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CHAPTER 2: PASSIVE VOICE I Cấu trúc chung của câu bị động là: S + (tobe) + V3ed II Các trường hợp bị động đạc biệt 1. Caáu truùc với HAVE Chủ động : S + have+ S.o+ Vo Bị động : S + have + S.t + V3ed 2. Cấu trúc với GET Chủ động : S + get+ S.o+ to + Vo Bị động : S + get + S.t + V3ed 3. Cấu trúc với MAKE Chủ động : S + make+ S.o + Vo Bị động : S + (tobe)+ made + S.O + to + Vo 4. Cấu trúc bị động kép: THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA “ People say that” và “ It is said that” Khi mệnh đề that( thatclause) được dùng làm tân ngữ cho các động từ : Think, say, believe, hope, announce, report, rumour,know, expect, claim, suppose,… Thì dạng bị động có thể được diễn đạt theo hai cách: (1) S+ isare said+ to Vo S+ isare said + to have + V3ed (2) It is said + that clause 1. Thì hiện tại đơn, tương lai đơn + It is said that + S + V( ses)…. + People say that + S + V…. S isare said to Vo …. 2. Thì quá khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành + It is said that + S + VedV2…. + People say that + S + Ved2…. S isare said to have + VedV3 …. CHAPTER 3: REPORTED SPEECH I Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai: Neáu ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì HIEÄN TAÏI hoaëc TÖÔNG LAI, ta chæ ñoåi NGOÂI nhö sau: 1) Ñoåi ngoâi thöù NHAÁT phuø hôïp vôùi Chủ ngữ trong meänh ñeà chính 2) Ñoåi ngoâi thöù HAI phuø hôïp vôùi Tân ngữ trong meänh ñeà chính 3) Ngoâi thöù BA khoâng ñoåi Ex: He says to me, “I and you will go with her father tomorrow.” > He tells me (that) he and I will go with her father tomorrow. Chuù yù: say to > tell II Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì quaù khöù: Neáu ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì quaù khöù, ta ñoåi ba yeáu toá laø Ngôi, Thì cuûa ñoäng töø vaø Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian vaø nôi choán. 1) Ngoâi: (nhö treân) 2) Thì cuûa ñoäng töø: V1 > V2ed V2ed > had + V3ed can > could will > would shall > should may > might must > had to 3) Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian vaø nôi choán: today > that day last week > the week before tonight > that night tomorrow > the day after now > then yesterday > the day before ago > before next week > the week after this > that these > those here > there Ex: She said to me, “I met your brother yesterday.” > She told me that she had met my brother the day before. III Caùc daïng caâu töôøng thuaät: 1) Caâu khaúng ñònh vaø phuû ñònh: Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät thöôøng laø saidtold. Ex1: He said, “I have seen her today.” > He said (that) he had seen her that day. Ex2: The teacher said to Peter, “The prize was not given to you.” > The teacher told Peter (that) the prize had not been given to him. Chuù yù: said to > told 2) Caâu hoûi: Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät thöôøng laø askedwonderedwanted to know. (hoûitöï hoûimuoán bieát). 2.1 YesNo question: Ex1: She asked me, “Do you like him?” > She asked me if I liked him. Ex2: He said, “Can you speak English, Nam?” > He asked Nam whether he could speak English. 2.2 WHquestion: Ex1: He said, “What is her name?” > He asked what her name was. Ex2: She said to him, “Where do you live?” > She asked him where he lived. said to > asked 3) Caâu meänh leänh: Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät thöôøng laø toldaskedordered (baûoyeâu caàura leänh). 3.1 Khaúng ñònh: Ex: The teacher said, “Go to the board, John.” > The teacher told John to go to the board. 3.2 Phuû ñònh: Ex: Nam said to his friend, “Don’t shut the door.” > Nam asked his friend not to shut the door. 4. Câu tường thuật với “infinitive”: a. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu (Imperatives Commands or Requests) dùng cấu trúc: tell ask request order somebody (not) to do something b. Tường thuật lời khuyên (Advice) dùng cấu trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something c. Tường thuật lời mời (Invitation) dùng cấu trúc: invite somebody to do something d. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo (warn) dùng cấu trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something e. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở (reminders) dùng cấu trúc: remind somebody to do something f. Tường thuật lời động viên (encouragement) dùng cấu trúc: encourage urge somebody to do something g. Tường thuật lời cấu khẩn dùng cấu trúc: begimplore somebody to do something h. Tường thuật lời đề nghị , tự nguyện (offers) dùng cấu trúc: offer to do something i. Tường thuật lời hứa (Promises) dùng cấu trúc: promise (not) to do something. j. Tường thuật lời đe dọa (threat) dùng cấu trúc: threaten to do something. 4. Câu tường thuật với “gerund” Các cấu trúc của câu tường thuật với danh động từ: S + V + Ving: admit, deny, suggest… S + V + preposition + Ving: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of, think of… S + V + O + preposition + Ving: accuse..of, blame…for, congratulate…on, criticize…for, warn…aboutagainst, praise…for, thank…for, prevent…from… CHAPTER 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I Loaïi moät: Dieãn taû ñieàu kieän COÙ THEÅ XAÛY RA ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai. Ex: If it rains heavily, I will stay at home. Cấu trúc: S + V(ses), S + willcanmay + Vo II Loaïi hai: Dieãn taû ñieàu kieän KHOÂNG THEÅ XAÛY RA ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai. Ex1: I would buy a new bicycle if I had enough money. (Hieän taïi toâi khoâng coù ñuû tieàn.) Cấu trúc: S + V2edwere , S + wouldcouldshould + Vo Ex2: If I were a king, you would be a queen. (Toâi khoâng theå laø vua.) III Loaïi ba: Dieãn taû ñieàu kieän KHOÂNG THEÅ XAÛY RA ôû quaù khöù. Ex: If John had worked harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam. (Söï thaät laø John ñaõ khoâng chaêm chæ vaø ñaõ thi rôùt.) Cấu trúc: S + had +V3ed, S+ wouldcouldshould+ have + V3ed IV Loaïi hỗn hợp: Cấu trúc: S + had +V3ed, S+ wouldcouldshould+ Vo (now). V) Nhöõng ñieåm caàn löu yù: 1. “If … not” coù theå ñöôïc thay baèng “UNLESS” (tröø phi): Ex: We will be late if we don’t hurry. > We will be late unless we hurry. Ex: If I have time, I’ll help you. > Unless I have time, I won’t help you. 2. Boû IF trong 3 loaïi caâu ñieàu kieän (phaûi coù ñaûo ngöõ vôùiSHOULDWEREHAD): Đảo ngữ câu ĐK loại 1: Should + S + Vo, S + willcanmay + Vo Ex: If it should be necessary, I will go. > Should it be necessary, I will go. Đảo ngữ câu ĐK loại 2: Were + S + O, S + wouldcouldshould + Vo Were + S + to Vo, S + wouldcouldshould + Vo Ex: If I were rich, I would buy a new car. > Were I rich, I would buy a new car. Đảo ngữ câu ĐK loại 3 : Had + S + V3ed, S+ wouldcouldshould+ have + V3ed Ex: If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer. > Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer. 3. Moät soá töøcuïm töø coù theå thay cho IF vôùi nghóa töông ñöông: provided that as long as so long as :mieãn là in case : trong tröôøng hôïp on condition that : vôùi ñieàu kieän là supposed that : giả sử như But for + Noun phrase (cụm danh từ) Without + Noun phraseVing If it weren’t for + Noun phrase, S + wouldcouldshould + Vo If it hadn’t been for + Noun phrase, S + wouldcouldshould + have +V3ed Caâu ao öôùc: WISH (öôùc)IF ONLY(giaù maø) 1) Khoâng coù thaät ôû töông lai: WOULD + Vo She wishes Tom would be here tomorrow. If only Tom would be here tomorrow. 2) Khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi: V2edWERE I wish Peter were here now. (He isn’t here now.) If only I had more money. 3) Khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù: HAD + V3ed We wish she had passed her exam last year. If only you hadn’t told Peter about our plan Meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ theå caùch as (nhö), as ifas though (nhö theå) Ex: We should do as our teacher tells us. She looks as if she’s going to cry. Söï vieäc khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi as ifas though + S + WEREV2ed Ex: He looked at me as if I were mad. Söï vieäc khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù as ifas though + S + had + V3ed Ex: He ran as if he had seen a ghost