Encyclopedic dictionary of hydrogeology

A B Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z This page intentionally left blank A B Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology C D E F G H D.J Poehls and Gregory J Smith I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • NewYork • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Y Academic press is an imprint of Elsevier Z A B C D E F G H I Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2009 Copyright Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material J K L M N O P Q R Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-558690-0 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at books.elsevier.com S T Printed and bound in the USA U 09 10 10 V W X Working together to grow libraries in developing countries Y www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Z Contents A B Preface A-Z Appendix A A-1a Conversions by Property A-1b Conversions by Unit A-2 Abbreviations A-3 Symbols Appendix B: Tables of Properties of Water Appendix C: Drilling Methods Bibliography vii 1-382 383 383 429 465 469 473 502 516 C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z v A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z This page intentionally left blank Preface A B The proliferation of environmental regulations and subsequent concerns for soil and groundwater pollution has helped the field of hydrogeology evolve from its geologic roots and move from its early hydraulic affiliations with water supply and geotechnical concerns into a more complex discipline The study of water as an environmental science has drawn from a number of disciplines, including advanced mathematics and computer modeling to water well drilling As practicing hydrogeologists, we have found ourselves referring to a myriad of sources during our professional activities for consistent definitions Further, in this search, we have also discovered an evolution in the definition of terms In response, we have compiled an extensive list of terms typically encountered in the field of hydrogeology We have endeavored to be as complete as possible without becoming ‘‘a series.’’ This necessitates excluding various subject words that, although related, are not directly needed by the practicing hydrogeologist or is better covered in a separate book Often a word will have more than one meaning, depending on usage, or may have a shaded meaning.We have defined the word only in its relation to the practice of hydrogeology Users are referred to the American Geological Institute Dictionary of Geological Terms and Glossary of Hydrology or the Dictionary of Science and Technology for further nuances of meaning and for geological words not covered in this text Instead of adhering to simple definitions, we expanded them to include content pertinent to the understanding of the term or phrase; hence the title Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology All entries open with the term’s basic definition and occasionally a brief history relating to the term which may enhance understanding or provide a frame of reference in which the concept will have greater meaning Multiple or differing interpretations of a term are subordinated as additional sub-entries Contradictory meanings are stated explicitly, and the preferred usage is so indicated This reference is designed to complement textbooks on hydrogeology and serve as a desk reference for the practicing geologist and hydrogeologist or any person endeavoring to understand aspects of hydrogeology Measurements are usually in Syste“ me Internationale (S.I.) but occasionally English units have been used or included if in common use Detailed conversion tables are incorporated as an appendix Words that are italicized within the text are also defined and should be reviewed for a clearer understanding of a concept At the end of an entry, there may be entries following Cf: cross reference.When an entry is cross referenced, it would either be a related word or possibly its antonym that could help clarify or expand the understanding of the entry The cross referenced word is defined in the text only if it is italicized If not italicized, we suggest using another reference book if our definition is still unclear or if the reader needs more advanced understanding We have tried to include all terms in common use and some that have been ‘‘shelved’’ to make way for modern terminologies Unavoidably, there are terms that should have been included and were not and the best explanation is that we just did not think of it If you find errors, omissions, or other suggestions that would enhance or complete this work in future revisions, we would like to hear from you We have relied extensively on other works to ensure accuracy, and as these are definitions it can be expected that phraseologies have been duplicated With the exception of figures that have been directly copied with permission from other works, we have not referenced each work within the text as this would have led to a multi-volume set C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z vii A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z This page intentionally left blank A Aa Abandoned well A production or monitoring well that is either in bad repair or no longer in use and is therefore permanently removed from service.Well abandonment usually fulfills a procedure set by the regulating authority Cf Sealing abandoned wells Abiotic degradation The breakdown of a chemical in groundwater that is a result of non-biological action Abiotic reactions may be in the form of, for example hydrolysis or oxidation An example of hydrolysis reaction where 1,1,1trichloroethane is hydrolyzed to form vinylidene chloride then vinyl chloride and finally ethene is illustrated below: CH3 CCl3 ! CH2 : CCl2 ! CH2 : CHCl ! CH2 : CH2 Abnormal pore pressure A subsurface fluid pressure that is significantly different from the hydrostatic pressure for a given depth Cf Pore pressure ABS casing See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene casing (ABS) Absolute humidity The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a sample of air to the volume of the sample Cf Humidity; Relative humidity Absolute ownership rule See rule of capture Absolute permeability See Permeability; Permeability, absolute Absolute viscosity/dynamic viscosity (m) The measure of the resistance of a fluid to the shearing that is necessary for the fluid to flow and is independent of the medium through which it flows.Water that is resistant to relative motion, which is a Newtonian fluid, is proportional to the fluid property of viscosity Absolute viscosity and density can be combined into a physical parameter called kinematic viscosity, v: ¼   where: m = absolute viscosity [MÁT À1 ÁL2]  = density [MÁL À3] Absolute (dynamic) and kinematic viscosity decrease as molecular motion increases with increasing temperature Absorbed water The water that enters the ground surface and is mechanically held within the soil Cf Adsorbed water Absorbing well See Drainage well; Relief well Absorption The natural assimilation or incorporation of fluids into interstices, i.e liquids in solids In absorption, the dissolved molecules are incorporated within the structure of the solid (such as soil or a rock mass) and the fluid is held mechanically The absorbed water includes, but is not limited to, gravity flow of water from streams or other earth openings, and movement of atmospheric water Cf Absorbed water; Adsorption; Infiltration; Percolation Absorption loss The volume of water lost through mechanical incorporation of water into surface and subsurface materials, e.g rock and soil Absorption loss is typically an important parameter during the initial filling of a reservoir or other means of impounding water, such as a dam Abstraction The merging of two or more subparallel streams into a single stream course as a result of competition between adjacent, consequent stream paths, e.g gullies and ravines Abstraction is the simplest type of stream capture, in which the stream having the more rapid erosive action drains water from the competing stream Water abstraction is that part of precipitation that does not become direct runoff, but is transpiration, stored, evaporation, or absorbed Accident An interruption in a watercourse, e.g river, that interferes with, or sometimes stops, the normal development of the river system Accordant junction In watercourses, having surface elevations at the same level at their place of junction, as with two accordant streams Cf Discordant junction Acid mine water/acid mine drainage Water containing free sulfuric acid (H 2SO4) due to the weathering of iron pyrites exposed to oxygen during mining operations The oxidation of sulfides produces H2 SO and sulfate salts, causing the water that drains from mine and the remaining solid waste to have an acidic pH typically between 2.0 and 4.5, as demonstrated by the equation: FeS2sị ỵ O2sị ỵ H2 O ! Fe2ỵ ỵ 2Hỵ ỵ 2SO2 Surface and underground mines are generally extended below the water table, requiring dewatering of the mining operation; water drained (low-quality drainage) or pumped from the mine excavation may be highly mineralized Characteristics of acid mine water include high iron, aluminum, and sulfate content Leaching of old mine tailings and settling ponds can also lead to groundwater impact 488 Representative open areas of screens (Driscoll, 1986 Reprinted with permission from Johnson Screens/a Weatherford Company) (Continued) Screen diameter Slot size Continuous slot in /ft 10’’ ID 12’’ ID 16’’ OD % Louvered (minimum open area) in /ft 20 30 40 50 60 90 95 100 120 125 72 100 122 143 135 174 179 186 203 207 18 25 30 35 33 43 44 46 50 51 20 30 40 50 60 90 95 100 120 125 20 30 40 50 60 69 77 99 117 135 176 182 189 209 214 68 97 124 146 169 14 16 21 24 28 37 38 39 44 45 11 16 21 24 28 80 206 34 90 95 100 221 228 238 37 38 40 11 125 268 45 15 Louvered (maximum open area) % in /ft Bridge slot % in /ft 16 44 24 32 Slotted pipe (horizontal) Mill * slotted (vertical) % 10 22 48 12 12 22 27 49 10 in /ft % 15 19 28 38 Slots/ft Plastic continuous slot in /ft % in /ft % Concrete Slotted † plastic in /ft % 18 26 33 39 45 10 11 65 72 16 18 in /ft Fiberglass reinforced plastic continuous ‡ slot % in /ft 32 12 2 20 39 24 35 47 59 13 16 35 17 21 32 43 22 27 41 % 104 141 192 104 141 192 19 29 35 25 34 46 6 104 141 192 31 42 58 10 38 64 12 52 11 94 18 138 23 17’’OD (13’’ID) 18’’OD 21’’OD (16’’ID) 23’’OD (18’’ID) 190 20 30 40 60 76 109 137 187 11 16 20 28 80 228 34 95 100 255 263 125 190 190 236 28 38 39 11 41 35 16 55 18 40 88 12 199 336 121 199 336 22 36 61 29 48 81 12 121 199 336 36 60 101 15 25 30 30 4 13 This chart is to give the reader a representative guide to typical open areas for various types of screens The actual open area may vary somewhat above or below these values depending on the materials used in the screen construction, the collapse and column strength requirements, and the manufacturing techniques Screen manufacturers should be contacted for specific open area data * Diameter of 4’’screen is 4.5’’ OD † Screen diameters are 4.5’’ OD, 6.5’’ OD, and 12.5’’ OD ‡ Screen diameters are 4.5’’ OD, 6.5’’ OD, 12’’ OD, and 16’’ OD 489 Volume of a well (modified from Driscoll, 1986) Diameter of casing or hole (in.) US gallons per foot of depth Imp gallons per foot of depth Cubic feet per foot of depth Liters per meter of depth 1½ 2½ 3½ 4½ 5½ 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 0.041 0.092 0.163 0.255 0.367 0.500 0.653 0.826 1.020 1.234 1.469 2.000 2.611 3.305 4.080 4.937 5.875 8.000 10.44 13.22 16.32 19.75 23.50 27.58 32.00 36.72 41.78 47.16 52.88 0.034 0.077 0.135 0.212 0.306 0.416 0.544 0.689 0.849 1.027 1.223 1.665 2.174 2.752 3.397 4.111 4.892 6.662 8.693 11.01 13.59 16.45 19.57 22.97 26.65 30.58 34.79 39.27 44.03 0.0055 0.0123 0.0218 0.0341 0.0491 0.0668 0.0873 0.1104 0.1364 0.1650 0.1963 0.2673 0.3491 0.4418 0.5454 0.6600 0.7854 1.069 1.396 1.767 2.182 2.640 3.142 3.687 4.276 4.909 5.585 6.305 7.069 0.509 1.142 2.024 3.167 4.558 6.209 8.110 10.26 12.67 15.33 18.24 24.84 32.43 41.04 50.67 61.31 72.96 99.35 129.65 164.18 202.68 245.28 291.85 342.52 397.41 456.02 518.87 585.68 656.72 U S gallon = 3.785 L U S gallon = 0.833 imperial gallons 1imperial gallon = 4.55 L U S gallon water weighs 8.33 lbs = 3.785 K L water weighs1k = 2.205 lbs gallon per foot of depth =1.2419 liters per foot of depth 1gallon per meter of depth =12.419 Â10 À3 cubic meters per meter depth of water 490 Cubin meters per meter of depth 0.509 Â10 À3 1.142 Â10 À3 2.024 Â10 À3 3.167 Â10 À3 4.558 Â10 À3 6.209 Â10 À3 8.110 Â10 À3 10.26 Â10 À3 12.67 Â10 À3 15.33 Â10 À3 18.24 Â10 À3 24.84 Â10 À3 32.43 Â10 À3 41.04 Â10 À3 50.67 Â10 À3 61.31 Â10 À3 72.96 Â10 À3 99.35 Â10 À3 129.65 Â10 À3 164.18 Â10 À3 202.68 Â10 À3 245.28 Â10 À3 291.85 Â10 À3 342.52 Â10 À3 397.41 Â10 À3 456.02 Â10 À3 518.87 Â10 À3 585.68 Â10 À3 656.72 Â10 À3 Typical water quality values in rivers and streams (Maidment, 1993 Reprinted with permission from McGraw-Hill, Inc.) Water quality parameter Typical value Range of values observeda Units Alternative unitsb Temperature Variable 0^30 °C °Fahrenheit Kelvinc °Rankine pH 4.5^8.5 1^9 Dissolved oxygen (O 2) Total nitrogen (N) Organic nitrogen Ammonia (NH 3-N) 3^9 0.1^10 0.1^9 0.01^10 0^19 0.004^> 100