PESTICIDES IN THE MODERN WORLD – PESTS CONTROL AND PESTICIDES EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY docx

PESTICIDES IN THE MODERN WORLD – PESTS CONTROL AND PESTICIDES EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY ASSESSMENT Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Pesticides in the Modern World – Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright luri, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Pesticides in the Modern World – Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment, Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-457-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biocontrol of Pests 1 Chapter 1 Using Ecological Knowledge and Molecular Tools to Develop Effective and Safe Biocontrol Strategies 3 Martina Köberl, Elshahat M. Ramadan, Bettina Roßmann, Charles Staver, Michael Fürnkranz, Birgit Lukesch, Martin Grube and Gabriele Berg Chapter 2 Development of RNAi in Insects and RNAi-Based Pest Control 27 Guang Yang, Minsheng You, Liette Vasseur, Yiying Zhao and Chunhui Liu Chapter 3 Evaluation of Plant Extracts on Mortality and Tunneling Activities of Subterranean Termites in Pakistan 39 Sohail Ahmed, Mazhar Iqbal Zafar, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Asam Riaz and Muhammad Shahid Chapter 4 Botanical Insecticides and Their Effects on Insect Biochemistry and Immunity 55 Arash Zibaee Chapter 5 The Production, Separation and Stability of Pyoluteorin: A Biological Pesticide 69 Wei Wang, Hui Dong, Jingfang Zhang, Yuquan Xu and Xuehong Zhang Chapter 6 Using the Bio-Insecticide Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis in Mosquito Control 93 Després Laurence, Lagneau Christophe and Frutos Roger Chapter 7 Screening of Biocontrol Agents Against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Web Blight Disease of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 127 Sevugaperumal Ganesan and Rajagobal Sekar VI Contents Chapter 8 Optimization of the Strategy for Recombinant Baculovirus Infection of Suspended Insect Cells 141 Guohong Zhou, Youhong Zhang and Yujie Ke Part 2 Pesticides Biomarkers 159 Chapter 9 Pesticide Biomarkers 161 Rojas-García AE, Medina-Díaz IM, Robledo-Marenco ML, Barrón-Vivanco BS and Pérez-Herrera N Chapter 10 Biological Markers of Human Exposure to Pesticides 191 Manel Araoud Chapter 11 Pesticide Biomarkers in Terrestrial Invertebrates 213 Juan C. Sanchez-Hernandez Chapter 12 Biomarkers of Pesticide - Contaminated Environment 241 O. Otitoju and I.N.E. Onwurah Chapter 13 Fish Cholinesterases as Biomarkers of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides 253 Caio Rodrigo Dias Assis, Ranilson Souza Bezerra and Luiz Bezerra Carvalho Jr Chapter 14 The Effects of Pesticides on Dictyostelium Cholinesterase, from Basic to Applied Research 279 Andrea Amaroli Part 3 Pesticides Toxicity 295 Chapter 15 Molecular Mechanisms of Pesticide Toxicity 297 Olfa Tebourbi, Mohsen Sakly and Khémais Ben Rhouma Chapter 16 Structural and Dynamic Basis of Serine Proteases from Nematophagous Fungi for Cuticle Degradation 333 Shu-Qun Liu, Lian-Ming Liang, Tao Yan, Li-Quan Yang, Xing-Lai Ji, Jin-Kui Yang, Yun-Xin Fu and Ke-Qin Zhang Chapter 17 The Effects of Pyrethroid and Triazine Pesticides on Fish Physiology 377 Josef Velisek, Alzbeta Stara and Zdenka Svobodova Chapter 18 Genotoxicity Testing in Pesticide Safety Evaluation 403 Gargee Mohanty, Jyotirmayee Mohanty, Shubha Dipta Jena and S.K. Dutta Contents VII Chapter 19 Gene Expressions of the Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4, CYP314 in Daphnia magna Induced by Toxicity of Glyphosate and Methidathion Pesticides 427 Thai-Hoang Le, Jiho Min, Sung-Kyu Lee and Yang-Hoon Kim Chapter 20 Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Resistance and Ecotoxicology 441 Philippe Berny Chapter 21 Morphogenetic Activities of Bendiocarb as Cholinesterase Inhibitor on Development of the Chick Embryo 469 Eva Petrovova, Lenka Luptakova, David Mazensky, Jan Danko and David Sedmera Chapter 22 Age-Related Differences in Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Produced by Organophosphorus and N-Methyl Carbamate Pesticides 495 Virginia C Moser Chapter 23 Side-Effects of Pesticides on the Pollinator Bombus: An Overview 507 Veerle Mommaerts and Guy Smagghe Chapter 24 Chemical Control of Spiders and Scorpions in Urban Areas 553 Eduardo Novaes Ramires, Mario Antonio Navarro-Silva and Francisco de Assis Marques Chapter 25 Pesticide-Derived Aromatic Amines and Their Biotransformation 601 Jean-Marie Dupret, Julien Dairou, Florent Busi, Philippe Silar, Marta Martins, Christian Mougin, Fernando Rodrigues-Lima and Angelique Cocaign Preface Volume 5 of the book series “Pesticides in the Modern World” is a collection of selected original research articles and reviews dedicated to the following main topics: biocontrol of pests, pesticides biomarkers, and pesticides toxicity. The first section (Chapters 1-8) covers a large spectrum of issues associated with the ecological, molecular, and biotechnological approaches to the understanding of the biological control, the mechanism of the biocontrol agents action, and the related effects. Three examples, given in Chapter 1, illustrate the development of effective and safe biocontrol strategies, namely: control of soil-borne pathogens on medical plants under organic conditions in Egypt, control of fungal pathogens in banana in Uganda, and control of a multi-species disease in the Styrian oilseed pumpkin. In Chapter 2 is summarized the current knowledge on RNA interference research on insects, and the potential application of RNAi in integrated pest management. Using of plant extracts for termites repelling in Pakistan is the subject of Chapter 3. The effects of botanical insecticides on digestive and on detoxifying enzymes, as well as on the immunological system of insects are discussed in Chapter 4. Useful data for the further development of Pseudomonas spp. cultivation process in the large-scale production and the commercial use of the biological pesticide pyoluteorin are provided in Chapter 5. The action of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins after ingestion by mosquito larvae and the diversity of mechanisms involved in mosquito resistance are described in Chapter 6. The results of the screening of biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia solani causing web blight diseases of groundnut are reported in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8 are presented experimental data helpful for the optimization of the process of development of the insect-specific baculoviruses, used as biological insecticides. The second book section (Chapters 9-14) provides recent information on biomarkers research for pesticides exposure assessment. The biomarkers currently used to evaluate pesticide exposure, effects, and the genetic susceptibility of aquatic organisms, terrestrial invertebrates and human populations are revised in Chapters 9- 11. Some antioxidant enzymes and vitamins as biochemical markers for pesticide toxicity are examined in Chapter 12. The inhibition of the cholinesterases as a specific biomarker for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides is commented in Chapters 13 and 14. X Preface The third book section addresses a variety of pesticides toxic effects and related issues. Chapter 15 is intended to summarize the increasing data regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in pesticides-induced toxicity, with relevance to the progression of the most frequent diseases. Several three-dimensional structural models of cuticle- degrading serine proteases secreted by nematophagous fungi, helpful for exploiting these enzymes as effective bio-control agents are described in Chapter 16. Investigations on fish histopathological, physiological, and DNA changes induced by pesticides exposure are reported in Chapters 17 and 18, thus contributing to the understanding of the toxicological risks caused by pesticides to ecosystems. Data presented in Chapter 19 demonstrate the hazardous effects of the pesticides glyphosate and methidathion on D. magna by studying the changes in the gene expressions of five stress responsive genes, including Dhb, Arnt, Vtg, CYP4, and CYP314. Chapter 20 provides details on anticoagulant rodenticides mode of action and on the strategies for evaluating and managing pesticides resistance in rodents. The potential of the cholinesterase inhibiting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides is discussed in Chapters 21 and 22. A comprehensive overview of the side-effects of pesticides including discussion on the testing strategies employed to evaluate pesticide compatibility on bumblebees is provided in Chapter 23. The effects of pesticides on spiders and scorpions, the techniques applied for chemical control of arachnids, and the biology of these arthropods are reviewed in Chapter 24. The metabolic fate of xenobiotics such as pesticide-derived aromatic amines and the strategies for bioremediation of contaminated soils are discussed in Chapter 25. The adequate and up-to-date information related to pesticides control, assessment, and toxicity provided in this book should be of interest for specialists, involved in pest control decisions. Thanks are extended to each of the authors for their efforts in contributing the series “Pesticides in the Modern World”. Margarita Stoytcheva Mexicali, Baja California Mexico [...]... both soils Bacteroidetes (4.6% and 5.3%) and Gemmatimonadetes (1.4% and 1.9%) were 8 Pesticides in the Modern World Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment present Whereas Acidobacteria (7.9%) and Planctomycetes (1.1%) were only present in the agricultural soil, Deinococcus-Thermus (1.1%) was only detectable in the desert sand These abundances of the phyla are coextensive with... and Actinobacteria (10.5%) These dominant phyla were present in both soils In detail, Firmicutes were highly enriched in agricultural soil (from 11.3% in desert soil to 36.6% in SEKEM soil), Proteobacteria (46.0% in desert soil and 21.0% in SEKEM soil) and Actinobacteria (20.7% in desert soil and 4.6% in SEKEM soil) occurred in SEKEM in lower abundances than in the surrounding desert In addition, in. .. grown in organic agriculture, which aims to minimize the impact on the environment by practices such as crop rotation, using pathogen resistant cultivars, and the use of organic manure (compost) instead of synthetic fertilizers (Schmid et al., 2011), they have an increasing importance One reason is an intensive growing of a limited number Pesticides in the Modern World Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure. .. Austria SEKEM and Heliopolis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt 3Bioversity International, Banana and Plantain Section, Montpellier, France 4University of Graz, Institute of Plant Sciences, Austria* 1 2 4 Pesticides in the Modern World Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment the rhizosphere as a microbial ecosystem and resulted into more effective screening strategies... production of pumpkin seed oil Beside the culinary aspect of this dark green oil it is 16 Pesticides in the Modern World Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment famous as a very healthy nutritional supplement containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E and counteracts diseases of bladder and prostate In recent years, dramatic... of promoting plant growth and health will facilitate the selection of bacterial strains that will be analysed for the production of a biological strengthener for Styrian oil pumpkin Studies with the model organism C elegans (Zachow et al., 2009) will give insight into the potential pathogenicity of remaining test strains The manufacture of the final product will further depend on the finding of an... various bands in the gel, was found (data not shown) In the bacterial community of the desert soil, two dominant bacterial bands could be detected, which were also visible in all samples from the endorhiza of all three investigated medical plants This shows that bacteria are taken up by the plants from the soil, and that soil is the main reservoir for biological control agents The two dominant bands were... for Kings B agar, R2A for R2A agar and SNA for synthetic nutrientpoor agar d) number of replicate from 1 to 4 and e) number of isolate from 1 to 14 14 Pesticides in the Modern World Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment Additionally, the best antagonists were screened for their ability to produce lytic enzymes like glucanase or protease, which are known for their positive influence... habitat The latter varied strongly dependent on the plant species, microenvironment and climate 6 Acknowledgement The project regarding biocontrol in the desert was funded by the EU-Egypt Innovation Fund We would like to thank our co-workers of the Libra Company and the SEKEM farms for good cooperation, and the founder of SEKEM Ibrahim Abouleish for inspiring discussions The banana project in Uganda... influence in combating fungal pathogens by enzymatic degradation of the cell wall (Kamensky et al., 2003) Further, the production of siderophores, short-chained quorum sensing molecules and the auxin indole-3acetic-acid (IAA) was investigated, which are involved in plant growth promoting processes The results indicated that 100% of the tested isolates produced an active protease, while only a single isolate, . PESTICIDES IN THE MODERN WORLD – PESTS CONTROL AND PESTICIDES EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY ASSESSMENT Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Pesticides in the Modern World –. and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) FISH-CLSM Table 1. Molecular and microscopic tools in biocontrol research. Pesticides in the Modern World – Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure. both soils Bacteroidetes (4.6% and 5.3%) and Gemmatimonadetes (1.4% and 1.9%) were Pesticides in the Modern World – Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment 8 present.