The cambridge companion to modern american culture 4516

t h e c a m b ri d ge co m p a n i o n t o m o d e rn a m e r i c a n c u l t u r e The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture offers a comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible overview of the cultural themes and intellectual issues that drive the dominant culture of the twentieth century This companion explores the social, political, and economic forces that have made America what it is today It shows how these contexts impact upon twentieth-century American literature, cinema, and art An international team of contributors examines the special contribution of African Americans and of immigrant communities to the variety and vibrancy of modern America The essays range from art to politics, popular culture to sport, immigration and race to religion and war Varied, extensive and challenging, this Companion is essential reading for students and teachers of American studies around the world It is the most accessible and useful introduction available to a exciting range of topics in modern American culture c h r i s t o p h e r b i g s b y is Professor of American Studies at the University of East Anglia He has published some thirty books on British and American literature and is also a novelist and broadcaster THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO MODERN AMERICAN CULTURE EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER BIGSBY cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521601092 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Bigsby, C W E The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture / Christopher Bigsby p cm Includes bibliographical references and index isbn-13: 978-0-521-84132-0 isbn-10: 0-521-84132-1 isbn-13: 978-0-521-60109-2 (pbk.) isbn-10: 0-521-60109-60 (pbk.) United States – Civilization – 20th century United States – Intellectual life – 20th century United States – Social conditions – 20th century Popular culture – United States – History – 20th century United States – Study and teaching I Title e169.1.b54 2006 973.9 – dc22 2006010014 isbn-13 978-0-521-84132-0 hardback isbn-10 0-521-84132-1 hardback isbn-13 978-0-521-60109-2 paperback isbn-10 0-521-60109-6 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS Notes on contributors Chronology page viii x Introduction: What, then, is the American? CHRISTOPHER BIGSBY The American century 33 GODFREY HODGSON The regions and regionalism 53 RICHARD H KING Immigration to the United States in the twentieth century 73 ROGER DANIELS Religion in the United States in the twentieth century: 1900–1960 96 P E T E R W W I L L I A M S Shifting boundaries: religion and the United States: 1960 to the present 113 WA D E C L A R K R O O F A N D N AT H A L I E C A R O N The Hispanic background of the United States 135 N I C O L A´ S K A N E L L O S African Americans since 1900 153 WERNER SOLLORS Asian Americans 174 JAMES KYUNG-JIN LEE v contents 10 Women in the twentieth century 194 S J KLEINBERG 11 Queer America 215 ROBERT MCRUER 12 The United States, war, and the twentieth century 235 K E N N E T H P O ’ B R I E N 13 The culture of the Cold War 256 STEPHEN J WHITFIELD 14 Secret America: the CIA and American culture 275 HUGH WILFORD 15 Vietnam and the 1960s 295 JOHN HELLMANN 16 New York City and the struggle of the modern 314 ERIC HOMBERGER 17 Music: sound: technology 332 WILLIAM BROOKS 18 African American music of the twentieth century 354 PA U L O L I V E R 19 Hollywood cinema 374 WA LT E R M E T Z 20 Popular culture 392 PA U L B U H L E 21 Theatre 411 BRENDA MURPHY 22 Society and the novel in twentieth-century America E M O RY E L L I O T T vi 430 contents 23 “Preferring the wrong way”: mapping the ethical diversity of US twentieth-century poetry 450 TIM WOODS Index 469 vii CONTRIBUTORS c h r i s t o p h e r b i g s b y is Professor of American Studies at the University of East Anglia and Director of the Arthur Miller Centre for American Studies w i l l i a m b r o o k s is Professor of Music at the University of York paul buhle is Professor of American Civilization, Brown University, Rhode Island n a t h a l i e c a r o n is Associate Professor in the department of British and American Studies at the University of Paris 10 – Nanterre r o g e r d a n i e l s is Charles Phelps Taft Professor Emeritus of the University of Cincinatti e m o r y e l l i o t t is Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside j o h n h e l l m a n n is Professor of English at Ohio State University at Lima g o d f r e y h o d g s o n is Director of the Reuter Foundation Programme for Journalists, University of Oxford eric homberger is Professor of American Studies at the University of East Anglia n i c o l a´ s k a n e l l o s is Professor of Hispanic Literature at the University of Houston r i c h a r d h k i n g is Professor of American Intellectual History at Nottingham University s j k l e i n b e r g is Professor of American Studies at Brunel University j a m e s k y u n g - j i n l e e is Professor of English and Asian American Studies and Associate Director of the Centre for Asian American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin viii notes on contributors w a l t e r m e t z is Associate Professor of Media and Theatre Arts at Montana State University, Bozeman b r e n d a m u r p h y is Professor of English at the University of Connecticut, Storrs r o b e r t m c r u e r is Professor of English at George Washington University, Washington, D C k e n n e t h p o ’ b r i e n is Professor of History at the State University of New York at Brockport p a u l o l i v e r was Associate Head of School of Architecture at Oxford Brooks University, 1978–1988 w a d e c l a r k r o o f is Professor of Religion and Society and Director of the Walter H Capps Center for the Study of Ethics, Religion, and Public Life at the University of California, Santa Barbara w e r n e r s o l l o r s is the Henry B and Anne M Cabot Professor of English Literature and Professor of African American and American Studies at Harvard University s t e p h e n j w h i t f i e l d is the Max Richter Professor of American Civilization at Brandeis University, Massachusetts h u g h w i l f o r d teaches in the Department of History, Sheffield University p e t e r w w i l l i a m s is Professor of Religion and American Studies at Miami University t i m w o o d s is Professor of Literature at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth ix Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Kafka, Franz, Metamorphosis 442 Kahn, Gus 394 Kaplan, Amy 67 Kaplan, Robert D 67, 68 An Empire Wilderness 66 Karloff, Boris 398 Katz, Steven 445 Kaufman, George S., and Marc Connelly, Beggar on Horseback 416 Kazan, Elia 264–6, 418–19 Kazin, Alfred 57, 59 On Native Grounds 57 Keller, Helen 258–9 Kelley, Florence 198 Kelly, George 416 Kelly, Robert 461 Kelsey, Reverend 369 Kennan, George F 38 Kennedy, Adrienne 167 Kennedy, Caroline 295 Kennedy, Edward 108 Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky 222 Kennedy, Jacqueline 295, 299 Kennedy, John F 34–5, 38, 50, 64, 87, 106, 205, 268, 271, 311, 441 assassination 299–300 policy on Vietnam 297–9, 302 presidential style 295–6 race policy 296–7 Kennedy, John F., Jr (“John-John”) 295 Kennedy, Joseph (Sr.) 108 Kennedy, Robert 108, 271, 307 Kennedy, William 445 Keppard, Freddie 359, 361 Kerouac, Jack 221, 439, 459–60 Kerry, John 24, 27–8, 129, 409 Kesey, Ken 439 Khrushchev, Nikita 296, 298 Kierkegaard, Sren 439 King, B.B 367, 369 King, Billie Jean 142 King, Martin Luther, Jr 40, 63, 110, 111, 164–5, 205, 296, 306, 307–8, 440 King, Rodney 17 Kingsley, Sidney 417 Kingston, Maxine Hong 443 Kinnell, Galway 462 Kinsey, Alfred 223 Kirstein, Lincoln 284 Kissinger, Henry 39 Kitano, Harry 180 Klein, Lawrence 262 Kline, Frank 281 Knight, Marie 368 Knoedler art gallery 320 Koch, Kenneth 460–1 Korea, immigrants from 190 Korean War 249 see also Asia Koresh, David 21 Kosinski, Jerzy 442 Kostelanetz, Richard 445 Kovic, Ron 302 Kowalski, Donald 230 Kowalski, Sharon 230 Kraditor, Aileen 199 Kramer, Larry 226 Kreymbourg, Alfred 414 Kristol, Irving 42 Kristol, William 42 Krivitsky, Walter 263 Ku Klux Klan 55, 97–8, 241 Kuniyoshi, Yasuo 277 Kushner, Tony, Angels in America 427 labor migration(s) 45 recruitment from Latin America 139–40, 144, 147 songs to accompany 355 see also immigrants; unions; women Ladd, Alan 401 Laemmle, Carl 374 Lahiri, Jhumpa, The Interpreter of Maladies 189 Lamantia, Philip 459 Land of Plenty (2004) 124–5 Landau, Martin 267 Lane, John 322 Lang, Fritz 378–9 “Language” poets 462–4, 466–7 language(s) ban on teaching 98, 239 formation 14 immigrant 25–6, 93 role in racial identity 185 written, introduction to US 135–6 Larsen, Nella 160, 220, 436 Passing 220 Lasch, Christopher 291 Lasky, Melvin 283 Lathrop, Julia 198 Latin America, migrations from 25–6, 35, 62 Latinos see Hispanics Laura (1944) 381 Laviera, Tato 466 482 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index The Lawless (1949) 401 Lawrence, D.H., Women in Love 322, 330 Lawrence, Jacob 158, 161, 371 le Carre´, John 275 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold 270–1 treatment of communism 270–1 Leadbelly (Huddie Leadbetter) 363, 403 League of Nations 248, 432 Lear, Norman 405 The Learning Tree (1969) 384 Lederer, William J., and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American 269–70, 297 Lee, Don L 167 Lee, Harper 439 Left Behind series 21–2, 121 left-wing politics, and regionalism 56–7 see also liberalism legal system, Hispanic influence on 138–9 legislation see immigration; repressive measures; names of specific enactments Leguizamo, John 427 Lehman, Ernest 268 Lemlich, Clara 197 Lenoir, J.B 368, 369 Leo XIII, Pope 103 Lerner, Max, America as a Civilization 12–13 lesbians fictional treatments 223–4 “love murder narratives” 218 role in women’s movement 206–7, 227–8 see also gays; queer culture Levertov, Denise 458 Levine, Lawrence 167 Levine, Philip 462 Levitt, Saul 419 Levitt, William J 37 Lewis, Furry 362 Lewis, George 365 Lewis, Jerry Lee 368 Lewis, John (jazz pianist) 366 Lewis, John (student leader) 174 Lewis, Meade Lux 364 Lewis, Sinclair 10 Elmer Gantry 320 Li-Young Lee 466 liberalism 7, 51, 319 decline/mistrust 41–2, 43 and religion 124–5, 128–9 liberation movements, spread of 304–5 see also names of races/movements Liebling, A.J 262 Lifar, Serge 287–8 Life Is Worth Living (TV) 105 Lincoln, Abraham 55, 163, 164–5 Lincoln, C Eric 168–9 Lind, Michael 48 Lindbergh, Charles 443 “linguistic turn” 466 Lippman, Horst 369 Lipset, Seymour Martin 266 literature battles with censorship 325–6 ethnic 61 links with espionage 275–6 1950s 271–2, 279–80 nineteenth-century 1–2, 54 pulp 392–3 see also African Americans; Asian Americans; Cold War; regionalism; religion; Southern States; Yiddish Little Big Man (1970) 304, 386 Little Richard (Penniman) 368, 403–4 Little Walter (Jacobs) 368, 369 Litwack, Leon 167 Liveright, Horace 322, 324 Livingston, Jennie 227 Lizarras, J.M 182 Locke, Alain LeRoy 154–5, 158, 160, 161, 220, 371, 456 Locke, John 15 Lodge, Henry Cabot 36–7 Lofton, “Cripple” Clarence 362, 367 Lomax, John A./Alan 344, 363 London, Jack 432 Lo´pez, Al 142 Lo´pez, Jennifer 148, 149 Lo´pez, Nancy 142 Lorca, Federico Garcia 461 Lorde, Audre 228 Zami: a New Spelling of My Name 222–3 Lorenzo, Frank A 143 Los Angeles Uprisings (1992) 187–8, 407 Lott, Trent 47 Louis, Adrian C 444 Louis, Joe 158 Lovestone, Jay 277, 287 Loving v Virginia (1967) 165 Lowe, Lisa 184 Lowell, Amy 452 Lowell, Robert 272, 279, 286, 457–8 Loy, Mina 452 LP records 336 Lucas, George 386–7, 388–9 483 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Luce, Henry 22, 33, 106 Ludlum, Charles 427 Lugosi, Bela 398 Lundgren, Dan 92 Luxemburg, Rosa 409 Lyles, A.L 358 lynchings 156–7, 218–19 Lynn, Kenneth 326 Mabie, Hamilton Wright 325 Mac Low, Jackson 462 Macdonald, Dwight 279, 291 Machado, Eduardo 427 Mackay, Percy 412 MacKaye, Benton 56 Mackaye, Steele 413 Mackenzie, Compton 275 Mackey, Nathaniel 443 MacLeish, Archibald 59 Mad magazine 403 Madeleine 322, 329 Madhubuti, Haki see Lee, Don L Madison, James 114 The Magnificent Seven (1960) 465 Mailer, Norman 295, 296, 307, 438, 442 Harlot’s Ghost 275–6 The Naked and the Dead 438 Major, Clarence 443, 445 Malamud, Bernard 61, 439 Malcolm X 63, 111, 166, 306 Malden, Karl 265 The Maltese Falcon (1941) 384 Mamet, David 15, 424–5 Mankiewicz, Joseph L 269 Mann Act (1913) 323 Mansfield, Richard 411 Manso, Alonso, Bishop 136 Manson, Charles 312 Mapplethorpe, Robert 327 maps, links with storytelling 430, 447 Marcel, Gabriel 439 Markham, Edwin 457 Marlowe, Christopher 13 Marlowe, Julia 411 marriage, age/frequency of 194 Marshall, Paule 438, 440, 443 Marshall, Thurgood 163 Marshall Plan 248 Martin, Ricky 148 Martı´nez, Arthur C 143 Marty (TV; cinema, 1955) 403 Marx, Groucho 258 Marx, Leo 8–9 Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (TV) 405 Masaoka, Mike 180–1 M*A*S*H (TV) 405 masks, wearing in theatre 415 Mason, Bobbie Ann 442 Mason, Charlotte Osgood 159 Mason, James 267 mass culture, hostility to 56–7 Masters, Edgar Lee 457 material value, importance in US ideology 334 Mathews, John Joseph 440 Mattachine Society 223 Matthews, Artie 358 Matthiessen, F.O 9, 57 Matusow, Harvey 263–4 Maude (TV) 405 Maugham, W Somerset 275 Maupin, Armistead, Tales of the City 226 Mayer, Bernadette 461 mayors black 36 Hispanic 13–14 The MC5 404 MC, transference of role 340 McAlpin, Harry 157 McCaffrey, Steve 463 McCain, John, Senator 216 McCarey, Leo 261–2 McCarthy, Eugene, Senator 307 McCarthy, Joseph, Senator 105, 223, 257, 287 McCarthy, Mary 279, 442 McCloy, John J 38 McClure, Michael 459, 460 McCullers, Carson 221, 439 McDowell, Mississippi Fred 363 McElroy, Joseph 445 McGhee, Brownie 369 McGovern, George 312 McInerney, Jay 442 McKay, Claude 159, 161, 220, 436, 456–7 McKinley, William 235–6, 237 McLean, Don 406 McLish, Rachel Elizondo 142 McLuhan, Marshall 309 McMillian, Terry 443 McMurtry, Larry 442 McNamara, Robert S 303, 307 McNickle, D’Arcy 440 McPherson, “Sister” Aimee Semple 102 McTell, Blind Willie 361, 365 McVeigh, Timothy 21 484 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index media monopolization 408–9 wartime control 239–40, 244–5 women-oriented 204 Meet John Doe (1941) 399 Melnick, David 463 “melting pot,” America as 333 “triple” 106–7, 109, 118 Melville, Herman 317 Moby Dick 1–2 Memphis Minnie 365 Mencken, H.L 321, 323 Mende´z, Jose´ 141 Merrill, James 458 Merriweather, Big Maceo 362, 365 Merwin, W.S 458, 462 Mexico/Mexicans cinematic representations 465 conflicts with US 13, 67, 138, 237 legal system 138 migrations 13, 79, 83, 117 policing of border 90 role in labor movement 203 (see also JMLA) Meyer, Cord 276 microphone, development/influence of 335–6, 347 Microsoft 12 Midnight Cowboy (1969) 405 Mielziner, Jo 418–19 migrations, internal 240–1, 244 see also African Americans Mildred Pierce (1945) 380 Miles, Lizzie 367 Milhaud, Darius 371 military see armed forces; defense military-industrial complex 37, 46–7, 249 Milk, Harvey 224, 228, 229 Millay, Edna St Vincent 412, 414, 452, 457 millennium see also twenty-first century millennium, religious theories of 100–1, 105 Millennium March (2000) 231 Miller, Arthur 20, 61, 263, 265, 418, 419, 422–3, 425 Death of a Salesman 12, 419 Miller, F.E 358 Miller, Glenn 364 Miller, Perry 57 Miller v California (1973) 328 Millett, Kate, Sexual Politics 206 Mills, C Wright, The Power Elite 440 Mindzenty, Josef, Cardinal 105 minimalism 351 minimum wage, introduction of 146 Minor, Robert 321 Min˜oso, Orestes “Minnie” 141 minstrel shows 357, 392 Mistral, Gabriela 215 Mitchell, Alice 218 Mitchell, Langdon 412, 413 Mitchum, Robert 401 modernism 8, 58, 351 characteristics 454–5 in literature 433–6, 450–5 in music 352 in theatre 413–16 modernity defined 7–8 equated with Americanism 7–8, 12–13 Molina, Mario 143 Momaday, N Scott 444 Mondale, Walter 83, 208–9 Monk, Thelonious 366 Monroe, Marilyn 9, 422 Montgomery, Little Brother 362 Moody, William Vaughn 412, 457 Moon, William Least-Heat 444 moon landing (1969) 311 Moore, Marianne 452 Moore, Stanley 262 Mora, Pat 466 Moraga, Cherrı´e 228, 443 “moral values,” as election platform 69, 315–16 Moreno, Luisa 146–7 Morgan, Claire, The Price of Salt 223 Morgan, Helen 347 Morgan, J Pierpoint 314, 319 Morgan, Sam 359, 362 Mori, Kyoko 443 Mori, Toshi 443 Mork and Mindy (TV) 406 Morley, Hilda 458 Morrison, Toni 17, 157, 371, 426, 438, 443, 445 Beloved 168, 445–6 Morton, Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” 359, 362, 363 Moscone, George 229 Moses, Anna Mary Robertson “Grandma” 59 Mosley, Walter 443 Motley, Archibald 371 Mourning Dove (Christine Quintasket/ Humishuma) 440 485 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Moyers, Bill 125, 126 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 42 Mr Magic 370 Muggeridge, Malcolm 275 Muhammad, Elijah 111 Muhammad Ali 306 Mukerjee, Bharati 443 Muller v Oregon (1908) 197–8 multiculturalism 93–4, 131–2 Mumford, Lewis 56, 57, 58, 316–17 Muni, Paul 398–9 Murdoch, Rupert 18, 44, 390, 409 Murphy, Audie 269 Murray, John Courtney 107 Murray, Pauli 204, 206 music 403–4 acquisition of understanding 343–4 adaptations to new environments 339, 342 affinity with American ideology 337, 342, 344, 351–2 attacked/defended on moral grounds 343 “aura” 348 background 339 CIA patronage 282–5 composition 348–51 critical assessment 346 “demonic” aspect 342 employment in 340 generic/technological evolution 338–42 German/Jewish 394–5 innovations 340 as marker of identity 338 marketplace testing 334 moral value 342 1960s developments 309–10 1970s developments 406–7 protest 345 roles in production of 337 sacred (merging with secular) 345–6, 356 societies 345 study of 344–5 styles 337, 343 see also African American music; technology; names of styles, e.g country; names of technologies, e.g tape Muslims 26, 109–10, 116–17, 123 My Lai massacre 311 Myrdal, Gunnar, An American Dilemma 60–1, 164, 165 criticisms 165–6 Nabokov, Nicolas 282, 283–4 Nabokov, Vladimir 439 Lolita 271 Nadell, Martha 161 Nakanishi, Dan T 174 Nation of Islam 306, 111 National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) 199–200 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 155, 156 National Endowment of the Humanities (NEH) 62–3 national identity, American aspects of 333–4 contradictoriness 9–12, 26 difficulty of definition 1–3, illusory/abstract nature 16, 54–5 myths of 29–30, 337 (outsiders’) analyses 6–7, 9, 60 (perceived) threats to 13–14, 24–6, 149–50 see also religion National Organization for Women (NOW) 206–7 National Origins Acts (1921–4) 178, 241 National Security Act (1947) 248 National Security Council 37 National Security Strategy 251 nationalism, cultural 186–7 Nationalization Act (1790) 177–8 native peoples 30–1, 109, 196, 311 literature 440, 444, 464–5 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 248–9 Naylor, Gloria 443 Nazi regime 81–2 Neale, Steve 383 “Negro Renaissance” see Harlem Renaissance neoconservatives see wing right Neo-Evangelicalism 119–21 criticisms of 120–1 neoconservatism see Asian Americans; right wing Ness, Eliot 97 New Deal 56, 81, 103, 242–3, 301 New Left 174–5, 306 New York City 4, 28–9 architecture 314 conflict between disparate elements 316, 323–4, 327–8 conservative attitudes 315–16 486 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index as cultural centre 61, 314, 315 (see also American Committee for Cultural Freedom) 42nd Street 327 immigrant population/areas 78, 108 power/nationwide influence 314–15, 318, 319 New York School (of poetry) 460–1 New York Society for the Suppression of Vice 319–22, 323–4, 326 Newcomer, Mabel 212–13 Newdow, Michael 113 Newman, Barnet 286 Newton, Huey 305 Ngo Dinh Diem 298, 299 Nichols, Charles H 163 Niebuhr, Reinhold 102–3, 257 The Irony of American History 106 Niedecker, Lorine 452 Niles, Blair 221 1984 (1956) 261 nineteenth century see literature Nix, Reverend 362 Nixon, Richard M 39, 50, 89, 106, 266, 312 policy on Vietnam 310–11 Norma Rae (1979) 405 Norris, Frank 432 North American Free Trade Act (1993) 91 North By North-West (1959) 267–8, 377 Nugent, Bruce 220, 221 Nunez, Elizabeth 443 Nunn, William G 164 Oates, Joyce Carol 442 Obadike, Keith Townsend 171 Obama, Barack 169 Obejas, Achy 443 Objectivist poetry 452–3, 454 influence on later movements 458 O’Brien, Michael 70 O’Brien, Tim 441 Ochoa, Severo 143 O’Connor, Flannery 439, 444 Odets, Clifford, Waiting for Lefty 417 Odum, Howard 56, 360 Off-Broadway 420–2 Off-Off-Broadway 423, 424, 425–7 Office of War Information 244–5 O’Hara, Frank 460 Okada, John 191, 443 No-No Boy 176–7, 181 O’Keefe, Georgia 277 Okinoto, Daniel 186 Olds, Ransom E 45 Olds, Sharon 462 Oliver, Joe “King” 359, 362 Oliver! (1968) 381 Olson, Charles 15, 454, 458–9, 460 Oms, Alejandro 141 On the Waterfront (1954) 265–6 O’Neill, Eugene 412, 413, 414–16, 417–18, 420 The Iceman Cometh 12 Mourning Becomes Electra 415–16 O’Neill, James, Monte Cristo 411 Oppen, George 452 opportunity see freedom Orch, Lucky Millinder 367 Ortiz, Simon 444, 464 Orwell, George 261 Ory, Kid 359, 365 Oskison, John Milton 440 Oswald, Lee Harvey 299–300 Our Miss Brooks (radio) 400 Ovid (P Ovidius Naso), Metamorphoses 323 Owens, Louis 444 Oxnard Brothers 181–2 Ozawa, Takao 178–9, 183 Ozeki, Ruth 443 Ozzie and Harriet (TV) 440 Padgett, Ron 461 Pal, George 388 Palmer, Mitchell, Att.-Gen 97 Pantı´n, Yglesias 145 Papp, Joseph 427 Paramount Case (1938) 376–7, 389 Paris Is Burning (1991) 227 Parker, Charlie 364, 366 Parks, Gordon (Sr./Jr.) 384, 443 Parks, Rosa 164, 204–5, 439–40 Parks, Suzan-Lori 170, 427 Parmar, Pratibha 230 Parrington, Vernon Lewis, Main Currents in American Thought 57 Parsons, Lucy Gonza´lez 144 Passenger Cases (1949) 75 Patriot Act (2002) 188, 251 patriotism, American style of 19, 23–4, 27, 263 Patterson, Orlando 153 Patton, Charley 361 Paul, Alice 199 Paul, Les 347 Pearson, Norman Holmes 275 487 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Peck, M Scott 122 pensions 198–9 Pentecostalism 101–2 Percy, Walker 439 Perelman, Bob 462 Perkins, Frances 201 Perkins, Maxwell 326 Perle, Richard 42 Personal Responsibility and Opportunities at Work Reconciliation Act (1996) 208 Petry, Ann 440, 443 Philippines 236 Phillips, Stephen 412 Phillips, Washington 362 Picou, Alphonse 359 Pietri, Pedro 466 Pin˜ero, Miguel 149 Pinsky, Robert 462 Planet of the Apes (1968) 407 Plath, Sylvia 272, 442, 458 Plessy v Ferguson (1896) 154 The Plow that Broke the Plains (1936) 399 Podhoretz, Norman 42 Poe, Edgar Allan 433 poetry ethical/political elements 453–4, 457 ethnic 459 formal study 453–4 see also names of movements, ethnic groups etc Polish immigrants 79, 197 Pollock, Jackson 59, 280, 281, 286 Polo, Marco 414–15 Ponce de Leo´n, Juan 135–6, 414–15 Pooler, John C., Detective 322 popular culture, sources (old/new) 392–5 population distribution 35–6 numbers 6–7, 34 weight 7, 408 pornography 9–10 Porter, Katherine Ann 58 postmodernism 26 in literature 444–6 in music 340, 351 Potter, David M., People of Plenty 35 Pound, Ezra 275, 276, 450–1, 453, 454, 457 poverty 10–11 Powell, Adam Clayton 110 Powell, Colin 48, 169 Power, Susan 444 Prasad, Vijay 189–90 presidency, (discretionary) powers 86, 237, 238, 241, 249 presidential elections 17, 26–8, 69, 92, 99, 257, 307–8 voting patterns 126 Presley, Elvis 347, 368 Preston, John, Mr Benson 226 Previn, Andre´ 261 prison 11 Progressive era (1900–17) 195–200 Prohibition 96–7, 240, 323 “Project for the New American Century” 22–3 “Prop 187” 91–2 Protestantism 24–5, 75, 97, 111 decline in numbers/influence 115 internal divisions 99–103, 115–16 music 345–6 Prothero, Stephen 130 Provincetown Players 412 Psycho (1960) 377, 379 public parks, as social areas 395 Pulp Fiction (1994) 445 Pynchon, Thomas 445 queer culture activism 225–8, 229–32 classical tradition 219 internal divisions 231–2 marginalization 215, 216, 221 moves to suppress 228–9, 230 moves toward self-expression 222–4 normalization 216, 230–2 origins/development 216 performers 224–5 The Quiet American (1958) 269 Quinn, John 329–30 Quintero, Jose´ 420 race composition of US 13–14, 27 cooling of views on 68–9 divisions 17 and group identity 61–2 identity across 182–3 (inner city) tensions 36, 79–80 legal equality 40–1, 48 and regionalism 60–1 representations in popular culture 400, 407 riots 240–1, 245, 305 solidarity across 181–2 as source of unity 55 see also segregation; names of races 488 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index race relations 245 studies of 164 Racine, Jean 411 racism, defined 191 Radical Right see wing right radio 341, 399–400, 401 Radway, Janice 8, 9, 62, 63, 65 ragtime 357–8 Rainey, Gertrude “Ma” 221, 360 Rakosi, Carl 452 Ramsey, Frederick, Jr 363, 365 Randall, Dudley 167 Randolph, A Philip 163 Ransom, John Crowe 276, 452 Rau, Fritz 369 Rauschenberg, Robert 59 Rauschenbusch, Walter 102 Reagan, Nancy (Davis) 260 Reagan, Ronald 10, 19, 24, 41, 50, 89, 122, 123, 128, 207, 257, 260–1, 312, 407–8 realism (in drama) 412–13, 416, 417–18 Rebel Without a Cause (1955) 403 “Rebuilding America’s Defenses” 23 Rechy, John 439 recording industry 341–2 “red/blue” division 69–70 Reed, Ishmael 168, 170, 385, 443, 445 Reed, John Shelton 65 refugees, US policy toward 81–3, 84–5, 88–9 regionalism 53–4 artistic/literary 57, 68 decline 59–60 ideology of 55–7 politics of 68–70 post-1960s developments 62–8 reactionary qualities 67 studies 62–3 Reich, Steve 351 reincarnation, belief in 122 Reinhardt, Ad 286 Reinhardt, Max 412 Reiss, Winold 160 religion civil 127–32 comparative, study of 125–6 diversity 21–2, 116–17, 118 Internet 122–3 legislation relating to 127 literature of 121–2 media coverage 125 mixing of codes 122 new movements 121 non-affiliated sector 116 principle of tolerance public vs personal 118–19 relationship with politics 48, 123–5, 126, 129–30 role in American identity 9–10, 20–2, 24, 113–14, 129–30 role in public life 113, 114–15 separation from state 114 see also Bible; World’s Parliament of Religions; names of faiths/ organisations repression climate of 256–9, 409 cultural 259–66 legislation enforcing 10, 20 popular support for 260 reaction against 266–7 Republican Party 40 religious leanings 126 Revoyr, Nina 443 Rexroth, Kenneth 459 Reznikoff, Charles 452 Rhapsody in Blue (1945) 397 Rice, Condoleezza 48, 169 Rice, D.C., Rev 357 Rice, Elmer, The Adding Machine 416 Rich, Adrienne 458 Richards, Lloyd 426 Richardson, David 167 Ridge, John Rollins 440 Ridge, Lola 457 Riding, Laura 452 Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd 440 Riggs, Marlon 227 right-wing politics/politicians adoption of religious rhetoric 113, 123–5, 128 extreme 41–4, 47–8 shift of public opinion towards 175, 328 riots see race; names of incidents The River (1938) 399 Rivera, Tomas 440 Rivero, Dennis 148 Riverside, Iowa Roach, Max 366 Robbins, Jerome 258 Robertson, Pat 113–14 Robeson, Paul 363, 403 Robichaux, Joseph 362 Robinson, Bill “Bojangles” 358 Robinson, Jackie 141 489 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Robinson, Jo Ann 205 Robinson, Lennox 412 Robinson, Mary 442 Rochemont, Louis de 261 Rockefeller, Nelson 280–1, 284, 292 rock and roll 347, 368 Rockwell, Norman 59, 280 Rocky (1973) 388 Rodgers, Jimmie 361 Rodriguez, Abraham 443 Rodriguez, Richard 68, 443 Roe v Wade (1973) 127, 207 Roethke, Theodore 457 Rogers, J.A., The World’s Greatest Men and Women of African Descent 157–8 The Rolling Stones 309–10, 312, 404 Romanticism 54 Romer v Evans (1996) 228 Roosevelt, Eleanor 201, 205 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 33, 50, 81–4, 103, 108–9, 126, 164, 201, 203, 242, 246, 246, 301 Roosevelt, Theodore 156, 157, 237, 315 Roots (TV) 168, 407 Rose, Wendy 464 Rosenberg, Harold 280, 409–10 Rosenberg, Julius/Ethel 258 Rosie the Riveter 202, 401 Ross, Diana 370 Ross, Katharine 383 Rosskam, Edwin 161 Rostand, Edmond 411 Roth, Philip 61, 68, 442–3 The War Against America 443 Rothenberg, Jerome 453, 454–5, 461, 464 Rothko, Mark 281, 286 Roussel, Raymond 460 Ruby, Jack 299–300 Rule, Jane, Desert of the Heart 223 Rumsfeld, Donald 20, 22 rural areas and regionalism 55–6 role in American mythos 29–30 Rushing, Jimmy 364 Russell, Bill 365 Ryan, John A., Monsignor 103 Ryan, Robert 401 Ryder, Albert Pinkham 328 Saddleback Community Church 119–20, 121 Safer, Morley 303 Sahara (1943) 399, 401 Saint, Eva Marie 265, 268 Salinger, J.D 439 The Catcher in the Rye 271 sampling 341, 343 Sandburg, Carl 457 Sandoz, Marie 56 The Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) 304 Sanger, Margaret 200, 321 Sarria, Jose´ 224–5 Sarris, Greg 444 Sartre, Jean-Paul 85, 262, 439 Saunders, Frances Stonor 278–9, 282, 283, 284, 286, 292 Scalapino, Leslie 463 Schapiro, Meyer 289 Schatz, Tom 381 Scherer, Gordon H 258 Schindler’s List (1993) 388 Schmeling, Max 158 Schneider, William 46 schools establishment of 136 mandatory attendance 196 see also education Schulberg, Budd 265–6 Schuyler, George 160, 161, 169, 170, 436 Schuyler, James 460 Schwartz, Delmore 59, 457 science 142–3 Scopes, John 101 Scott, James 358 Scott-Smith, Giles 291 The Searchers (1956) 272, 386–7 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 217, 219 Seeger family 344 segregation 39, 154, 204 cultural impact 356–7 gendered, in employment 208 in sport 141 termination 41, 439 Selby, Hubert 439 Select Committee on Immigration and Refugee Policy (SCIRP) 89–90 Seltzer, Thomas 322 “Sensation” (exhibition) 315 September 11 attacks 3–5, 69, 93, 216, 250, 446 domestic response 5, 113–14, 130, 188, 251 literary reflections of 446–7 political/global consequences 5–6 (see also Iraq war) Serlin, David 224 Seventh Day Adventists 21 490 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index seventies, popular culture 405–7 Sex and the City (TV) 390 sex equality, legislation enforcing 205–6, 207 Sexton, Anne 458 Seymour, Charles 262 Shaft (1971) 384 Shakespeare, William 411 Shange, Ntozake 426, 443 Shapiro, Karl 438, 457 Shaw, Artie 364 Shaw, George Bernard 411, 413 Sheen, Fulton J., Bishop 105 Sheldon, Edward 411, 413 Shepard, Sam 424 Shepp, Archie 366 Sherwood, Robert 417 Shines, Johnny 369 Short Cuts (1993) 445 Shostakovich, Dmitri 282–3 Sikhs 116–17, 188 Silko, Leslie Marmon 444 Silkwood (1983) 405 Silliman, Ron 445, 462–3, 464 Silver, Horace 366 Simon and Garfunkel 384 Simpson, Louis 462 Simpson, O.J 17, 407 Sinclair, Upton 432 The Jungle 431 Oil 320 Singer, Isaac Bashevis 439 Singh, Robert 17 single court, legal system based on 138 single parents 194–5 Siquieros, David Alfaro 280 Sissle, Noble 358 sixties culture 266–7 see also counterculture slavery 52, 53 idealized depiction 153–4 and immigration 75–6 impact on survivors/descendants 153–4, 162 role in development of black culture 355–6 scholarship 167–8 Smethurst, James Edward 167 Smith, Al 99 Smith, Bessie 158, 221, 347, 360, 368 Smith, Clara 360 Smith, Clarence “Pine Top” 362 Smith, Henry Nash Virgin Land 60 Smith, Howard W 205 Smith, Jon 66–7 Smith, Lillian 436 Smith, Mamie 362 Smith, Walter Bedell 284 Smith, “Whispering” Jack 347 Smith, Willie “The Lion” 358 Smits, Jimmy 149 Snodgrass, W.D 458 Snyder, Gary 459, 460 Snyder, Ruth 416 Social Gospel 102 social melodrama 416–17 Social Security Act (1935) 201–2 sojourners 73 Soldier Blue (1970) 304 Some Like It Hot (1959) 272 Song, Cathy 466 The Sopranos (TV) 390 Sorrento, Gilbert 445 Sothern, E.H 411 Soto, Gary 466 The Sound of Music (1965) 381 sound technology 332–3, 335–8 impact on composition 350–1 impact on performance styles 346–8, 351 southern states 39–40 art /literature 57–8 as ethnic region 65 political/cultural dominance 47–8, 63–5, 70 political outlook 126, 157 redefining of image 63 see also Sunbelt Soviet Union art 280 cinema 272 collapse (1989) 250 relations with US 105 see also Cold War Spain legal system, influence on American 138–9 war with US (1898) 55, 235–6 Spand, Charlie 367 The Spanish Earth (1935) 399 Sparkman, John, Congressman 181 Spartacus (1960) 271 Special Forces 297–8 Speckled Red (Perryman) 361 Spellman, Francis, Cardinal 105 Spender, Stephen 275–6, 288 491 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Spider-Man (2002) 388 Spielberg, Steven 386, 387, 388 Spingarn, Stephen 263 Spirituals 356 Spooky, D.J 170 sport 141–2, 158, 407 Springsteen, Bruce 3, 406, 409 Stalin, Joseph 37, 85, 272 Stalinism 256 standardization 10 cultural 59 Star Trek (TV) 1, 378 Star Wars (1977, and sequels) 386–7, 388–9, 407 Stavis, Barrie 419 Steffens, Lincoln 321 Stein, Gertrude 15, 283, 332, 333, 452 Stein, Marc 222 Stein, Sol 261 Steinbeck, John 433 Sterling, Dorothy 163 Stevens, Wallace 272, 412, 450, 451 Stewart, James 398–9 Stewart, Milton/Lyman 100 Stieglitz, Alfred 412 Still, William Grant 354 Stimson, Henry 38, 243 Stoddard, Charles Warren, The Lepers of Molokai 219 Stokes, Frank 360, 361 Stone, I.F 271 Stone, Robert 442 Stonewall Riots (1969) 206, 225, 311 Story of a Three Day Pass (1968) 385 The Story of G.I Joe (1945) 401 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 411 Straight, Susan 442 Strait-Jacket (1964) 380 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) 401 Stravinsky, Igor 282–3, 371 student activists 206, 306, 307 killings of 312 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 174, 266 studios (film) changes/weakenings 376–7, 381–2 domination of industry 375–6 horizontal/vertical integration 389–90 Styron, William 439 suburbia 36, 46, 66, 106 Sui Sin Far see Eaton, Edith suicide rates 11 Sukenick, Ronald 445 Sullivan, Ed 258 Summer, Donna 226 Sumner, John 321–2, 323–4, 326, 329 “Sunbelt” 64 contribution to political life 64 Sunday, Billy 100 Sunset Boulevard (1950) 271 Superfly (1972) 384 superiority, American belief in 18–20, 23, 50, 127–8 undermining of 303–4 Supreme Court 127, 197–8 Sutherland, George, Justice 179–80 Sweatman, Wilber 364 Sweeney, James Johnson 281 Sweet Sweetback’s Baaadasss Song (1971) 385 Sykes, Roosevelt 362 Sylvester 226 symbols, literary/cultural use of 1, 2–3 Symonds, John Addington 219 Synge, J.M 412 synthesizers 350 Taft, Wiliam Howard 236 Taggard, Genevieve 457 Taggart, Blind Joel 357 Talley, Thomas 360 Tampa Red 365 Tan, Amy 443 tape, use in sound recording 336 Tate, Allen 452 Tate, Sharon 312 taxation 241 Taxi Driver (1976) 405 Taylor, Arthur 368 Taylor, William 60 technology, developments in 136–8 military 247 see also sound technology; names of specific technologies televangelists 121 television 43–4, 299–300, 402–3, 405, 440 influence on cinema 377–8 and Kennedy presidency 295, 296 and Vietnam War 302–4 Tenayuca, Emma 146 Terry, Ellen 411 Terry, Megan 425–6 Terry, Sonny 369 Texas 92 as republic 138–9 492 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index textile industries 197–8 Tharpe, Rosetta 368 theatre “American style” 418–20 (lack of) American writing for 411–13 as mass medium 411 political 417, 419, 425, 426–7 regional 423 Thind, Bhagat Singh 179–80, 183 Thomas, Augustus 411 As a Man Thinks 413 Thomas, Clarence, Judge 169 Thomas, Henry 360 Thomas, Hersal 362 Thomas, Norman 263 Thomas, Piri 443 Thompson, Karen 230 Thompson, Linda Cha´vez 148 Thomson, Virgil 283 Thoreau, Henry David 1, 451 Thurman, Strom, Senator 17 Thurman, Wallace 220, 221, 436 Tickle, Phyllis 122 Tillich, Paul 106 Tindall, George 65 Tio brothers 359 Titanic (1997) 388 Tocqueville, Alexis de 6–7, 10, 16, 19, 23–4, 29, 60, 115, 257 Tomso, Gregory 219, 220 Tongues Untied (1989) 227 Toomer, Jean 159, 161, 162, 436, 456 torture, acceptability of 188 Tran Van Dinh 443 transcendentalism 54 transport, means of 137–8 see also automobiles; “bicycle craze” Treadwell, Sophie 416 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) 271 Treuer, David 444 Trevin˜o, Lee 142 Triangle Shirtwaist Company 198 Trilling, Lionel 43, 51, 323 Troncoso, Sergio 443 Trujillo, Carla 443 Truman, Harry S 84–3, 85, 87, 203, 248, 263, 277, 281, 298, 438, 439 Trumbo, Dalton 260, 271 Truvillon, Henri 363 Tsang, Dan 184 Turchi, Peter 430 Turner, Frederick Jackson 54, 60 Turner, Joe 364, 367 Turner, Ted 44 Twain, Mark 431 twenties culture 37, 200, 396–7 twentieth century, historical divisions 50 see also “American Century”; United States twenty-first century, opening of US economy 47 US global pre-eminence 22–3 24 (TV) 2001: a Space Odyssey (1968) 381, 388 Tyler, John 75 “tyranny of the majority” 10, 257, 266 Unanue, Joseph A 144 unions 45–6, 145–8, 181–2, 238–9 membership 243–4 women’s 197–8, 205 United Farm Workers (UFW) 147–8 United Nations 441 United States expansionism 235–7 federal structure 53 foreign attitudes to 259–60, 446 foreign policy/relations 38, 42–3, 441 formation (1776) as global leader 18, 22–3, 27, 127–8 as global menace 19 global power/influence 247–8, 251–2, 255, 352 membership of international organizations 248, 441 military might 23 national identity see separate main heading responsibilities 128–9 twentieth-century history 34 unity (national) absence of proclaimed 3, 27 universities and the blacklist 262 creative writing at 427–8 see also education; students Updike, John 27, 30, 68, 272, 439 Villages 15–16 Valdez, Luis 149, 427 Valens, Richie 404 Van Peebles, Melvin 167, 385 Van Rensselaer manor 52 Van Ronk, Dave 344 493 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Van Vechten, Carl 159, 221, 436 Nigger Heaven 320 Van Volkenburg, Ellen 412 Vance, Rupert 59–60 Vanderbilt Agrarians 56, 58 Vasquez, Richard 443 Vertigo (1958) 377 Vidal, Gore 439 The City and the Pillar 221 Viet Dinh 188 Vietnam, immigrants from 188 “Vietnam Syndrome” 409 Vietnam War 38–9 African American attitudes to 305–6 combatants’ responses 190–1, 302 fictional treatments 441 (see also cinema) impact on popular culture 406 origins 298–9, 300 public opposition to 175, 302–4, 305, 306–9, 404, 441 termination 312 Tet offensive 303, 304, 307 US soldiers’ excesses 303, 311 US strategy 300–2, 303–4, 310–11 Viguerie, Richard 43 Village People 226 villages 30 Villaraigosa, Antonio 13 Villarreal, Antonio 440 Villasen˜or, Victor 149 Vinson, Fred, Chief Justice 258 Viramontes, Helena Maria 443 Vizenor, Gerald 444 Vonnegut, Kurt 439, 445 Waco ambush 21 wages, levels /ideology 196–7, 202, 208 Wagner Act (1935) 243 Wakowski, Diane 461 Waldman, Anne 461 A Walk in the Sun (1946) 401 Walker, Aaron “T-Bone” 367 Walker, Alice 438, 443 The Color Purple 444 Walker, “Gentleman Jimmy,” Senator 324 Walker, George 358 Walker, Kara 170 Walker, Madame C.J 157 Walker, Maggie 157 Wallace, George C 266, 310 Waller, Thomas “Fats” 358 war, benefit to US from 36–7, 235, 251–2 see also names of specific conflicts “War on Poverty” see Johnson, Lyndon: social policy War Risk Insurance Act (1917) 240 Ward, Clara 368 Ward, Diane 463 Ward, Douglas Turner 169 Ward, Freda 218 Ward, Jay 402 Ward, J.Q.A 317–18 Warren, Earl, Chief Justice 164, 300 Warren, Rick 119–20 The Purpose Driven Lifestyle 21 Warren, Robert Penn 58, 439, 452 Washboard Sam 365 Washington, Booker T 153, 154–5, 157 Washington, Dinah 364 Washington, George 75 Wat, Eric 184 Watermelon Man (1970) 385 Waters, Ethel 358 Waters, Muddy (McKinley Morganfield) 363, 367, 400 Watson, James 143 Watten, Barrett 462–3, 464 Watters, Lu 365 Watts, Isaac, Dr 356 Wayne, John 304 Weaver, Robert 157 The Weavers 345, 403 Webb, Chick 364 Webster v Reproductive Services (1989) 207 Weill, Kurt 371 Welch, James 444, 464 welfare discriminatory nature 201 dismantling of system 122 implementation of policies 187 see also immigrants; Johnson, Lyndon: social policy Wellens, Ian 284 Wells, H.G 316 Wells, Mary 370 Wells(-Barnett), Ida B 199, 436 Welsh, Lew 459 Welty, Eudora 58, 439 Wenders, Wim 124–5 Wesley, John/Charles 101, 356 The West Wing (TV) western states, studies of 66 Whalen, Philip 459 Wharton, Edith 431 Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) 380 494 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index White, Bukka 365 White, Clarence Cameron 354 White, Dan 229 White, Edmund, The Beautiful Room Is Empty 225 White, Georgia 365 White, Josh 357, 369 White, Walter 436 Whiteman, Paul 362, 396 Whitman, Walt 3, 219, 433, 450, 456, 459 Whitney, John Hay 280–1, 286 Whodini 370 Whyte, William H 66 The Organization Man 440 Wideman, John Edgar 443 Wieners, John 458 Wilbur, Richard 458 The Wild Bunch (1968) 386 The Wild One (1954) 403 Wilder, Douglas 157 Wilkins, Ray 164 Will, George F 43 Williams, Bert 358, 396 Williams, Big Joe 365, 367 Williams, C.K 462 Williams, Clarence 362 Williams, Hank 400 Williams, Raymond 184 Williams, Robert Pete 371 Williams, Robin 406 Williams, Samm-Art 425 Williams, Shirley Anne 443 Williams, Tennessee 221, 418–19, 420, 422 The Glass Menagerie 418 Williams, Venus/Serena 407 Williams, William Appleman, Prof 267 Williams, William Carlos 450, 451, 452, 454, 457, 459 In the American Grain 57 Williamson, John Lee “Sonny Boy” I 365 Williamson, “Sonny Boy” II (Aleck “Rice” Miller) 369 Wilson, August 17, 425, 426, 443 Wilson, Charles Reagan 62 Wilson, Edmund 272 Memoirs of Hecate County 323 Wilson, Fred 170 Wilson, Lanford, Book of Days 29 Wilson, Robert 427 Wilson, Sloan, The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit 440 Wilson, Woodrow 36–7, 80, 199, 237, 238, 241, 248, 251, 432 Winfrey, Oprah 407 Winter, Gibson, The Suburban Captivity of the Churches 106 Wirth, Louis 60 Wise, Isaac Mayer 98, 108 Wisner, Frank 278, 284–5, 292 Witmark family 394 The Wizard of Oz (1939) 376, 387 Wolfe, Alan 114 The Transformation of American Religion 120–1 Wolfe, George C 427 Wolfe, Tom 442 The Bonfire of the Vanities 324 Wolff, Tobias 442 Wolfowitz, Paul 22 Woman of the Year (1942) 401 women armed service 202–3 changes in lifestyle 194–5 cinematic depictions/role 398 degree of autonomy 395 diversity of experience 195–6 and domesticity 194, 204 education 194, 196, 204, 212–13 employment 194, 196–8, 200–1, 202–4, 208, 240, 244, 440; opposition to 196–7 hostility toward 185–6, 203 involvement in (federal) government 201, 208–9 marginalization by race movements 184–5 (movements for) equality 48, 62 place in society 195 problems still facing 209 property rights 138–9 reproductive rights 125 role in social/political movements 97, 147, 148, 198–200, 204–7, 227–8 in sixties counterculture 311 social activities 194 special protection 197–8 voting rights 194, 195, 199–200, 240 writers 425–6, 437–8, 452 see also sex equality Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) 197 Wonder, Stevie 370 Wong, Jade Snow 186 Wong, Shawn Hsu 443 Wong Kim Ark v US (1898) 177 Wood, Grant 58 American Gothic 55–6, 58 495 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84132-0 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture Edited by Christopher Bigsby Index More information index Wood, Robin 388 Woods, A.H 322 Woods, “Tiger” 407 Woodson, Carter G 163 Woodstock (pop festival) 310 Woolsey, John M., Hon 326–7 Work, John 363 working classes, political affiliation 126 World Trade Center, attacks on see September 11 World War One 36–7 aftermath 240–1, 396, 432 domestic economy 238–9 law enforcement/vigilantism 239–40 US military involvement 237–8 World War Two 37, 104 aftermath 37, 50, 247–8, 401–3, 438–9 casualties 246–7 conduct of hostilities 242 debate over US entry 33 domestic conditions 81, 83–4, 147, 202–3, 245–6, 400–1 fictional treatments 438 (see also cinema) government social policy 246 industry 242–3 World’s Parliament of Religions (Chicago, 1893) 96, 97 Wouk, Herman, The Caine Mutiny 438 Wright, James 462 Wright, Richard 61, 160, 161, 371, 439, 440, 457 Native Son 162, 440–1 Wuthnow, Robert 124 Wylie, Philip 203 Yamamoto, Hisaye 180, 443 Yamanaka, Lois-Ann 443 Yancey, Estelle “Mama” 367 Yancey, Jimmy 362, 367 Yellow Submarine (1968) 261 Yep, Lawrence 443 Yiddish language/culture 393 literature 393–4 Yoo, John 188 Young, Lester 347, 364, 366 Young, Neil 404 youth culture see counterculture Zemeckis, Robert 387 Ziegfeld Follies 411 Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) 440 Zola, Emile 393 Zukofsky, Louis 452–3 496 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org ... works, the magic of science, the consciousness of the individual, the sense of the unity of history.13 So, the American is the very epitome of the modern, prepared, moreover, to risk his soul to. .. British and American literature and is also a novelist and broadcaster THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO MODERN AMERICAN CULTURE EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER BIGSBY cambridge university press Cambridge, New... Thus the great themes of the Renaissance and Reformation are fulfilled in the American as the archetypal modern man – the discovery of new areas, the charting of skies, the lure of power, the