habitat Modeling with GIS 203 References .205 Chapter 10 GIS for Water Quality .207 10.1 Water-Quality Monitoring and Modeling 207 10.1.1 Introduction .207 Contents ix 10.1.2 Water Quality and Pollution 208 10.1.3 Pollution Sources .209 10.2 GIS for Water-Quality Monitoring and Database Development 209 10.2.1 Remote Sensing for Water-Quality Monitoring 209 10.2.2 GIS for Land-Use and Impervious-Surface Mapping 211 10.2.3 GIS for Data Collation and Problem Identification 212 10.2.4 GIS for Water-Quality Databases 214 10.2.4.1 Watershed Monitoring and Analysis Database 214 10.2.4.2 Arc Hydro Data Model 214 10.2.4.3 EPA Watershed Assessment, Tracking, and Environmental Results 216 10.3 GIS for Water-Quality Modeling 218 10.3.1 Point- and Nonpoint-Source Water-Quality Modeling with GIS 218 10.3.2 Point-Source Water-Quality Modeling with GIS 221 10.3.3 Nonpoint-Source Water-Quality Modeling with GIS 223 10.3.4 EPA BASINS 223 10.3.5 Watershed Assessment Model 226 10.3.6 NRCS-GLEAMS 227 10.4 GIS for Water-Quality Management Decision Support 228 10.4.1 Total Mass-Discharge Loading 228 10.4.2 Rouge River Case Study 228 References 230 Chapter 11 GIS for Water Resources Monitoring and Forecasting 233 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning Programs 233 11.3 Water Resources Monitoring Systems 235 11.3.1 Real-Time Data-Collection System Technologies 235 11.3.2 Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT) 235 11.3.3 Rainfall Monitoring 237 11.3.4 USGS Hydrological Monitoring 237 11.3.5 PRISM 238 11.3.6 Drought Monitoring 239 11.3.7 Sensor Networks 241 11.4 Hydrological Forecasting Systems 242 11.4.1 Hydrological Forecasting 242 11.4.2 NWS River Forecast Centers 243 11.4.3 National Operational Hydrologic Remote-Sensing Center .244 11.4.4 NWS Areal Mean Basin Effective Rainfall 245 11.4.5 NEXRAD Flood Warning 246 11.4.6 NCAR TITAN 248 11.4.6.1 Storm Radar Data 248 11.4.6.2 Storm Identification 248 11.4.6.3 Storm Tracking 248 11.4.6.4 Forecast 250 11.4.7 NOAA’s Hydrometeorological Testbed 251 11.4.8 Atmospheric Rivers 254 References 254 Open water Low-Int resident High-Int resident Comm/Indust/Trans Bare rock/Sand Quarry/Strip mine Transitional Deciduous forest Evergreen forest Mixed forest Grass/Herbaceous Pasture/Hay Row crops Small grains Other grasses Woody wetland Herb wetlands Figure 5.4 National Land Cover Dataset is available nationwide and is used for watershed modeling studies (Source: http://landcover.usgs.gov/.) Filled DEM Sinks Flow Accumulation Shaded Relief Flow Direction Contours Synthetic Streamlines Reach Catchments & Seedpoints Figure 5.8 EDNA is a multilayered seamless database derived from a version of NED that has been conditioned for improved hydrologic flow representation (Source: http://edna.usgs.gov.) RIO ALBUQUERQUE GR AN DE SIMULATED GROUND-WATER TRAVEL TIME, IN YEARS 100,000 Figure 6.4 Application of particle tracking to estimate groundwater travel time (From USGS 1997.) Figure 6.6 Land use with finite-element model grid overlay for integrated water-flow model (IWFM) (From Heywood et al 2008 With permission.) (Column) 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97101105109113 13900000 (feet) 13800000 13700000 13600000 13500000 5 10 Miles 1300000 1400000 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 176 180 184 188 192 198 (Row) (feet) Predioled Too Low 100 Predioled Too Low 1500000 (feet) Figure 6.12 Residual head for steady-state simulation for layer of the Rio Grande groundwater model (From RGDSS 2005 With permission.) Figure 6.17 Well posts and screen intervals of wells, and the bedrock surface topology A transparent georeferenced aerial photograph allows viewers to remain oriented as the model is rotated interactively using the EVS 4DIM Player (From Rogoff et al 2008 With permission.) Figure 6.18 Groundwater flow and equipotential lines Note the influence of the bedrock ridges, visible as white surfaces protruding above the water table, on groundwater flow Capture zones of three large extraction wells and stagnation areas are readily apparent in animations (From Rogoff et al 2008 With permission.) Figure 7.4 Pipe-network model completed with interconnections to pumps and tanks, and assignments to pressure zones (From Szana 2006 With permission.) Figure 8.6 Impervious surface areas (shown in yellow) extracted by image processing (From Washburn et al 2003 With permission.) Proposed Floodplain EXPLANATION OF ZONE DESIGNATIONS ZONE EXPLANATION Defined as areas of special flood hazard inside the 100-year floodplain where water surface elevations have been determined A 100-year flood event is a flood that has a one-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year Defined as areas of moderate flood hazard that X Shaded are determined to be within the 500-year floodplain where there is a 0.2-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year, areas in the 100-year floodplain where average depths are less than one foot; and areas protected by levees from the 100-year flood X Unshaded Areas determined to be outside 500-year floodplain AE Zone 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 Feet Date: August 2007 Figure 9.7 Proposed South Boulder Creek 100-year floodplain zone designation map (provisional, not fully approved) (Courtesy City of Boulder, Colo.; http://www.southbouldercreek.com/.) Legend CensusBlocks Damages DamageResidential 0–694 695–1,908 1,909–4,960 4,961–11,042 11,043–23,552 Figure 9.9 Distribution of Hurricane Katrina–generated residential direct property damages by census block; damages in thousands of dollars (From IPET 2007 With permission.) –8.7 –10.5 –3.2 –3.0 Elevation Change (ft) 5 Figure 9.10 Changes in ground surface elevation due to land subsidence between 1895 and 2001 (URS 2006) Comparison is based on 1895 historic topographic map and 1999–2001 digital elevation models (DEMs) (From IPET 2007 With permission.) Input 150 mg l–1 100–150 mg l–1 50–100 mg l–1 25-50 mg l–1 Figure 10.2 Landsat TM image of Lake Chicot, Arkansas (left), and a derived image (right) showing categories of suspended sediments mapped in Lake Chicot based on the radiance in the TM image (From Ritchie et al 2003 With permission.) EPA_BASINS_WQStations (2388 MP) CNA_REPDA_WasteWaterDischarges (586) CNA_RAISON_WasteWaterTreatmentPlants (203) MonitoringPointType Water quality station from CNA-SNICA (21) Water quality station from CNA/IMTA-RAISON (113) Water quality station from IBWC (20) Water quality station from TCEQ (99) HydroEdge 165 330 660 Km Figure 10.9 Monitoring points included in the WQDM geodatabase (From McKinney and Patino-Gomez 2006 With permission.) Wednesday, October 03, 2007 11:31ET NH VT Explanation MA RI CT NJ DE MD DC High >90th Percentile 75th–89 Percentile 25th–74th Percentile 10th–24th Percentile