ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31

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ASME B31.1-2012 ASME B31.1-2012 (Revision of ASME B31.1-2010) ASME B31.1-2012 Power Piping ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D ASME A05812 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1-2012 (Revision of ASME B31.1-2010) Power Piping ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D Three Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Date of Issuance: June 29, 2012 The next edition of this Code is scheduled for publication in 2014 This Code will become effective months after the Date of Issuance ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Code Interpretations, Code Cases, and errata are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http://cstools.asme.org/ as they are issued Interpretations and Code Cases are also included with each edition Errata to codes and standards may be posted on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages to provide corrections to incorrectly published items, or to correct typographical or grammatical errors in codes and standards Such errata shall be used on the date posted The Committee Pages can be found at http://cstools.asme.org/ There is an option available to automatically receive an e-mail notification when errata are posted to a particular code or standard This option can be found on the appropriate Committee Page after selecting “Errata” in the “Publication Information” section ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright © 2012 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS CONTENTS Foreword Committee Roster Introduction Summary of Changes vii viii xii xiv Chapter I 100 Scope and Definitions General 1 Chapter II Part 101 102 Part 103 104 Part 105 106 107 108 Part 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Part 119 120 121 Part 122 Design Conditions and Criteria Design Conditions Design Criteria Pressure Design of Piping Components Criteria for Pressure Design of Piping Components Pressure Design of Components Selection and Limitations of Piping Components Pipe Fittings, Bends, and Intersections Valves Pipe Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, Gaskets, and Bolting Selection and Limitations of Piping Joints Piping Joints Welded Joints Flanged Joints Expanded or Rolled Joints Threaded Joints Flared, Flareless, and Compression Joints, and Unions Bell End Joints Brazed and Soldered Joints Sleeve Coupled and Other Proprietary Joints Expansion, Flexibility, and Pipe Supporting Element Expansion and Flexibility Loads on Pipe Supporting Elements Design of Pipe Supporting Elements Systems Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Piping Systems 12 12 12 13 19 19 19 34 34 34 35 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 43 43 43 44 44 44 46 47 51 51 Chapter III 123 124 125 Materials General Requirements Limitations on Materials Materials Applied to Miscellaneous Parts 66 66 67 69 Chapter IV 126 Dimensional Requirements Material Specifications and Standards for Standard and Nonstandard Piping Components 70 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection Welding Brazing and Soldering Bending and Forming Requirements for Fabricating and Attaching Pipe Supports Welding Preheat 78 78 89 90 93 93 Chapter V 127 128 129 130 131 iii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 70 132 133 135 Postweld Heat Treatment Stamping Assembly 94 101 101 Chapter VI 136 137 Inspection, Examination, and Testing Inspection and Examination Pressure Tests 103 103 107 Chapter VII 138 139 140 141 144 145 Operation and Maintenance General Operation and Maintenance Procedures Condition Assessment of CPS CPS Records CPS Walkdowns Material Degradation Mechanisms 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 Figures 100.1.2(A.1) 100.1.2(A.2) 100.1.2(B) 100.1.2(C) 102.4.5 104.3.1(D) 104.3.1(G) 104.5.3 104.8.4 122.1.7(C) 122.4 127.3 127.4.2 127.4.4(A) 127.4.4(B) 127.4.4(C) 127.4.8(A) 127.4.8(B) 127.4.8(C) 127.4.8(D) 127.4.8(E) 127.4.8(F) 127.4.8(G) 135.5.3 Tables 102.4.3 102.4.5 102.4.6(B.1.1) 102.4.6(B.2.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Reinforcement of Branch Connections Reinforced Extruded Outlets Types of Permanent Blanks Cross Section Resultant Moment Loading Typical Globe Valves Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope Fillet Weld Size Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS and Smaller Fittings Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors Bend Thinning Allowance Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 41⁄2 in (114 mm) or Less Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 41⁄2 in (114 mm) iv Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 17 24 28 31 33 55 59 79 80 83 84 84 84 84 84 85 86 87 88 102 16 17 18 18 102.4.7 104.1.2(A) 112 114.2.1 121.5 121.7.2(A) 122.2 122.8.2(B) 126.1 127.4.2 129.3.1 129.3.4.1 132 132.1 136.4 136.4.1 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld Values of y Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements Threaded Joints Limitations Suggested Pipe Support Spacing Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping Specifications and Standards Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements Postweld Heat Treatment Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination 20 22 39 43 48 50 56 63 71 82 91 92 95 100 105 106 Mandatory Appendices A Allowable Stress Tables Table A-1, Carbon Steel Table A-2, Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Table A-3, Stainless Steels Table A-4, Nickel and High Nickel Alloys Table A-5, Cast Iron Table A-6, Copper and Copper Alloys Table A-7, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Table A-8, Temperatures 1,200°F and Above Table A-9, Titanium and Titanium Alloys Table A-10, Bolts, Nuts, and Studs B Thermal Expansion Data Table B-1, Thermal Expansion Data Table B-1 (SI), Thermal Expansion Data C Moduli of Elasticity Table C-1, Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material Table C-1 (SI), Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material Table C-2, Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material Table C-2 (SI), Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material D Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors Table D-1, Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors Chart D-1, Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i Chart D-2, Correction Factor, c Fig D-1, Branch Connection Dimensions F Referenced Standards G Nomenclature H Preparation of Technical Inquiries J Quality Control Requirements for Boiler External Piping (BEP) 113 114 126 136 166 180 182 186 194 200 204 209 210 214 218 218 219 220 222 224 224 228 229 230 231 235 242 243 Nonmandatory Appendices II Rules for the Design of Safety Valve Installations Rules for Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals III IV Corrosion Control for ASME B31.1 Power Piping Systems 245 265 286 v Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS V Recommended Practice for Operation, Maintenance, and Modification of Power Piping Systems Approval of New Materials Procedures for the Design of Restrained Underground Piping 290 303 304 Index 315 VI VII vi Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS FOREWORD The general philosophy underlying this Power Piping Code is to parallel those provisions of Section I, Power Boilers, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, as they can be applied to power piping systems The Allowable Stress Values for power piping are generally consistent with those assigned for power boilers This Code is more conservative than some other piping codes, reflecting the need for long service life and maximum reliability in power plant installations The Power Piping Code as currently written does not differentiate among the design, fabrication, and erection requirements for critical and noncritical piping systems, except for certain stress calculations and mandatory nondestructive tests of welds for heavy wall, high temperature applications The problem involved is to try to reach agreement on how to evaluate criticality, and to avoid the inference that noncritical systems not require competence in design, fabrication, and erection Someday such levels of quality may be definable, so that the need for the many different piping codes will be overcome There are many instances where the Code serves to warn a designer, fabricator, or erector against possible pitfalls; but the Code is not a handbook, and cannot substitute for education, experience, and sound engineering judgment Nonmandatory Appendices are included in the Code Each contains information on a specific subject, and is maintained current with the Code Although written in mandatory language, these Appendices are offered for application at the user’s discretion The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on conservatism A designer is free to specify more rigid requirements as he feels they may be justified Conversely, a designer who is capable of a more rigorous analysis than is specified in the Code may justify a less conservative design, and still satisfy the basic intent of the Code The Power Piping Committee strives to keep abreast of the current technological improvements in new materials, fabrication practices, and testing techniques; and endeavors to keep the Code updated to permit the use of acceptable new developments vii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31 COMMITTEE Code for Pressure Piping (The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.) STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS M L Nayyar, Chair J E Meyer, Vice Chair N Lobo, Secretary STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL N Lobo, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers W J Mauro, American Electric Power J E Meyer, Louis Perry & Associates, Inc M L Nayyar R G Payne, Alstom Power, Inc G R Petru, Engineering Products Co., Inc E H Rinaca, Dominion Resources, Inc M J Rosenfeld, Kiefner & Associates, Inc R J Silvia, Process Engineers and Constructors, Inc W J Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc F W Tatar, FM Global K A Vilminot, Black & Veatch A Soni, Delegate, Engineers India Ltd L E Hayden, Jr., Ex-Officio, Consultant W J Koves, Ex-Officio, Pi Engineering Software, Inc A P Rangus, Ex-Officio, Bechtel J T Schmitz, Ex-Officio, Southwest Gas Corp R A Appleton, Contributing Member, Refrigeration Systems Co R J T Appleby, ExxonMobil Development Co C Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co A E Beyer, Fluor Enterprises K C Bodenhamer, Enterprise Products Co C J Campbell, Air Liquide J S Chin, TransCanada Pipeline U.S D D Christian, Victaulic D L Coym, Intertek Moody C J Melo, Alternate, S & B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd R P Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLC P D Flenner, Flenner Engineering Services J W Frey, Stress Engineering Services, Inc D R Frikken, Becht Engineering Co R A Grichuk, Fluor Enterprises, Inc R W Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc B P Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc G A Jolly, Vogt Valves/Flowserve Corp B31.1 POWER PIPING SECTION COMMITTEE M W Johnson, GenOn Energy, Inc R J Kennedy, Detroit Edison Co D J Leininger, WorleyParsons S P Licud, Consultant W M Lundy, U.S Coast Guard M L Nayyar R G Payne, Alstom Power, Inc D W Rahoi, CCM 2000 K I Rapkin, FPL R K Reamey, Turner Industries Group, LLC E H Rinaca, Dominion Resources, Inc R D Schueler, Jr., The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors J P Scott, Dominion J J Sekely, Welding Services, Inc H R Simpson, Stantec S K Sinha, Lucius Pitkin, Inc K A Vilminot, Black & Veatch A L Watkins, First Energy Corp H A Ainsworth, Contributing Member, Consultant J W Frey, Chair, Stress Engineering Services, Inc W J Mauro, Vice Chair, American Electric Power C E O’Brien, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers D D Christian, Victaulic M J Cohn, Intertek–Aptech D H Creates, Ontario Power Generation, Inc S D Cross, Zachry Engineering G J Delude, Penpower R P Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLC A S Drake, Constellation Energy Group S J Findlan, Shaw Power Group P D Flenner, Flenner Engineering Services E C Goodling, Jr., WorleyParsons J W Goodwin, Southern Co T E Hansen, American Electric Power R W Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc C L Henley, Black & Veatch B P Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc viii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 INTERPRETATIONS VOLUME 46 Interpretation: 46-3 Subject: Nonmandatory Appendix II (B31.1-2007 With 2008 and 2009 Addenda), Para II-2.3.2 Date Issued: August 16, 2010 File: 10-1097 Question: This is in the context of Nonmandatory Appendix II, Rules for the Design of Safety Valve Installations For “closed discharge systems,” when the vent pipe is hard piped/welded to the safety valve, is the designer to compute the unbalanced forces that act on the piping system, including the horizontal discharge force at the first elbow, and perform appropriate evaluation of their effects? Reply: Yes Interpretation: 46-4 Subject: Table 102.4.5 (B31.1-2007) Date Issued: August 17, 2010 File: 10-1098, 10-1921 Question (1): Does Table 102.4.5 within ASME B31.1-2007 edition apply to all types of bending, such as induction, furnace, or cold bending, as a recommended thickness? Reply (1): Yes Question (2): Can a fabricator use straight pipe that is thinner than recommended in Table 102.4.5 if the completed bend meets all of the requirements of ASME B31.1-2007 edition? Reply (2): Yes Question (3): Per para 129.1 of ASME B31.1-2007 edition, can a fabricator apply bending radii of 2DR or 1.5DR, if design requirements of para 102.4.5 in regard to minimum wall thickness are met? Reply (3): Yes Interpretation: 46-5 Subject: Para 136.4.1 (B31.1-2007), NDE After PWHT for P-Nos 3, 4, 5A, 5B, and 15E Date Issued: September 7, 2010 File: 10-1327 Question: Per para 136.4.1, Nondestructive Examination, for P-No 15E materials, if a spool piece containing multiple welds undergoes a furnace PWHT and nondestructive examination per para 136.4.1, and one of the welds on the spool piece requires repair and subsequent furnace PWHT, are all of the welds on the spool piece required to undergo additional nondestructive examination after PWHT? Reply: No I-4 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 INTERPRETATIONS VOLUME 46 Interpretation: 46-6 Subject: Para 136.4.6 (B31.1-2007 With 2008 and 2009 Addenda) Date Issued: December 8, 2010 File: 10-709 Question (1): Are flaws found by an ultrasonic examination that is required by the Code as a result of the imposition of Code requirements by the owner or regulatory agency subject to the acceptance criteria of para 136.4.6? Reply (1): Yes Question (2): Flaws are found by an ultrasonic examination that is required by the Code as a result of the imposition of Code requirements by the owner May a designer capable of doing a more rigorous analysis, and where the validity of the analysis has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the owner, accept flaws based on that analysis even if those flaws not meet the applicable acceptance criteria of the Code? Reply (2): Yes See also Interpretations 7-2 and 37-2 Interpretation: 46-7 Subject: Design Factors Used in Eq 104.1.2-3 (B31.1-2007) Date Issued: August 16, 2011 File: 10-1631 Question: If a cast fitting is to be welded to a forged fitting, should each design factor be applied to only the component for which the application was intended? Reply: Yes Interpretation: 46-8 Subject: Table 136.4 (B31.1-2007) Date Issued: October 17, 2011 File: 10-1630 Question: In accordance with the requirements of Table 136.4 of ASME B31.1-2007 edition, does a in NPS butt weld in a piping system with a design temperature between 350°F and 750°F, inclusive, and with a design pressure over 1,025 psig require radiographic examination in addition to the required visual examination called for in Table 136.4 if the wall thicknesses of the two abutting ends of the components to be welded after weld end preparation are 3⁄4 in or less and the completed weld is 3⁄4 in or less? Reply: No I-5 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK I-6 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES B31.1 — Cases No 36 A Case is the official method of handling a reply to an inquiry when study indicates that the Code wording needs clarification, or when the reply modifies the existing requirements of the Code or grants permission to use new materials or alternative constructions ASME has agreed to publish Cases issued by the B31 Committee concerning B31.1 as part of the update service to B31.1 The text of proposed new and revised Cases appear on the ASME Web site at http://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm for public review New and revised Cases, as well as announcements of annulments, then appear in the next update As of the 1992 and later editions, all Cases currently in effect at the time of publication of an edition are included with it as an update This update, Cases No 36, which is included after the last page of the 2012 Edition and the Interpretations Volume 46 that follow, contains the following Cases: 175 182 183 The page numbers for the Cases supplements start with C-1 and continue consecutively The Cases affected by this supplement are as follows: Page Location Change C-8 Case 187 Added C-1 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES B31 CASE 175 ASTM B 16 (UNS C36000) and B 453 (UNS C35300) in ASME B31.1 Construction Approval Date: September 12, 2003 Reaffirmation Date: August 7, 2007 Inquiry: May brass alloys rods and bars conforming to ASTM B16 (UNS C36000) and B453 (UNS C35300) be used for ASME B31.1 construction? (h) A representative finished model of each product size and design shall be tested to determine the presence of residual stresses which might result in failure of individual parts due to stress corrosion cracking Tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM B154 or ASTM B858M (i) Materials shall be tested to determine the presence of residual stresses which might result in failure of individual parts due to stress corrosion cracking Tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM B154 or ASTM B858M The test frequency shall be as specified in ASTM B249 (j) Heat treatment after fabrication or forming is neither required nor prohibited (k) The allowable stress values shown in Table shall apply These allowable stress values are based on a tensile strength factor of safety 4.0 These stress values may be interpolated to determine values for intermediate temperatures (l) The specified minimum tensile and yield strengths shown in Table shall apply (m) This Case number shall be referenced in the documentation and marking of the material and recorded on the Manufacturer’s Data Report Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that brass alloys rods and bars conforming to ASTM B16 (UNS C36000) and B453 (UNS C35300) may be used for B31.1 construction provided: (a) These materials shall not be used for boiler external piping except where specifically permitted by Section I See para 100.1.2(A) (b) The maximum permissible design temperature shall not exceed 406°F (208°C) (c) The maximum permissible size of finished product shall not exceed NPS (d) These materials shall not be welded (e) These materials shall be used only in the soft anneal (O60) temper (f) Limitations for use of these materials for flammable liquids and gases shall be in accordance with paras 122.7, 122.8, and 124.7 (g) Material conforming to ASTM B16 alloy UNS C36000 shall not be used in primary pressure relief valve applications C-2 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES Table Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension, ksi, for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding UNS Alloy No Size or Thickness, in Specified Minimum Tensile, ksi B16 C36000 C36000 C36000 and under Over to Over 48 44 40 20 18 15 1.00 1.00 1.00 13.3 12.0 10.0 12.6 11.3 9.4 12.0 10.8 9.0 11.5 10.4 8.7 11.1 10.0 8.3 10.7 9.7 8.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 B453 C35300 C35300 C35300 Under 1⁄2 ⁄2 to Over 46 44 40 16 15 15 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.7 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.0 9.0 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.9 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.1 8.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 C36000 C36000 and under Over 44 40 18 15 1.00 1.00 12.0 10.0 11.3 9.4 10.8 9.0 10.4 8.7 10.0 8.3 9.7 8.1 5.3 5.3 2.0 2.0 Spec No Specified Minimum Yield, ksi E or F −20 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Rod Bar B16 C-3 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES B31 CASE 182 Use of 1.15Ni–0.65Cu–Mo–Cb in ASME B31.1 Construction Approval Date: November 10, 2006 Inquiry: May A335-05a P36 Class and Class 2, and A182-05a F36 Class and Class 2, be used for B31.1 construction? (f) This Case number shall be referenced in the documentation and marking of the material, and recorded on the Manufacturer’s Data Report (if applicable) Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that A335-05a P36 Class and Class 2, and A182-05a F36 Class and Class 2, may be used for B31.1 construction provided that all of the following requirements are met: (a) All applicable requirements of ASME B31.1 shall be met (b) The maximum allowable stress values and other data shown in Table or 1M apply (c) Separate weld procedure and performance qualifications shall apply for both classes of this material The postweld heat treatment of the Class and Class material shall be in accordance with the rules specified in Table or 2M (d) After either cold bending to strains in excess of 5% or any hot bending of this material, the full length of the component shall be heat treated in accordance with the requirements specified in the material specification (See PG-19 of Section I for method for calculating strain.) (e) Postweld heat treatment is mandatory under all conditions CAUTIONARY NOTE: Corrosion fatigue occurs by the combined actions of cyclic loading and a corrosive environment In piping systems, corrosion fatigue is more likely to occur in portions of water systems with low strain rates (0.04 ppm), with a preference toward regions with increased local stresses While the mechanisms of crack initiation and growth are complex and not fully understood, there is consensus that the two major factors are strain and waterside environment Strain excursions of sufficient magnitude to fracture the protective oxide layer play a major role In terms of the waterside environment, high levels of dissolved oxygen and pH excursions are known to be detrimental Historically, the steels applied in these water-touched components have had the minimum specified yield strengths in the range of 27 ksi to 45 ksi (185 MPa to 310 MPa) and minimum specified tensile strengths in the range of 47 ksi to 80 ksi (325 MPa to 550 MPa) As these materials are supplanted by higher strength steels, some have concern that the higher design stresses and thinner wall thicknesses will render components more vulnerable to failures by corrosion fatigue Thus, when employing such higher strength steels for water systems, it is desirable to use “best practices” in design by minimizing localized strain concentrations, in control of water chemistry and during lay-up by limiting dissolved oxygen and pH excursions, and in operation by conservative startup, shutdown, and turndown practices C-4 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES Table Maximum Allowable Stress Values Table Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Maximum Allowable Stress Values, ksi For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding, °F Class Class Class PWHT Temperature, °F −20 to 100 200 300 25.7 25.7 25.1 27.3 27.3 26.6 1,100–1,200 400 500 600 700 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6 1,000–1,150 Maximum Allowable Stress Values, MPa Class Class −30 to 40 100 150 200 177 177 173 173 188 188 183 183 250 300 350 371 173 173 173 173 183 183 183 183 Class C-5 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS in and less thickness: hr/in., 15 minimum Over in.: add 15 for each additional inch of thickness hr/in., 1⁄2 hr Table 2M Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Table 1M Maximum Allowable Stress Values For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding, °C Holding Time PWHT Temperature, °C 595–650 540–620 Holding Time 50 mm and less thickness: hr/25 mm, 15 minimum Over 50 mm: add 15 for each additional 25 mm of thickness hr/25 mm, 1⁄2 hr ASME B31.1 CASES B31 CASE 183 Use of Seamless 9Cr–2W in ASME B31.1 Construction Approval Date: April 26, 2007 Inquiry: May seamless 9Cr–2W tubes, pipes, and forgings, with the chemical analysis shown in Table and minimum mechanical properties as shown in Table that otherwise conform to the specifications listed in Table 3, be used for ASME B31.1 construction? Group The procedure and performance qualifications shall be conducted in accordance with Section IX Postweld heat treatment for this material is mandatory, and the following rule shall apply: The PWHT requirements shall be those given for P-No 15E, Group materials in Table 132 (e) Except as provided in para (f), if during the manufacturing any portion of the component is heated to a temperature greater than 1,470°F (800°C), then the component must be reaustenitized and retempered in its entirety in accordance with para (a), or that portion of the component heated above 1,470°F (800°C), including the heat-affected zone created by the local heating, must be replaced, or must be removed, reaustenitized, and retempered, and then replaced in the component (f) If the allowable stress values to be used are less than or equal to those provided in Table 1A of Section II, Part D for Grade (SA-213 T9, SA-335 P9, or equivalent product specifications) at the design temperature, then the requirements of para (e) may be waived, provided that the portion of the component heated to a temperature greater than 1,470°F (800°C) is reheat treated within the temperature range 1,350°F to 1,425°F (730°C to 775°C) (g) This Case number shall be shown on the Manufacturer’s Data Report (h) This Case number shall be shown in the material certification and marking of the material Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that seamless 9Cr–2W tubes, pipes, and forgings, with the chemical analysis shown in Table and minimum mechanical properties as shown in Table that otherwise conform to the specifications listed in Table 3, may be used for ASME B31.1 construction provided the following requirements are met: (a) The material shall be austenitized within the temperature range of 1,900°F to 1,975°F (1 040°C to 080°C), followed by air cooling or accelerated cooling, and tempered within the range of 1,350°F to 1,470°F (730°C to 800°C) (b) The material shall not exceed a Brinell hardness number of 250 (Rockwell C 25) (c) The maximum allowable stress values for the material shall be those given in Table Maximum temperature of application shall be limited to 1,150°F (621°C), except that tubing used in applications up to and including 31⁄2 in (89 mm) outside diameter may be used up to 1,200°F (649°C) (d) Separate weld procedure qualification shall be conducted For the purpose of performance qualifications, the material shall be considered P-No 15E, C-6 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME B31.1 CASES Table Chemical Requirements Table Specifications Element Composition Limits, % Product Form Spec No Carbon Manganese Phosphorus, max Sulfur, max 0.07–0.13 0.30–0.60 0.020 0.010 Forgings Forged pipe Pipe Tube SA-182 SA-369 SA-335 SA-213 Silicon, max Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten 0.50 8.50–9.50 0.30–0.60 1.50–2.00 Nickel, max Vanadium Columbium Nitrogen 0.40 0.15–0.25 0.04–0.09 0.030–0.070 Aluminum, max Boron Titanium, max Zirconium, max 0.02 0.001–0.006 0.01 0.01 Table Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Tube and Pipe Maximum Allowable Stress Values, ksi Table Mechanical Property Requirements Property Min Value Tensile strength Yield strength Elongation in in [Note (1)] 90 ksi 64 ksi 20% NOTE: (1) For longitudinal strip tests, a deduction from the basic values of 1.00% for each 1⁄32-in decrease in wall thickness below ⁄16 in shall be made Below are the computed minimum elongation values for each 1⁄32-in decrease in wall thickness Where the wall thickness lies between two values shown below, the minimum elongation value shall be determined by the following equation: E p 32t + 10.0 ⁄16 (0.312) ⁄32 (0.281) ⁄4 (0.250) ⁄32 (0.219) ⁄16 (0.188) ⁄32 (0.156) ⁄8 (0.125) ⁄32 (0.094) ⁄16 (0.062) 0.062 to 0.035, excl 0.035 to 0.022, excl 0.022 to 0.015, incl Elongation in in., min., % 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.6 C-7 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Tube Forgings, Pipe, Forged Pipe −20 to 100 200 300 400 500 600 25.7 25.7 25.3 24.5 23.8 23.2 25.7 25.7 25.3 24.5 23.8 23.2 650 700 750 800 850 900 22.8 22.4 21.9 21.4 20.8 20.1 22.8 22.4 21.9 21.4 20.8 20.1 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1,150 1,200 19.2 18.3 16.1 12.3 8.9 5.9 19.2 18.3 15.7 12.0 8.6 5.6 GENERAL NOTE: The allowable stress values are based on the revised criterion for tensile strength at temperature divided by 3.5, where applicable where E p elongation in in., % t p actual thickness of specimen, in Wall Thickness, in For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding, °F ASME B31.1 CASES B31 CASE 187 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Holding Temperature Range Requirements for P-No 5A and P-No 5B Group Materials Approval Date: July 13, 2011 Inquiry: May the minimum postweld heat treatment holding temperature range in Table 132 for P-No 5A and P-No 5B Group be reduced from 1,300°F (700°C) to 1,250°F (675°C) for a holding temperature range of 1,250°F (675°C) to 1,330°F (720°C) when postweld heat treatment is required for welds joining P-No or P-No materials to P-No 5A or P-No 5B Group materials? (720°C) when postweld heat treatment is required for welds joining P-No or P-No materials to P-No 5A or P-No 5B Group materials, provided all of the following requirements are met: (a) All applicable requirements of para 132 shall be met (b) The postweld heat treatment holding time at the lower minimum temperature of 1,250°F (675°C) shall be as specified in Table 132.1, Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, in ASME B31.1 (c) This Case number shall be identified on the Manufacturer’s Data Report for Boiler External Piping Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that the minimum postweld heat treatment holding temperature range in Table 132 for P-No 5A and P-No 5B Group No may be reduced from 1,300°F (700°C) to 1,250°F (675°C) for an alternate postweld heat treatment holding temperature range of 1,250°F (675°C) to 1,330°F C-8 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING, B31 Power Piping B31.1-2012 Process Piping B31.3-2010 Tuberias de Proceso B31.3-2010 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids B31.4-2009 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components B31.5-2010 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems B31.8-2010 Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines B31.8S-2010 Gestio´n de Integridad de Sistemas de Gasoductos B31.8S-2010 Building Services Piping B31.9-2011 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems B31.11-2002 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines B31.12-2011 Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems B31E-2008 Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: Supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping B31G-2009 Standard Test Method for Determining Stress Intensification Factors (i-Factors) for Metallic Piping Components B31J-2008 Pipeline Personnel Qualification B31Q-2010 Standard Toughness Requirements for Piping B31T-2010 The ASME Publications Catalog shows a complete list of all the Standards published by the Society For a complimentary catalog, or the latest information about our publications, call 1-800-THE-ASME (1-800-843-2763) Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ASME Services ASME is committed to developing and delivering technical information At ASME’s Customer Care, we make every effort to answer your questions and expedite your orders Our representatives are ready to assist you in the following areas: ASME Press Codes & Standards Credit Card Orders IMechE Publications Meetings & Conferences Member Dues Status Member Services & Benefits Other ASME Programs Payment Inquiries Professional Development Short Courses Publications Public Information Self-Study Courses Shipping Information Subscriptions/Journals/Magazines Symposia Volumes Technical Papers How can you reach us? 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