Europe modern world cultures 4545

Africa South of the Sahara ◆ Australia and the Pacific ◆ East Asia ◆ Europe ◆ Latin America ◆ North Africa and the Middle East ◆ Northern America ◆ Russia and the Former Soviet Republics ◆ South Asia ◆ Southeast Asia ◆ (Credit: C Mayhew and R Simmon; NASA/GSFC, NOAA/NGDC, DMSP Digital Archive.) This is what the Earth looks like at night This image is actually a composite of hundreds of pictures made by orbiting satellites Man-made lights highlight the developed or populated areas of the Earth’s surface The dark areas include the central part of South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia MODERN WORLD CULTURES Europe Zoran Pavlovic´ Oklahoma State University Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Cover: Place du General de Gaulle, Lille, France Europe Copyright © 2006 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavlovic, Zoran Europe / Zoran Pavlovic p cm — (Modern world cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-8143-5 (hard cover) Europe—Geography I Title II Series D900.P38 2005 940—dc22 2005021756 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text and cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America Bang MCC 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper All links, web addresses, and Internet search terms were checked and verified to be correct at the time of publication Because of the dynamic nature of the web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction vi Introducing Europe Physical Geography 12 Historical Geography 28 Population Geography 40 Culture and Society 52 Political Geography 67 Economic Geography 79 Regional Geography 91 Geography of the Future History at a Glance Bibliography Further Reading Index 100 107 108 109 110 INTRODUCTION eography is the key that unlocks the door to the world’s wonders There are, of course, many ways of viewing the world and its diverse physical and human features In this series—MODERN WORLD CULTURES—the emphasis is on people and their cultures As you step through the geographic door into the ten world cultures covered in this series, you will come to better know, understand, and appreciate the world’s mosaic of peoples and how they live You will see how different peoples adapt to, use, and change their natural environments And you will be amazed at the vast differences in thinking, doing, and living practiced around the world The MODERN WORLD CULTURES series was developed in response to many requests from librarians and teachers throughout the United States and Canada As you begin your reading tour of the world’s major cultures, it is important that you understand three terms that are used throughout the series: geography, culture, and region These words and their meanings are often misunderstood Geography is an age-old way of viewing the varied features of Earth’s surface In fact, it is the oldest of the existing sciences! People have always had a need to know about and understand their surroundings In times past, a people’s world was their immediate surroundings; today, our world is global in scope Events occuring half a world away can and often have an immediate impact on our lives If we, either individually or as a nation of peoples, are to be successful in the global community, it is essential that we know and understand our neighbors, regardless of who they are or where they may live Geography and history are similar in many ways; both are methodologies—distinct ways of viewing things and events Historians are concerned with time, or when events happened Geographers, on the other hand, are concerned with space, or where things are located In essence, geographers ask: “What is where, why there, and why care?” in regard to various physical and human features of Earth’s surface G vi Introduction Culture has many definitions For this series and for most geographers and anthropologists, it refers to a people’s way of life This means the totality of everything we possess because we are human, such as our ideas, beliefs, and customs, including language, religious beliefs, and all knowledge Tools and skills also are an important aspect of culture Different cultures, after all, have different types of technology and levels of technological attainment that they can use in performing various tasks Finally, culture includes social interactions—the ways different people interact with one another individually and as groups Finally, the idea of region is one geographers use to organize and analyze geographic information spatially A region is an area that is set apart from others on the basis of one or more unifying elements Language, religion, and major types of economic activity are traits that often are used by geographers to separate one region from another Most geographers, for example, see a cultural division between Northern, or Anglo, America and Latin America That “line” is usually drawn at the U.S.Mexico boundary, although there is a broad area of transition and no actual cultural line exists The ten culture regions presented in this series have been selected on the basis of their individuality, or uniqueness As you tour the world’s culture realms, you will learn something of their natural environment, history, and way of living You will also learn about their population and settlement, how they govern themselves, and how they make their living Finally, you will take a peek into the future in the hope of identifying each region’s challenges and prospects Enjoy your trip! Charles F “Fritz” Gritzner Department of Geography South Dakota State University May 2005 vii CHAPTER Introducing Europe he continent of Europe owes its existence and name to the Ancient Greeks The Greeks were the first to develop the concept of continents Living on both shores of the Aegean Sea, they created the cultural distinction between Europe (present-day Greece) and Asia (Ionian Greece, or what is now Asiatic Turkey) Peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean followed the seafaring Phoenicians in recognizing Asu (sunrise) and Ereb (sunset) For the Greeks, this logically translated into the lands that lay on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea, where the sun rose, being called Asia and those on the west, on the Greek Peninsula, where the sun set, being called Europe T 104 Europe European Union (EU) leaders and heads of state stand for a group photograph at an EU summit in Brussels, Belgium, on December 17, 2004 The leaders then resumed their discussions regarding Turkey’s application to join the EU the economic price would be awesome Countries such as the Netherlands and Denmark would be first to pay the price If climatic conditions change, existing agricultural patterns may be endangered Flooding has always been a threat to much of the continent If precipitation increases because of global warming, the area subject to flooding will increase Prevention of this and other potential environmental concerns is sought through world leadership in environmental protection Many improvements have been implemented by Europeans since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution A century ago, Europe was the dirtiest part of the globe Dark clouds of smoke and smog that hovered above cities were considered a symbol of progress, but no longer In regard to the global warming issue, Europe strongly supports implementa- Geography of the Future 105 tion of the measures defined by the Kyoto Protocol In doing so, they must reduce their reliance on fossil fuels This, in turn, would cut back on the emission of “greenhouse” gases into the atmosphere Many Europeans are willing to pay the price for this and other initiatives designed to protect the environment As the modern world has learned, only an affluent society can afford the price of a clean environment How costly environmental safeguards are going to be implemented by less wealthy lands, such as those in Eastern Europe, will be a problem in the future Another major issue that faces the region is Europe’s reluctance to accept genetically modified food Many people have concerns about the possible negative influence on humans With recent severe outbreaks of livestock diseases such as mad cow and foot and mouth, these concerns are becoming even more pronounced It will be interesting to see how the attitudes brewing in Europe will affect agriculture not only on the continent, but elsewhere as well Many people see genetic engineering as the key to feeding and providing other raw materials for a growing world population Others see it as a threat to the environment and human well-being Some Europeans see “Americanization” as a threat This influence, of course, has been present ever since the first Hollywood motion picture reached European shores Today, American influences are stronger than ever before Traditionalists are afraid that their lifestyle, and Europe as a whole, will become nothing but an American-style giant discount store It is difficult to convince many Europeans that, by spreading one’s culture to others, one must understand that cultural interaction functions in both directions American and other foreign influences will not lessen in the future; in fact, through the process of globalization, they will become even stronger Finally, at the end of this overview of the fascinating European culture region, you should be reminded of the first rule of geographic research A book is only a companion to a geogra- 106 Europe pher who seeks to learn more about places in a variety of ways Ideally, distant places should be visited, but this is not always possible In today’s world, learning about other cultures should be a priority for us all The world has never been more complex At the same time, distant places have never been closer for personal observation through travel, media, or learning from others By studying other cultures, we are better able to understand our own Understanding Europe provides most Americans with a vital cultural link to our own past It also may give us a glimpse of the global future HISTORY AT A GLANCE second The first large wave of migrations across the European continent millennium B.C occurs first Ancient Greeks colonize much of the Mediterranean basin, and millennium B.C Rome gradually rises to become the world’s leading power for many centuries A.D 476 400s–600s 400s–1400s The Western Roman Empire collapses Major movement and resettlements of peoples from the eastern European lowlands into the rest of the continent occur; the nuclei of many modern nations form Europe’s Middle Ages occur 1092 The Crusades, which continued for more than two centuries, begin 1340s An epidemic of bubonic plague devastates many areas, eventually killing approximately one-third of all Europeans 1456 Johann Gutenberg invents movable type in Mainz, Germany; this revolutionizes the printing process and contributes to widespread increase in distribution of knowledge 1500s Drastic changes occur in the European religious landscape with the emergence of Protestantism 1789 The French Revolution occurs Early 1800s The Industrial Revolution begins in the United Kingdom; this gradually diffuses throughout northwestern Europe and contributes to rapid economic development 1914–1918 World War I is fought 1939–1945 World War II is fought 1949 The U.S.-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is created 1955 The Soviet Union-dominated Warsaw Pact is created 1951 The European Coal and Steel Community is formed; it is renamed “European Economic Community” in 1957 and “European Union” in 1993 1991–1995 2004 Civil war in former Yugoslavia takes hundreds of thousands of lives, and millions more are displaced European Union is enlarged with ten additional members and for the first time accepts former Communist countries of Eastern Europe 107 B I B ILBI O L IGORGARPAHPYH Y Berentsen, William H., ed Contemporary Europe: A Geographic Analysis New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997 Cole, John, and Francis Cole A Geography of the European Union New York: Routledge, 1997 Europa Publications The Europa World Yearbook London: Europa Publications, 1998 Frankland, Gene E Global Studies: Europe Dubuque, IA: Dushkin/McGrawHill, 2003 Goldman, Milton Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Political, Economic, and Social Challenges Armonk, NY: M.E Sharpe, 1997 Gottman, Jean A Geography of Europe New York: Henry Holt, 1950 Jordan-Bychkov, Terry, and Bella Bychkova-Jordan The European Culture Area New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001 Masse, George L The Culture of Europe Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988 McDonald, James R The European Scene: A Geographic Perspective Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997 Powell, John, ed Chronology of European History Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, 1997 Schrier, Arnold et al Modern European Civilization Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1963 Unwin, Tim A European Geography Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 108 FURTHER READING 1998 Allport, Alan Austria Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002 Allport, Alan England Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003 Dendinger, Roger Scotland Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002 Hogan Fouberg, Erin, and Edward P Hogan Ireland Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003 Hogan Fouberg, Erin, and Edward P Hogan Norway Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Horne, William R Germany Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003 Jett, Stephen C France Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Marran, James The Netherlands Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Pavlovic´, Zoran Croatia Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002 Pavlovic´, Zoran Italy Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003 Pavlovic´, Zoran Turkey Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Phillips, Douglas A Bosnia and Herzegovina Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004 Sandness, Roger, and Charles F Gritzner Iceland Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003 109 INDEX acid rain, 26-27 Aegean Sea, Africa, North, Age of Discovery, 36–37 origins of, 34, 35 aging population, 41–46 Agricultural Revolution, 29–30 agriculture economics of, 81–83 genetically modified food in, 105 Albania population in, 46 tribal law in, 45–46 Albanian language group, 57 Albanians, 17, 55 Alps, 15, 16, 23, 24, 95 Altai, 56 alternative energy sources, 87–88 “Americanization” threat, 106 Andorra, 16 Anglican Church, 59 Apennines, 17 Arctic Ocean, Armenia, Ashkenazi Jews, 60 Asu, Atlantic Ocean, 2–3, Balkan Peninsula, 56 Basque language, 57 Basques, 55 Basque separatist conflict, 75 Belgian conflict, 77 Black Sea, Blitzkrieg, 70 borders, 5–8 Bosnia See also East–Central Europe economics in, 87 Bosniaks, 49, 54 bourgeoisie, 38 Bretagne, 17 Bretons, 55 British Empire, bubonic plague, 35–36 Bulgaria, 99 See also East–Central Europe Byzantine Empire, 33 Calvinists, 37 Cambrian Mountains, 17 Carpathians, 17, 23 Cathars, 16–17 Catholic Republic of Ireland, 75 Catholics in Irish separatist movement, 75 Roman, 33, 58–59, 95 in Southern Europe, 95 caveman, 29 Celtic language group, 57 Celtic peoples, 55 Charles Bridge, 98 Christianity, 58–59 civilization, cradle of modern, 4–5 classical period, 32 climate, 4, 18–24 See also weather and climate; specific regions definition of, 18 map of, 20 coal, 87–88 collective bargaining, 61 college education, 64–65 colonialism Ancient Greek, 32 on spread of European culture, 8, 39 1st millennium B.C., 19th-20th century, 38–39 Columbus, Christopher, 36 Communism, 69–71 on Eastern Europe economics, 80–81 conflicts, 75–77 Basque separatist, 75 Belgian, 77 Corsican, 76 former Yugoslavia, 76 Irish separatist, 75 Slovenian-Croatian, 77 continental cuisine, 62–63 continents, 110 INDEX Cornish, 55 Corsican conflict, 76 cradle of Western Civilization, 4–5, 30 Croatia See also East–Central Europe modern conflict in, 49, 54, 77 Croats, 49, 54 Crusades, 35 cuisine, 61–64 alcohol consumption in, 63 continental, 62–63 Mediterranean, 62 cultural determinism, 13 culture, European, See also specific cultural groups borders of, 5–8 spatial distribution of, culture and society, 52–66 customs and traditions in, 65–66 diet, cuisine, and health in, 61–64 education in, 64–65 ethnic makeup in, 52–56 See also ethnicity; specific ethnic groups language in, 56–57 religion in, 58–60 social relations in, 60–61 customs, 65–66 Czech Republic, 96–99 See also East–Central Europe Danube River, 18 Dark Ages, 33 democracy, 73–75 origins and spread of, 32, 95 demographic transition, 41 diet, 61–64 alcohol consumption in, 63 continental, 62–63 fast-food, 63–64 Mediterranean, 62 Dinaric Alps, 17 diplomacy, 78 disasters, natural, 25–26 Don River, earliest Europeans, 28–29 earthquakes, 25 East-Central Europe See also specific countries regional geography of, 96–99 Eastern Europe, See also Northern Europe; specific countries communism in, 69–71 economic change in, recent, 80–81 economics in, modern, 87 population in, 46 weather and climate in, 21–22 Eastern Orthodox Church, 59 Eastern Roman Empire, 33 economic geography, 79–90 agriculture in, 81–83 distribution of wealth in, 79–80 energy in, 87–89 imbalance in, 80–81 land use map of, 82 major economic zones in, 83–87 trade in, 89–90 economic zones, major, 83–87 in Eastern Europe, 87 in Germany, 84–85 in Italy, 86 education, 64–65 elevation, 19 emigration, 47–49 empires, See also specific empires energy, 87–89 alternative, 87–88 environmental preservation, 26–27, 104–105 epidemics, of Middle Ages, 35–36 Ereb, Estonia, ethnicity, 52–56 Albanians, 55 Basques, 55 Celtic, 55 Germanic, 53–54 Greeks, 55 other, 56 Roma (Gypsies), 53, 56 Romanic, 55 Slavic, 54 Turks, 56 111 INDEX ethnicity, (cont’d) Uralic-Altaic, 55 euro, 73 Europa, European Coal and Steel Community, 71 European Economic Community (EEC), 71–72 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 73 European Union (EU), 8–10, 39 conflict in, 75–77 global role of, 8–11 global role of, future, 103–106 migration in, 48–49 as military power, 78 Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 75 fascism, 69 Finland, 25 See also Northern Europe Finnish language, 57 Finns, 55 fires, 25–26, 29 fjords, 25 floods, 26, 104 folk culture, 66 France, 95–96 See also Northern Europe empire of, 18th century, 37–38 Franks’ kingdom, 34 free-enterprise system, 60 future, geography of, 100–106 ethnic differences in, 101 global role in, 103–106 immigration on, 102 population issues in, 101–102 unification in, 100 gas, natural, 88 genetically modified food, 105 Georgia, Germanic language group, 57 Germanic peoples, 53–54 Germany, 95–96 See also Northern Europe economic zones in, 84–85 in World War I, 68–69 in World War II, 69 global role, of Europe, 8–11 future, 103–106 global warming, 103–105 Greco Catholic Church, 59 Greece, 92–95 See also Southern Europe Greek language group, 57 Greek mythology, Greek Peninsula, Greeks, 55 Greeks, Ancient, 1, city-states of, 30 colonies of, 32 Gutenberg, Johann, 36 Gypsies, 53, 56, 57 Habsburg Empire, 68–69 hazards, natural, 25–26 health, 61–64 alcohol consumption and, 63 continental diet and, 62–63 diet and cuisine in, 61–63 Mediterranean diet and, 62 obesity in, 63–64 Henry the Navigator, 36 Hercynian hills, 17 Herzegovina See also East–Central Europe; Southern Europe economics in, 87 higher education, 64–65 hills, 17 historical geography, 28–39 in classical period and Roman Empire, 32–33 of earliest Europeans, 28–29 in Middle Ages, 33–36 of pre-Greek humans, 29–31 in Renaissance and Age of Discovery, 36–37 112 INDEX in steps toward Modern Europe, 37–39 Hungarian language, 57 Hungarian Plain, 18 Hungarians, 55 Hungary, 96–99 See also East–Central Europe hydroelectricity, 89 Iberian Peninsula, Illyrians, 17, 55 Indo-European language family, 57 Industrial Revolution (industrialization), origins and spread of, 38, 83, 95–96 on population growth, 44 Iraq, early, Ireland See also Northern Europe modern conflict in, 75 Irish, 55 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 75 Islam, 60 Italy, 92–95 See also Southern Europe economic zones in, 86 Jews (Judaism), 59–60 Nazism and, 69 Karst topography, 14 Kjölen mountains, 17, 25 Kosovo, 56 Kyoto Protocol, 26, 87, 104–105 Kythira, lakes, 25 landform features, 14–18 mountains, 14–17 plains, 18 landmass, landscape, 12–13 land use map, 82 language, 56–57 Latin, 33 Latvia, liberalism, emergence of, 68 Lithuania, Louis XIV, 37 lowlands, 18 Luther, Martin, 36, 58 Lutherans, 37, 59, 95–96 Macedonia See also East–Central Europe 1990s war in, 49, 54, 76–77 Magellan, Ferdinand, 36–37 maps climate, 20 land use, 82 political, population, 43 Massif Central, 17 Medieval Europe, 33–36 Mediterranean Europe, 92–95 See also Southern Europe; specific countries climate of, 22 cuisine of, 62 culture of, Mediterranean Sea, 2–3, Mesopotamia, 4, 30 Middle Ages, 33–36 middle-class, 18th century, 38 Middle East, 4, 30 military power, 78 Minoan civilization, 30 modern Europe future of, 100–106 See also future, geography of steps toward, 37–39 Mongol invaders, Mont Blanc, 15 Montenegro See also East–Central Europe 1990s war in, 49, 54, 76–77 Morocco, mountain ranges, 4, 14–17 Alps, 15, 16, 23, 24 Apennines, 17 Carpathians, 17, 23 Dinaric Alps, 17 Kjölen, 17, 25 113 INDEX mountain ranges, (cont’d) Mont Blanc, 15 Pindus, 17 Pyrenees, 15–17, 23 Rhodopes, 17 in Southeastern Europe, 17 Ural, weather and climate of, 23–24 Muslims, 60 nationalism, 68 natural disasters, 25–26 natural gas, 88 Nazism, 69–70 Neanderthals, 28–29 Netherlands, The, 10 See also Northern Europe North Africa, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 69, 73 Northern Europe See also specific countries regional geography of, 95–96 weather and climate of, 23–24 North European Plain, 18 Norway, 95–96 See also Northern Europe nuclear power, 88–89 obesity, 63–64 Olympic Games, 32 Origin, of Europe, Ottoman (Osman) Turks, 37 overpopulation, 49–51 Pannonian Plain, 18 Paris basin, 18 parliamentary democracy, 73–75 peninsula, Phoenicians, physical geography, 12–27 environmental preservation in, 26–27 landform features in, 14–18 See also landform features natural hazards in, 25–26 water features in, 24–25 weather and climate in, 18–24 See also weather and climate Pindus mountains, 17 plague, bubonic, 35–36 plains, 18 Poland, 96–99 See also East–Central Europe political geography, 67–78 conflicts in, 75–77 See also conflicts European Union in, 71–73 military power in, 78 post-Industrial Revolution, 67–68 post-World War II, 69 states in, 73–75 World War I, 68 World War II, 69–70 political map, pollution, 26 Pope Urban II, 35 population density of, 49–51 future of, 101–102 growth patterns of, 41 map of, 43 population geography, 40–51 aging in, 41–47 in Albania, 44–46 demographic transition of, 41 in Eastern Europe, 46 education of women on, 44–46 history of, 40–41 industrialization on, 44 map of, 43 migration, 46–49 overpopulation in, 49–51 population growth patterns in, 41 rural, 44, 45 Po River, 18 Po River valley, 86 Portugal, 92–95 See also Southern Europe economic development of, 79–80 114 INDEX postindustrialism, 41–42 Prague, 97–98 Precambrian, 17 pre-Greek humans, 29–31 Protestant Church, 59 Protestant Reformation, 36, 58, 96 Pyrenees, 15–17, 23 regional geography, 91–99 of East-Central Europe, 96–99 of Northern Europe, 95–96 of Southern Europe, 92–95 regions See also specific regions definition of, reality of, 6–7 religion, 58–60 See also specific religions continental borders and, Renaissance, 34, 36–37 Rhine River, 24 flooding of, 26 in Ruhr River valley, 84 Rhodopes, 17 Rhône River, 24 rivers, 24–25 Danube, 18 Don, Po, 18 Rhine, 24, 26, 84 Rhône, 24 Seine, 24 Vitava, 98 role, global, 8–11 future, 103–106 Roma (Gypsies), 53, 56, 57 Roman Catholic Church, 34–35, 37, 58 Roman Catholicism, 33, 58–59, 97 Roman Empire, 32–33, 93 Romania, 81, 83, 99 See also East-Central Europe Romanic language group, 57 Romanic peoples, 55 Roman law, 33 Rotterdam, 24 Ruhr River valley, 84 rural areas, 44, 45 Russia, 5, Communism in, 69–71 Salisbury Plain, 30, 31 Scandinavia, 95–96 See also Northern Europe Scotland See Northern Europe Scots, 55 Secular societies, 58 Seine River, 24 separatism, 75–77 Sephardic Jews, 60 Serbia See also East-Central Europe 1990s war in, 49, 54, 76–77 Serbs, 49, 54 Sinn Féin, 75 Slavic language group, 57 Slavic peoples, 54 Slovak Republic, 96–99 See also East-Central Europe Slovenia See also East-Central Europe modern conflict in, 77 recent economic change in, 80 1990s war in, 49, 54, 76 Slovenian-Croatian conflict, 77 soccer, 93–94 socialism, 61, 68 social relations, 60–61 society See culture and society Southern Europe, See also specific countries mountains in, 17 regional geography of, 92–95 weather and climate of, 22 Soviet Union, communism in, 69–71 Spain, 8, 92–95 See also Southern Europe Basque conflict in, 75 empire of, St Gotthard tunnel, 15 states, European, 73–75 steam engine, 38, 83 Stonehenge, 30, 31 115 INDEX Strait of Gibraltar, Sweden, 95–96 See also Northern Europe terrorism in Basque separatist conflict, 75 in Irish conflict, 75 in separatism, 75–77 trade, 89–90 traditions, 65–66 Treaty of Rome, 72 Turkey, 6, 92–95 See also Southern Europe in European Union and NATO, 73 Turks, 56 Ukraine, unionization, 61 United Kingdom, 8, 95–96 See also Northern Europe United States, European descendants in, Ural mountains, Uralic-Altaic people, 55, 57 vandals, 53–54 viticulture, 64 Vltava River, 98 Walachian Plain, 18 Wales See Northern Europe war See also conflict; specific wars on populations, 49 water features, 5, 24–25 See also lakes; rivers waterways, inland, 24 Watt, James, 83 weather and climate, 18–24 definitions of, 18 distribution of, 20 of Eastern Europe, 21–22 of Northern Europe and mountain ranges, 23–24 prominent characteristics of, 19 of Southern Europe, 22 of Western Europe, 21 Welsh, 55 Western Europe, See also specific countries weather and climate in, 21 White Cliffs of Dover, 18 wine, 63–64 World War I, 68 World War II, 69–70 xenophobia, 70 Yugoslavia See also East-Central Europe demographics of, 45–46 former, 99 1990s war in, 49, 54, 76–77 zero population growth, 101–102 116 PICTURE CREDITS page: 2: 9: 14: 16: 19: 20: 31: 42: 43: 45: 50: 59: 62: New Millennium Images © Mapping Specialists, Ltd Zoran Pavlovic´ Zoran Pavlovic´ Zoran Pavlovic´ © Mapping Specialists, Ltd New Millennium Images KRT/ New Millennium Images © Mapping Specialists, Ltd Zoran Pavlovic´ New Millennium Images Zoran Pavlovic´ Zoran Pavlovic´ 64: Zoran Pavlovic´ 70: Associated Press, AP 72: Associated Press, AP 76: Associated Press, AP/Peter Morrison 82: © Mapping Specialists, Ltd 83: KRT/ New Millennium Images 85: Zoran Pavlovic´ 89: Zoran Pavlovic´ 94: New Millennium Images 98: New Millennium Images 104: Associated Press, AP/Martin Meissner Cover: Richard Klune/CORBIS 117 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ZORAN “ZOK” PAVLOVIC´ is a professional cultural geographer who works at Oklahoma State University His previous contributions to Chelsea House series are Republic of Georgia (with Charles F Gritzner), Kazakhstan, Croatia, Italy, and Turkey When not conducting geographic research, Zok enjoys gourmet cooking, accompanied with a glass of good wine, and motorcycle travel During his travels, he has visited numerous European countries This book is a result of those travels CHARLES F “FRITZ” GRITZNER is Distinguished Professor of Geography at South Dakota University in Brookings He is now in his fifth decade of college teaching and research During his career, he has taught more than 60 different courses, spanning the fields of physical, cultural, and regional geography In addition to his teaching, he enjoys writing, working with teachers, and sharing his love for geography with students As consulting editor for the MODERN WORLD NATIONS series, he has a wonderful opportunity to combine each of these “hobbies.” Fritz has served as both President and Executive Director of the National Council for Geographic Education and has received the Council’s highest honor, the George J Miller Award for Distinguished Service In March 2004, he won the Distinguished Teaching award from the Association of American Geographers at their annual meeting held in Philadelphia 118 ... the world s wonders There are, of course, many ways of viewing the world and its diverse physical and human features In this series MODERN WORLD CULTURES the emphasis is on people and their cultures. .. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavlovic, Zoran Europe / Zoran Pavlovic p cm — (Modern world cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-8143-5 (hard cover) Europe Geography I Title II Series... the world The MODERN WORLD CULTURES series was developed in response to many requests from librarians and teachers throughout the United States and Canada As you begin your reading tour of the world s