Burg the great depression; eyewitness history (2005)

The Great Depression U P DATED EDITION EY E W I T N E S S H I S TO RY The Great Depression U P DATED EDITION David F Burg The Great Depression, Updated Edition Copyright © 2005, 1996 by David F Burg Graphs copyright © 2005 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5709-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5709-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burg, David F The Great Depression / by David F Burg — Updated ed p cm —(Eyewitness history) Includes bibliographical references (p ) and index ISBN 0-8160-5709-5 (acid free paper) United States—History—1933–1945—Juvenile literature United States—History— 1919–1933—Juvenile literature Depressions—1920—United States—Personal narratives— Juvenile literature New Deal, 1933–1939—Personal narratives—Juvenile literature I Title II Series E806.B9 2005 973.91—dc22 2004029126 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M.Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Graphs by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB JT 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper In memory of Laura Roth Johnson and Floris Johnson Burg NOTE ON PHOTOS Many of the illustrations and photographs used in this book are old, historical images The quality of the prints is not always up to modern standards, as in some cases the originals are damaged.The content of the illustrations, however, made their inclusion important despite problems in reproduction CONTENTS Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Updated Edition Acknowledgments Introduction xi xiii xv xvii Prelude to Crisis: 1919–1928 Fateful Year on Wall Street: 1929 The Failure of Optimism: 1930–1933 The First New Deal: 1933–1934 The Second New Deal: 1935–1936 Storms Gather Abroad: 1937–1938 The Emerging War: 1939–1941 41 60 103 146 187 241 Appendix A: Documents Appendix B: Biographies of Major Personalities Appendix C: Graphs and Charts Bibliography Index 313 349 397 410 427 430 The Great Depression Condon, John F 84 Condor Legion 197, 214 Conference on the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments 69 Confessional Church 215 Congress, U.S 26, 53 in 1938 193–196, 226 Winston S Churchill addresses 295 and Connally Act 146 declares war 295 Democrats in 79, 126, 157, 212, 242 and Fair Labor Standards Act 221, 222 isolationists in 242, 244 and Japan 278 and Neutrality Act 278 and packing of Supreme Court 188, 189 and Pact of Paris 52 and Public Utility Holding Company Act 150 and Revenue Act 221 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 127, 193–196, 244–245 72nd 83 special sessions of 54, 104–106, 280 and veterans bonus 82 Congressional elections 73, 125–126, 203–204, 211, 212, 222, 223, 226 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 190, 214, 265, 282 Connally,Thomas T 357 Connally Act 165 conscription 260, 265, 270, 286, 288, 295 conservation 113 Conservative Party 23 conservatives xviii, 78, 108, 118, 203, 204, 212, 222, 242 construction 45 Construction Contracts Awarded, 1929–1938 406g consumers 45–46, 48, 61, 62, 116, 190, 191 Controlling Depressions (Paul H Douglas) 172 convoys 268, 269, 290 Cooke, Morris 165 Coolidge, (John) Calvin 357 death of 86 election of 4, 23 eyewitness testimony of 30–31, 36, 40 and Germany 22, 23 as governor of Massachusetts and Muscle Shoals Bill 26, 82 and navy fleet 52 presidency of 7–9, 22–26, 31, 52, 82 swore in 22, 25 as vice president cooperatives (farm) 49 Coordinator of Transportation 29 Copland,Aaron 13 Copperud, Roy H 307 Corcoran,Thomas G 357 corporate leaders 60, 61, 155 corporate profits 47 corporations 75, 107 corruption 6, cosmetics 196, 222 cosmetics industry 16 Costigan, Edward P 105 cotton 109, 110, 128 Cotton Club 13 Coughlin, Charles E 121–122, 133, 153, 157, 169, 182, 250, 357 Council of National Defense 259 court-packing bill See packing of the Supreme Court Covenant of the League of Nations 65, 83 cowboys 226, 279 Cowley, Malcolm 98 Cox, James M 357 Coxey, Jacob 85 “Coxey’s Army” 85 CPPA (Committee for Progressive Political Action) 23 The Crack-up (F Scott Fitzgerald) 15 credit 8, 46 crime (organized) 15 The Crisis of the Old Order (Arthur M Schlesinger) 56 Croatia 68 crop prices 148 Crosby, Bing 70 Cross, Milton 83 cruisers 64, 293, 295 cryptographers 273 Crystallizing Public Opinion (Edward L Bernays) 30 Cuba 123–125, 131, 327–328 cubism 12 Cullen, Countee 50, 357–358 Cummings, E E 71, 103, 358 Cummings, Homer S 187, 358 Curtis, Charles 26, 85 CWA See Civil Works Administration Czechoslovakia 199, 217, 220, 221, 224, 225, 246, 246, 247, 252, 276 D Daladier, Édouard 86, 131, 166, 224, 225, 246, 251, 280, 284, 358 dancing (marathon) 11 “danger zones” 294 Daniel, Hawthorne 34 Danielian, N R 135 Daniels, Josephus 196, 358 Darmstaedter und Nationalbank 68, 82 Darrow, Clarence S 13, 24, 32–33, 70, 116, 131, 358 Daugherty, Harry M Davis, Chester C 139 Davis, John W 7, 8, 23 Davis, Maxine 176 Dawes, Charles Gates 22, 23, 63, 64, 81 Dawes Plan 23, 52 Dayton,Tennessee 24 “death-sentence” 150 Debs, Eugene V 4, 28–29, 358–359 debt 65–66, 68, 73, 79, 83 Declaration of Panama 250, 252, 280 Declaration of War on Germany, December 11, 1941 347–348 The Decline and Rise of the Consumer (Horace M Kallen) 178 defense buildup (US) 256, 263–265 defense spending 243, 256, 263, 282–285, 287 “defensive waters” 293 deficit (budget) See budget deficit de Gaulle, Charles 266, 286 Delano, Frederic A 132 DeMille, Cecil B 359 democracy xviii Democratic National Convention 23, 26, 77–78, 85, 169, 261–262, 287 Democratic Party and Democrats 23, 24, 81, 83 in 1930 elections 73 in 1934 elections 126 in 1936 elections 157 in 1938 elections 212, 226 in Congress 79, 126, 157, 212, 242 conservative 156 and NRA 116 opposition to New Deal by 118, 156 and the South 115, 205 Dempsey, Jack 10 Denmark 257, 283, 284, 291 Department of Labor, US 107, 129 Dern, George 103 de Schweinitz, Karl 97 destroyers 258, 263–264, 285, 287 Detroit, Michigan 75–76, 86 Devanter,Willis Van 188, 215 Dewey, John 29, 359 Dewey,Thomas E 219, 260, 286 Dickinson, Lester J 179 Dick Tracy (comic strips) 161 “dictated peace” (Diktat) 1, Dillinger, John 132, 359 DiMaggio, Joseph 359 diplomatic code (Japanese) 272, 273, 294 discount rate 42, 45, 46 dividends 44–45 Divine, Father (George Baker) 359 DJIA See Dow Jones Industrial Average Dodd, David L 140 Dodd,William E 27 Dodsworth (Sinclair Lewis) 55 dollar 105, 106, 117 Dollars (Lionel D Edie) 141 Dollfuss, Engelbert 131, 132–133 Dos Passos, John 33, 178, 197, 359–360 Douglas, Paul H 172 Douglas,William O 243, 276, 360 Douglas Aircraft Company 244, 275 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) 53, 155, 191 Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the “Forgotten Man” (Robert S McElwaine) 90, 138, 173, 234 Dracula (film) 71 draft 261–263, 270, 277, 285, 288, 292, 293 Dreiser,Theodore 29, 91, 360 Drennan, R E 101 drought 110–111, 144 drugs 196, 222 Dubinsky, David 360 DuBois,W E B 296, 360 Duck Soup (film) 71 Dudley, Harold M 228 Dunkirk 257, 285 du Pont, Irenee 118 du Pont, Pierre 54 Du Puy,William Atherton 37 dust bowl 110–112, 111, 112, 144, 213 Duveen, Joseph 255, 256, 360 E Earhart,Amelia 222, 360–361 Early, Stephen Tyree 361 earnings growth 44–45 Index Easter morning on Chicago’s South Side 255 Eastern Europe xviii Easy Money (Lionel D Edie) 228 Ebert, Friedrich 24 Eccles, Marriner S 191, 228, 361 The Economic Basis of Tax Reform (Harry Gunnison Brown) 94 economic programs xviii economic recovery 154–155, 163, 164, 191 “economic royalists 191 economic threat (of Germany) 268–269 economists 44 economy decline of 8, 47–49, 60, 190–192 in Germany national planning of 108 and New Deal 108, 114 in 1920 5, positive effects on 114 and public works 114 and Reconstruction Finance Corporation 63 weakness in 48–49 and WWII 274 Economy Act 106, 108, 127 Eden,Anthony 219 Ederle, Gertrude 10, 11, 24 Edie, Lionel D 141, 228 Edison, Charles 136, 361 Edmund Wilson: Letters on Literature and Politics (Edmund Wilson) 92 education 112, 193, 207 Edward VIII (king of Great Britain) 168, 171, 185, 361 Egypt 265, 268, 287, 288, 290 EHFA See Electric Home and Farm Authority Eighteenth Amendment 73, 82, 85, 86, 130, 314 Eighth All-Union Congress of the Soviets 171 Einstein,Albert 14, 252, 275, 278, 280, 301, 361–362 Eisenhower, Dwight D 76, 85 Eleanor Roosevelt’s My Day (Rochelle Chadakoff, ed.) 179, 186, 233, 237, 300, 307, 311 elections, German 66, 67 elections, U.S billboard advertising of 202 of 1920 of 1924 7–8 of 1928 16 of 1930 73 of 1932 73, 76–79 of 1934 125–126 of 1936 153–157, 157 of 1938 202, 203–204, 211, 212, 222, 223, 226 of 1940 263–265, 290 of 1963 169 Electric Home and Farm Authority (EHFA) 114, 166 electric utility companies 150 electrification (rural) 151 See also Tennessee Valley Authority Eliot,Thomas Stearns (T S Eliot) 71, 362 Elizabeth (queen of Great Britain) 278 Ellington, Duke (Edward K.) 362 Ellis, Havelock 178 emancipation of women 15–16 embargo 221, 278 on armanments 197, 278, 280 on arms sales 197 on belligerents 249 and Neville Chamberlain 249–250 on iron and steel 288 on Japan 265, 272, 287, 292 “moral embargo” 197, 252 and Neutrality Act 197, 249 oil 272 on Spain 213, 246, 276 on USSR 252 Emended Text of the Supreme Court Opinion for A.L.A SAchecter Poultry Corporation et al v United States, May 27, 1935 329–334 Emergency Banking Act 87, 105, 108 Emergency Banking Bill 104, 105 Emergency Farm Mortgage Act 106, 128–129 Emergency Quota Act (1921) Emergency Relief and Construction Act 63, 85 Emergency Relief Appropriations Act 148, 165 The Emperor Jones (Eugene O’Neill) 28 Empire State Building 12, 49 employment 15, 114, 116, 148 See also unemployment employment offices 107 Employment Stabilization Office 278 Enabling Act 127 End Poverty in California (EPIC) 119, 133 England 287, 288 English Channel 24, 257, 287 entertainment 25, 50, 125, 160–163, 253 See also literature; movies; radio EPIC See End Poverty in California Epstein, Ralph C 38 estate tax 8, 150 Estonia 248, 279, 287 Ether and Me or “Just Relax” (Will Rogers) 55 “The Ethics of Competition” (Frank H Knight) 30 Ethiopia 158, 159, 165, 167, 221, 291 Ethiopia-Somaliland border dispute 167 Europe xviii, 16–18, 48, 49, 63–64, 247, 258 See also specific headings, i.e.: Germany evangelism 14 Evans, Hiram W 35 Evans,Walker 362 Evian-les-Bains conference 222, 223 evolution 13, 24 Ewen, David 304 executive branch 165, 187, 192, 244, 245, 277, 278, 280 Executive Order 8802, establishing the President’s Committee on Fair Employment Practices, Issued June 25, 1941 345–346 Export-Import Bank 114, 282 exports 114 expositions 125 F Factory Employment, 1919–1938 407g fads 11, 14 fair labor standards 107 Fair Labor Standards Act 195, 196, 221, 222, 290 Fair Labor Standards Bill 221 fairs 212, 253, 278 Fall,Albert B families 167, 203, 205, 242, 283, 289, 304 The Family and the Depression (Ruth Shonle Cavan and Katherine Howland Ranck) 234–235 Fantasia (film) 253 A Farewell to Arms (Ernest Hemingway) 55 Farley, James A 77, 78, 103, 362 Farm Credit Act 107, 129 Farm Credit Administration (FCA) 107, 127, 129 Farmer-Laborites 23, 24, 26, 81, 83 Farmer-Labor Party National Committee 85 Farmer’s Holiday Association 108 431 The Farmers’ National Grain Corporation 54 farming and farmers xvii, xviii, 216, 282 See also specific headings, e.g.: Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act in 1920s 5, African American 115 agitation of 108 and Agricultural Adjustment Act 106, 128–129, 147–148, 151 and Agricultural Adjustment Administration 106, 108–110, 111, 129, 219 aid to 62 allotment program for 110, 151 appropriations for 244 cooperatives of 49 depression in 48, 49 and drought 110–111, 144 and the dust bowl 110–112, 111, 112, 144, 213 at a filling station 300 and forced auction sales 74 Herbert Hoover and 49 housing for 222 income of 111 migrant workers 180, 184, 215, 283 and New Deal legislation 108 non-prosperity of and overproduction 109 payments to 193 plowing by 194 problems of 49, 50, 60 relief for 153 resettlement of 165 Roosevelt’s legislation on 106 and sharecroppers 110, 128, 167, 205 subsidies to xviii, 106, 110, 151 and tariffs taxes on 74 tenant 110 wheat harvest workers 233 Farm Security Administration (FSA) 216, 220, 304 fascism xix, 18, 66–68, 122, 166 See also Nazism and Nazis Father Coughlin See Coughlin, Charles E Faulkner,William 50, 160, 178, 362 Fausold, Martin L See The Presidency of Herbert C Hoover FBI 132 FCA See Farm Credit Administration FCC See Federal Communications Commission 432 The Great Depression FDIC See Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDR’s Fireside Chats (Russell D Buhite and David W Levy, eds.) 135, 143, 175, 183, 237, 300, 308 Fechner, Robert 106, 228, 362–363 Federal Art Project 148, 166, 207 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 132 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 118, 132 federal courts 188, 214 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 107, 129, 166 Federal Emergency Relief Act 106, 128–129 Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) 130 Federal Farm Board 53, 60 federal government See government (federal) Federal Home Loan Bank Act 85 Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 132, 244 Federal Land Banks 106, 129 Federal Loan Agency 278 Federal Music Project 148, 166 Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) 114 Federal Open Market Committee 166 Federal Radio Commission 10 Federal Reserve 45, 46, 52–54, 83, 105, 107, 130, 166 Federal Security Agency 245, 278 Federal Surplus Relief Corportation 109 Federal Theater Project (FTP) 148, 166, 205–206, 244 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 107 Federal Works Agency 244, 278 Federal Writers’ Project 166, 206 FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) 130 Ferguson, Otis 186 Fermi, Enrico 275 FHA See Federal Housing Administration Fields,W C 125 Fifth Amendment 165 Fifth Avenue, New York City 301 films See movies finance industry 118 Finland 68, 248, 251–252, 256, 257, 279–283 Finnish Pavilion 253 fireside chat 105, 127, 222, 249, 279, 290 First Inaugural Address of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, March 4, 1933 322–325 Fisher, Irving 37–38, 95 Fisher, L M 298 Fiske, Charles D 35 Fitzgerald, F Scott 15, 28, 29, 33, 94, 254–255, 309, 363 flagpole sitting 11 “flapper” look 15 The Fleischmann Hour (radio program) 50, 53, 161 Florida 24 Flying Tigers 265, 288 Flynn, Edward J 363 FNMA (Federal National Mortgage Association) 114 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act 196, 222 food rationing 282 football 10 Forbes, Charles 7, 24 forced auction sales 74 Ford, Henry 39, 54, 97, 114, 190, 291, 363 Ford Motor Company 75–76, 84, 190, 253, 291 Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act 6, 7, 64, 81 Ford River Rouge plant, (Dearborn, Michigan) 84 foreclosures 60, 74, 108, 112 foreign investors 48 foreign policy (foreign relations) 6, 8, 64–66, 123–125 Forman, Henry James 172–173 Fortune (magazine) 98, 229–230, 232, 238, 240, 304–305, 310 For Whom the Bell Tolls (Ernest Hemingway) 254, 302 Fosdick, Harry Emerson 30, 96–97, 363 Foster,William Z 23, 26, 84, 363 Fourteen Point plan 1, Fraenkel, Osmond K 36 France 165, 217, 277 aircraft for 227, 243–244, 244, 275 and Austrian independence 133 and Louis Barthou 133 and Léon Blum 220 and Camille Chautemps 220 and cruisers 81 and Czechoslovakia 224, 225 and Édouard Daladier 86, 131, 166, 224, 225, 246, 251, 280, 284, 358 declares war 249 depression in 66 at Dunkirk 257 and Ethiopia 167 and Francisco Franco 246 and Charles de Gaulle 266, 286 and Germany 257–258, 279, 280, 286, 287 and Great Britain 66, 287 and Adolf Hitler 157–158, 280, 286 invasion/occupation of 257–258, 284, 286–288, 292 and Italy 158 and London Naval Conference 64 and outlawing war 25 planned attack on 282 and Poland 248, 249 and Spanish civil war 169, 197 support for 244 troops of 251 Vichy France 258, 287, 292 war debt of 65–66, 68, 83 Francis, Arlene 206 Franco, Francisco 158, 169, 197, 214, 227, 246, 276, 363–364 Frank, Jerome N 110 Frankenstein (film) 71 Frankfurter, Felix xix, 243, 275, 364 Franklin, Jay 302 Franklin Field Stadium 169 Free French 266, 286, 292 free market 62 French fleet 259, 287 Freud, Sigmund 13, 15 Frick, Henry Clay 255, 256 Fritsch,Werner von 218, 219 Frost, Robert 71, 364 FSA See Farm Security Administration FTC (Federal Trade Commission) 107 FTP See Federal Theater Project Fuller, A.T 25 fundamentalists (Christian) 14 funnies See comic strips G Gable, (William) Clark 253, 364 gambling 210, 211 Garbo, Greta 125, 364 Garland, Judy 254, 364–365 Garner, John Nance 77, 85, 153, 169, 365 Garrett County, Maryland 170 Garvey, Marcus 2, 365 Gasoline Alley (comic strip) 161 Gasparri, Pietro 52 Gaulle, Charles de 266, 286 Gayer, A D 228 Gehrig, Henry Louis 72, 365 General Electric 44, 46, 47, 52, 53 General Motors Corporation 189–190, 214, 253 General Motors Corporation workers 213 Geneva, Switzerland 25 Geneva Conference 52 George, David Lloyd George,Walter 203 George II (king of Greece) 291 George V (king of Great Britain) 81, 129 George VI (king of Great Britain) 171, 278, 284 German-American Bund 248 German Labor Front 128 Germany xviii, xix, 227, 278 See also Hitler,Adolf; Nazism and Nazis in 1920s 17–18 and Africa 268, 290 amd Jews 127 amd Nationalist Party 127 appeasement of See appeasement of Germany “Aryan paragraph” 128 atrocities of 202 attacks Low Countries 257 bank failure in 68 and Battle of Britain 262–263, 287, 288, 290 and Beer Hall Putsch 17–18, 22, 23, 281 and Berlin Wall xviii and Heinrich Brüning 84, 85 and Calvin Coolidge 22, 23 and Czechoslovakia 221, 224, 225, 246, 246, 276 declaration of war on 347–348 declares war on United States 274 depression in 66 and Dunkirk 285 economic threat of 268–269 elections in 84, 85 facism in 122 foreign investment by 48 and France 257–258, 279, 280, 286, 287 and Francisco Franco 169, 214 and German Labor Front 128 and Joseph Goebbels 127, 132 and Hermann Göring 85, 201, 217, 226, 286 and Great Britain 262–263, 280, 281, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290–292 and Rudolf Hess 219, 291 inflation in 22–23 and Italy 268 and Kristallnacht 226 Index and League of Nations 24, 130, 313–315 loans to 68 and Lorcano Treaty and Low Countries 284, 285 message to 159 and Munich agreement 225 and National Socialist Party 129 and Norway 281, 284 and Operation Barbarossa 265, 268, 269–270, 290–292 and Operation Sea Lion 263, 287, 288 and Pact of Steel 247 pact with USSR of 248–249 and Phony War 251 and Poland 130, 249, 279, 280 and Reich Concordat 129 and Reichstag 26, 66, 67, 80, 81, 85–87, 122, 127, 129, 130, 165, 214, 219 and Reichswehr 133 reparations payments by 8, 22, 52–53, 81, 82, 85 and Ernst Röhm 132 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 157, 158 and SA/Brownshirts 84, 132 and Scandinavia 256–257 soldiers oath in 143 and SS 122, 132, 286 and stock market crash 48, 66 and Gregor Strasser 132 threat of 157, 158 and Treaty of Peace with 313–315 and Treaty of Versailles unemployment in 48, 66 universal military service in 165 and United States 274, 293 and USSR 248–249, 269–270, 279, 283, 292–294 and war debt 65–66 and Weimar Republic 1, 2, 8, 24, 26, 48, 53, 66 in Western Hemisphere 251 Gershwin, George 13, 365 Gestapo (secret state police) 168 Gibson, Hugh 81 Gifford,Walter, S 25, 83 gift tax 8, 150 Gilbert, Prentiss 83 Gilder, Rosamond 181–182, 298 Glasgow, Ellen 33 Glass, Carter 188, 214 Glass, Remley J 137–138 Glass-Steagall Act 84, 107, 108, 129 Goddard, Robert Hutchings 50, 365 Goebbels, Joseph 127, 132 gold 104, 105, 117, 130, 194 “gold cases” 165 Gold Dust Twins 130 Golden Gate International Exposition 223, 253 Gold Reserve Act 117, 130 gold standard 66, 105, 106 The Gold Standard in Theory and Practice (Ralph G Hawtrey) 134 golf 10 Gone With the Wind (film) 253 Gone with the Wind (Margaret Mitchell) 160, 210 The Good Earth (Pearl Buck) 71 Goodman, Benny 366 Good Neighbor policy 69, 124, 130, 159, 196 Gordon, Eugene 35, 38 Göring, Hermann 85, 201, 217, 226, 286 government (federal) doing business with 151 and economic decline 62–63 employees of 279 intervention 108 lavish spending by 191 role of 78 Graham, Benjamin 140 Grain Stablization Corporation 60 grain surplus 60 Grant, Cary 208 The Grapes of Wrath (film) 254 The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck) 296 grazing on public lands 117 Great Britain 165, 168, 220 See also Chamberlain, Neville; Churchill,Winston S in Africa 290, 291 aid for 244, 258–260, 263, 266–267, 275, 285–287, 290 airplane sales to 260, 275, 286 and Atlantic Charter 270–271 attacks French fleet 287 and Austria 133 and Battle of Britain 262–263, 287, 288, 290 bombs Bismark 292 and Czechoslovakia 225, 276 declares war 279 and defense of Scandinavia 257 defenses of 284 depression in 66 destroyers for 287 at Dunkirk 257 economic losses of 66 and Anthony Eden 219 and France 66, 287 and Francisco Franco 246 and Germany 262–263, 280, 281, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290–292 and gold standard 66 and Greece 246, 291 Lord Halifax 199, 218, 219, 224, 275 and Adolf Hitler 157–158, 199, 217, 218, 225, 267, 278, 280, 287, 288 invades Iran 293 and Iraq 2, 268, 292 and Italy 158, 167, 221, 286 and Japan 272 and “London Blitz” 288 and London Naval Conference 64 and Benito Mussolini 286 and naval armanments 25, 53, 81, 166 and Poland 246, 248–249, 276, 279 and Romania 247 and shipping 266 and Spanish Civil War 169, 197 troops of 251 and United States 270–274, 283 and USSR 277, 278, 292 and war debt 65–66, 68, 79 The Great Depression (Lionel Robbins) 177 The Great Depression (Robert S McElwaine) xi–xii the Great Dictator (film) 254 “The Great Dirt Conspiracy” ( Walter B Pitkin) 93 Great Plains 60 See also Dust Bowl Great Stock Market Crash of 1929 xvii, 1, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 53, 60–62 Greece 246, 265, 268, 288, 290, 291 Green,William 366 Greenbelt, Maryland 208 Greenland 268, 291 Greer (ship) 293 Gropius,Walter 208, 253, 366 gross national product (GNP) in 1920 4–5 from 1925 to 1929 45 in 1929 41 in 1936 163, 164 declines in 61–62, 78 increasing 45 Growing Up (Russell Baker) 95, 145 Guam 272, 274, 295 Guantánamo Bay naval base 124–125, 131 Guernica 214 433 Guffey-Snyder Bituminous Coal Stabilization Act 148, 166, 168 Guffey-Vinson Bituminous Coal Act 214 Guthrie,Woody 366 H The Hague 53 Hague, Frank 221, 222 Haiti 69 Halifax, Lord 199, 218, 219, 224, 275 Hall, Helen 138 Hallelujah! (film) 50 Hammett, Samuel Dashiell 366 Hänsel und Gretel (Engelbert Humperdinck) 83 “Happy Days Are Here Again” 78 Harding, Gardner 299 Harding,Warren Gamaliel 4–7, 22, 24, 29, 366–367 Hard Times:An Oral History of the Great Depression (Studs Terkel) 59 Hardy, Oliver 160 Harlem Renaissance 12, 50 Harriman,W Averell 267, 290, 293 Harrington, Jean 300, 305 Harvard Law School 53 Harvard University 25 Hastings,Thomas 256 Hatch Act 279 Hauptmann, Bruno 70, 168 Havana, Act of 266 Hawaii 272, 273, 294 Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act 63–64, 66, 81 Hawtrey, Ralph 134 Hayek, Friedrich 94–95 health insurance system (national) xviii Hearst,William Randolph 14, 77, 150, 209, 254, 367 Hellman, Lillian 367 Hemingway, Ernest 34, 50, 55, 197, 254, 302, 367 Hemispheric security 280 Henderson,Amy 89 Henderson, Caroline A 181 Hepburn, Katharine 208 Herriot, Edouard 86 Hess, Rudolf 219, 291 Heydrich, Reinhard 226 Hindenburg 214 Hindenburg, Paul von 24, 66, 67, 81, 82, 84–87, 122, 133 Hirohito (emperor of Japan) 273, 292, 294 Hirota, Koki 198 historians, bias of xi–xii 434 The Great Depression Historical Records Survey 167 Hitchcock,Alfred 160, 254 Hitler, Adolf 367 See also Nazism and Nazis and American hemisphere 159 appeasement of 199–201, 211, 225 assassination attempt on 251, 281 and Austria 219, 220 and Battle of Britain 263 Beer Hall Putsch of 17–18, 22–23, 281 and burning of Reichstag 122 and Neville Chamberlain 224, 225 and chancellorship 68, 86 and Communists 87 and Czechoslovakia 199, 221, 224, 225, 246, 276 and Denmark 283 dissolves Reichstag 130 and elections 84 eyewitness testimony of 57 and France 157–158, 280, 286 gains in Reichstag of 66, 67 and Great Britain 157–158, 199, 217, 218, 225, 267, 278, 280, 287, 288 halts panzer divisions 285 invades Lithuania 246 and Italy 132, 217, 284, 290 and Jews 128 kills opponents 132 and Low Countries 284 and Mein Kampf 18, 33 and Benito Mussolini 132, 217, 284, 290 at 1936 Olympics 163 and Norway 283 and Operation Barbarossa 265 peace proposal of 251 and Poland 248–249, 278 rearmanment of 157 reconstitutes parliaments 127 renounces Treaty of Versailles 158, 214 rise to power of 122 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 123, 200, 201, 247, 277 satire of 254 speech of 137, 165, 214 successes of 199 as supreme commander 133, 219 and terror 87 and Treaty of Versailles and United States 123, 159, 200, 201, 247, 269, 271, 277 and USSR 269, 290 warns Latin America 265–266 and Sumner Welles 258 withdraws from League of Nations 130 Hoare, Sir Samuel 167 hoboes 112, 164 hogs 106, 109 Hollywood 10, 70–71, 159–160, 209, 253, 254 See also movies Holmes, Oliver Wendell 83, 367–368 HOLOC See Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Holocaust 201–202 homelessness xvii Home Owners’ Loan Act 107, 129 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) 107, 129 Hood (ship) 292 Hood, Raymond 71, 72, 368 Hooper, Edward 50 Hoover, Herbert Clark xi, 25, 26, 52, 52, 53, 81–86 and African Americans 43 and banking 63 and Bonus Army 76 cabinet of 41 and campaign of 1932 78–79 and cooperation 113 as corporate champion and economic decline 62–63 election of, in 1928 16 eyewitness testimony of 32, 40, 52, 56, 58, 59, 92, 99, 100, 234 and farming 49 foreign policies of 68–69 and foreign relations 64–66 Good Neighbor policy of 69, 124 inaugural address of 43 initiatives of 63–64 interregnum of 79–80 and Japanese invasion 65 The New Day: Campaign Speeches of Herbert Hoover 39 nomination of 76 optimism of 62 and Prohibition 73 shortcomings of 43 State of the Union address by 317–322 and stock market crash 47 and stock speculation 44, 45 and tariffs 63–64 and tax increases 75 vision of 43–44 and war debt 68 and weapons reduction 69 Hoover, J(ohn) Edgar 368 Hoover administration xii, xvii, 62–63, 73, 105 “Hooverville” 76 Hopkins, Harry L 287, 368 as commerce secretary 267 and CWA 131 eyewitness testimony of 144–145 and Federal Surplus Relief Corportation 109 goes to Moscow 270 and increased spending 194 and lend-lease program 291 and Roosevelt nomination 262 as secretary of commerce 227 and unemployment relief 106 and work relief 116, 130, 165 and Works Progress Administration 148, 165 horse racing 210, 210, 211 “hot oil” 146, 165 House Banking and Currency Committee 87 Houseman, John 206 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 206, 221, 244, 248 housing in Charleston,West Virginia 181 of coal miner 169 for factory workers 183 for farm laborers 222 for migrant workers 184 of Native Americans 195 public 207 and Resettlement Administration loan 177 of steel mill workers 151 tenement 236 trailer home 216 Howard, Charles 211 Howard, John Tasker 231–232 Howard University 207 Howe, Louis 168, 369 How to Win Friends and Influence People (Dale Carnegie) 209 How We Elect Our Presidents (Will Rogers) 59 HUAC See House Un-American Activities Committee Hubbard, Kin 34 Huddleston, George 96 Hughes, Charles Evans 6, 22, 81, 147, 147, 188, 214, 369 Hull, Cordell 103, 124, 247 and China 217 and Good Neighbor Policy 124, 130 and Japan 217, 218, 248, 271–272, 278, 283, 287, 294, 369 and Lima Declaration 227 and Mexico 196 and Spanish Civil War 197 Humperdinck, Engelbert 83 the Hundred Days 105–108, 116 Hungary 68, 246, 265, 276, 290 hunger xvii Hurley, Patrick J 76, 85 Hurston, Zora Neale 229 Huston, John 206, 254 Hutchens, John 97 Hutton, Edward F 118 hydroelectric power 107 I I, Governor of California (Upton Sinclair) 119 Iceland 268, 270, 271, 292, 293 Ickes, Harold LeClair 103, 129, 132, 136, 369 See also The Secret Diary of Harold L Ickes and African Americans 115 and Charles Coughlin 153 and Federal Surplus Relief Corportation 109 and government spending 191 and grazing on public lands 117 and Public Works Administration 107, 116 and Spanish Civil War 197 IGC (Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees) 223 Il Duce See Mussolini, Benito “ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished 213–214 Illinois 75 See also Chicago, Illinois I’ll Take My Stand (John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren et al.) 89 Immigration Act of 1924 23 immigration policy inaugural addresses 43, 103, 213–214, 322–325 income 111, 150, 154 Indian Reorganization Act 132, 169 Indochina 272, 286–288, 292, 294 In Dubious Battle (John Steinbeck) 178 industrialists 118 Industrial Production, 1934–1938 405g industrial unionism 190 industry automotive 9, 114 coal 114, 189 cosmetics 16 finance 117–118 and National Recover Administration (NRA) 113–114 opposition to New Deal by 118 petroleum Index inheritance taxes 150 installment credit 46 Insull, Samuel 369 integration 205 Inter-American Conference 159 interest rates 42, 48 Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGC) 223 Interior Department 217 international cooperation International Longshoremen’s Union 131 International Settlement 216 International Style (of architecture) 71, 72, 125, 208, 253 “The International Style” 84 International Workers of the World (IWW) 118, 119 interstate commerce xviii Interstate Commerce Commission 83 intervention (in Latin America) 69 inventories 45 investment xviii, xix, 61, 107 investment trusts 41, 45, 47 investors (foreign) 48 Iran 293 Iraq 268, 291 The Irresponsibles: A Declaration (Archibald MacLeish) 302–303 Isokuru,Yamamoto 294 isolationism and isolationists 276, 280, 287 and aircraft sales 244 of American public 125 in Congress 242, 244 of Coolidge administration impact of 202 and invasions in Europe 247 and Japan 198 and lend-lease system 267 and Neutrality Act 197, 250 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 123, 158, 202 strength of 242 Italy xix, 225, 275 See also Mussolini, Benito and Africa 290 and Albania 247, 290 attacks Greece 265 and Austria 133 declares war on United States 274 and Egypt 265, 288 and Ethiopia 158, 159, 167, 169 and France 158 and Germany 132, 217, 268, 284, 290 and Great Britain 158, 167, 221, 286 and Adolf Hitler 132, 217, 284, 290 and League of Nations 169 and Libya 265, 290 and London Naval Conference 64 and Mediterranean Sea 284 and naval armanments 53, 81 and Pact of Steel 247, 278, 283 Roosevelt denounces 259 and Spain 197 and United States 259, 274 and war debt 68 It Happened One Night (film) 125 It Seems to Me (Leonard C Schlup and Donald W.Whisenhunt) 142–144 IWW See International Workers of the World J Jackson, Robert H 370 James, Edwin L 89 Japan atrocities of 202 attack on Shanghai 65 attacks Pearl Harbor 274, 294–295 and China 65, 83–84, 198, 215–219, 221, 223–226, 272, 284, 288, 294 and Congress 278 diplomatic code of 272, 273, 294 embargo on 265, 272, 287, 292 and Great Britain 272 growing power of 16 Hirohito 273, 292, 294 and Herbert Clark Hoover 65 increasing tensions with 198 and Indochina 263, 286, 288, 292 invasion of Manchuria by 65 and League of Nations 65, 86, 127, 198 and London Naval Conference 64 message to 159 military control in 64–65 and naval armanments 25, 53, 81 negotiations with 271–272, 293, 294 postponement of war with 270 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 198, 218, 247–248, 292, 294 and Roosevelt administration 247–248 sanctions against 248 and United States xviii, 65, 198, 217, 218, 247–248, 271–274, 282–283, 285, 287, 292–295, 369 and USS Panay 218 and USSR 272, 291 war declared on 274, 347–348 jazz 12–13, 72 The Jazz Singer (Al Jolson) 10, 25–26, 37 Jefferson Memorial 253 Johnson, Hiram xix, 113, 370 Johnson, Hugh S 107, 116, 129, 131, 133, 153, 172, 370 Johnson, James Weldon 40, 57, 370 Johnson,Walter See Selected Letters of William Allen White Johnson Act 165 Johnson Act (April 13, 1934) 327 Jolson, Al 10, 25–26, 37 Jones, Jesse H 114, 117, 130, 370–371 Jones, Joseph M See Tariff Retaliation Jones v Seturities and Exchange Commission 168 J P Morgan and Company 46–47 Judaism and Jews 122, 127, 201, 223, 225–227 Judicial Procedures Reform Act 217 judicial reform 187–188 See also packing of Supreme Court Jung, Carl 14 K Kaifeng 221 Kallen, Horace M 178 Kaltenborn, Hans V 371 Katzenjammer Kids (comic strip) 161 KDKA in Pittsburgh (radio station) 9–10 Kearney (ship) 293 Kellogg, Frank B 26, 371 Kellogg-Briand Treaty Kelly, Alvin “Shipwreck” 11 Kennedy, Joseph P 198, 218, 249, 267, 276, 371 Kent, Frank R 32, 135 Kenya 268 Kenyon,William S 53 Kerr, Philip 264 Kerr-Smith Tobacco Control Act 132 Keynes, John Maynard 88, 142, 191, 371 kidnapping (of Lindbergh baby) 70 Kimball, Fiske 34 King, Ernest 295 King,W L Mackenzie 196, 224, 266, 287, 371 King Kong (film) 125 Kirov, Sergei M 133 435 “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism” (Hiram W Evans) 35 Knight, Eric 254 Knight, Frank H 30 Knights of the White Camelia 248 Knox,William Franklin 153, 168, 259, 264, 286, 309–310, 371–372 Knudsen,William S 259, 285 Koch-Weser, Erich 92 Konoye, Fumimaro, Prince 215, 265, 272, 293, 372 Kreditanstalt (Austria’s central bank) 67, 82 Kress, Samuel H 256 Kristallnacht (night of broken glass) 201, 226 Krock, Arthur 372 Ku Klux Klan 3, 3, 7, 189, 217, 248 L labor organizations (unions) xviii, 291 and AFL 3–4, 106, 190 and CIO 190, 214, 265, 282 and collective bargaining 107, 114, 188 and Communist Party 75, 76 and industrial unionism 190 and International Longshoremen’s Union 131 and IWW 118, 119 membership in 5, 114 militancy of 118, 119 and National Industrial Recovery Act 107 and National Labor Relations Act 150 strikes of 3–4, 118–119, 132, 189, 213, 243, 291, 303 successes of 189–190 and Teamsters Union 118, 119, 131–133 and UAW 190, 213, 214, 291 and UMWA 4, 116 and unemployment 48 and unionization xviii, 116, 118, 119, 190 and United Rubber Workers 190 laborsaving devices 15 labor unrest 3–4 Labour Party 53 Ladies’ Home Journal 143 La Follette, Phil 203, 221 La Follette, Robert M., Jr 23, 24, 92–93, 104–105, 150, 203, 372 La Guardia, Fiorello 54, 372–373 Lamont,Thomas W 53 436 The Great Depression Landon,Alfred M 153, 154, 168, 196, 373 land use 113 Lange, Dorothea 373 Langsdorff, Hans 281 Larsen, Louis W 138 Laski, Harold J xix, 142 Lassie Come Home (Eric Knight) 254 The Last Tycoon (F Scott Fitzgerald) 309 Lateran Treaty 52 Latin America 227, 280 conference of nations in 171 defense of 266 and Good Neighbor policy 69, 124, 130, 159, 196 Hitler’s warning to 265–266 and Hoover administration 69 interventions in Nazi domination of 244 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 123–125 security of 250–251 Latvia 248, 279, 287, 292 Laurel, Stan 160 Lausanne Conference 85 Laval, Pierre 83, 167, 168 Lawrence, Joseph Stagg 56 League of Nations 24, 217 covenant of 65, 83 and election of 1924 expels USSR 281 and Germany 24, 130, 313–315 and Italy 169 and Japan 65, 86, 127, 198 and naval armanments 25 and “Preparatory Commission” 84 ratification of treaty of 313–315 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 123 and Saar region 165 and Woodrow Wilson 1, League of Nations Assembly 84, 86 League of Nations Council 83 Le Bourget 25 LeHand, Marguerite 373 Lehman, Herbert H 373 Leigh,Vivien 253 Leighton, George R 101 Lemke,William 168 Lend-Lease Act (March 11, 1941) 344–345 lend-lease agreements 266–267, 270, 290 Lend-Lease Bill 290, 291 Lenin,Vladimir 23 Leopold III (king of the Belgians) 285 The Lessons of Monetary Experience: Essays in Honor of Irving Fisher (A D Gayer, ed.) 228 LeSueur, Meridel 143 The Letters of F Scott Fitzgerald (F Scott Fitzgerald) 33 Letters of Theodore Dreiser (Theodore Dreiser) 29 The Letters of Thomas Wolfe (Elizabeth Nowell, ed.) 90–91, 185 Levy, David W See FDR’s Fireside Chats Lewis, David 148 Lewis, John L 4, 116, 217, 264, 265, 282, 288, 373–374 Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair 11–12, 28, 29, 50, 55, 71, 91, 374 liberalism xix Liberal Party 23 liberals xviii, xix, xx, 78, 203, 222, 223 Libya 265, 288, 290 Lichtenberg, Bernard 88 Life 232 Lilienthal, David E 107, 113, 192, 220, 374 Lima Declaration 196, 227 “limited national emergency” 249 Lindbergh,Anne 70, 84 Lindbergh, Charles A 25, 84, 280, 285, 374 eyewitness testimony of 37, 310–311 and kidnapping 70, 168 and Neutrality Act 250 and rocketry 50 solo flight of Lippmann,Walter 91, 137, 141, 175, 234, 240, 374 literature See also specific works in 1939–40 254–255 and African Americans 206, 207 and Federal Writers’ Project 148, 166, 206 during Great Depression 71 Harlem Renaissance 12 and “lost generation” 11 in 1930s 160–161 in 1920s 11–12 post-1929 crash 50 Lithuania 248, 276, 279, 287 Litvinov, Maxim 123, 130, 277, 278 “Living and Dying on Installment,” (Hawthorne Daniel) 34 loan(s) 285 to banks 63 declining 45 forbidden 266 government 194 and Home Owners’ Loan Act 107 housing built through 177 margin 48 and Neutrality Act 266 and Reconstruction Finance Corporation 75 reducing funds for 46 and RFC 114 Locarno Treaty (Pact) 9, 24, 168 London, England 263, 287, 288 “London Blitz” 288 See also Battle of Britain London Economic Conference 123, 129, 130 London Naval Conference 64, 81 London Naval Treaty 81 The Lone Ranger (radio program) 70, 86 Long, Huey P 105, 120, 167, 173, 374–375 assassination of 153 protests of 126 and Revenue Act 150 as threat to Franklin Delano Roosevelt 121, 152–153 Longford, Elizabeth 185 longshoremen 119, 132 Longworth, Nicholas 83 Look Homeward Angel (Thomas Wolfe) 55 The Lords of Creation (Frederick Lewis Allen) 172 “lost generation” 11 The Lost Generation (Maxine Davis) 176 Louis, Joe 205, 311, 311, 375 Louisville Courier-Journal 24 Lovett, Robert Morss 141 Low Countries 257, 282, 284, 288 Lowell,A Lawrence 25 low-rent housing 189 Loyalists (Spanish) 169, 197, 215, 246, 275 Luce, Henry R 375 Ludendorf, Erich 22 Ludlow Amendment 198 Ludlow Amendment to the Constitution 218 Luftwaffe (German air force) 165, 282 Atlantic operations of 267 in Battle of Britain 263, 287, 288, 290 creation of 158 and invasion of Poland 249 and Low Countries 257, 284, 285 lunchroom near Belle Glade, Florida 299 Luxembourg 257, 282, 284 Luzon 295 lynchings 204 Lynd, Helen Merrell 51, 55 Lynd, Robert S 51, 55 Lytton,Victor Alexander (Lord Lytton) 65, 83 Lytton Commission 85 Lytton Report 65, 86 M MacArthur, Douglas 76, 85, 272, 295 MacDonald, (James) Ramsay 23, 53, 64, 66, 81, 166, 375–376 MacLeish, Archibald 302–303 Macon, Georgia, main street 160 Madden, Joseph W 376 Madeiros, Celestino 25 Maginot Line 257 Mah-jongg 14 Main Currents in American Thought (Vernon Louis Parrington) 55 The Maltese Falcon (film) 254 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 23 “Mammy” 26 Manchukuo 84, 86 Manchuria 65, 83, 84, 86 Mann,Arthur 135 Mannerheim Line 281, 283 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) 16, 17 The March of Time (radio program) 70, 82 Marco Polo Bridge incident 215–216 margin 46, 48, 52, 118 Marines, US 288, 292, 295 Markham, Edwin 154 Marshall, George C 225, 258, 269, 270, 273–274, 283, 285, 292, 376 Marshall,Thomas R 33 Marx Brothers 71, 160 “Materialism and Idealism in the American Character” (George Santayana) 27 Maverick, Maury 204 Mayer, Louis B 120, 209, 376 McArthur, Douglas 375 McCormick, Anne O’Hare 93, 98, 135, 182 McCormick, Robert R 375 McElvaine, Robert S xi–xii, 90 See also Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the “Forgotten Man” McHugh, F D 296–297, 308 McIntyre, Marvin 376 McNary, Charles L 286 McNary-Haugen Bill 23, 25, 110 Index McPherson,Aimee Semple 14, 24, 120, 376 Mead, Margaret 309 Means, Gardiner, C 95, 174 Mein Kampf (Adolf Hitler) 18, 33 Mellon,Andrew W 5, 52, 376–377 as corporate champion 6, and Jospeh Duveen 256 and role of government 62 as secretary of Treasury 41 and stock market crash 47 and Taxation:The People’s Business 31 and taxes Mellon’s Millions (Harvey O’Connor) 134 Member Bank Reserves and Related Items, 1918–1938 408g Memoirs (Herbert Hoover) xi memoirs, inaccuracy in xi Memorial Day massacre 190, 215 Men and Machines (Stuart Chase) 56 Mencken, Henry L 28, 32, 34, 39, 99–100, 134, 136, 179, 377 merchant ships 267–268, 271, 291–293 A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes (Robert Hutchins Goddard) 50 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 10, 70, 209 Metropolitan Opera 83 Mexico 196, 220, 224 Meyer, Eugene, Jr 63, 83, 377 Mickey Mouse films 208–209 Middletown in Transition (Robert S Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd) 51, 229 Midway Island 288 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig 253 migrant workers 180, 184, 215, 283 Miklas,Wilhelm 219, 220 Millay, Edna St.Vincent 377 Miller, Glenn 377 Miller-Tydings Act 217 Mills, Ogden 63, 84, 86, 105 The Mind of the South (W J Cash) 58, 96 minimum wage 107, 114, 116, 148, 168, 188, 195, 196, 221 minority stockholders 168 Miss America Beauty Pageant 10 Miss Lonelyhearts (Nathanael West) 134 Mitchell, Charles E 53, 80, 86 Mitchell, Jonathan 183 Mitchell, Margaret 377–378 model community, Greenbelt, Maryland 208 moderate graduated taxes 169 The Modern Corporation and Private Property (Adolf A Berle and Gardiner C Means) 95 Modern Times (film) 159 modus vivendi 272, 273, 294 Moley, Raymond 78, 86, 129, 378 Molotov,Vyacheslav M 278–280, 290, 378 The Money Illusion (Irving Fisher) 37–38 “monkey trial.” See Scopes trial monopolism 116, 191, 194–195, 221, 222, 227 Monroe Doctrine 26, 69 Montevideo, Uruguay 281 “moral embargo” 197, 252 morals 15, 16 Moravia 246, 276 Morehead v.Tipaldo 168 Morelli gang 25 Morgan, Arthur E 107, 113, 192, 220, 230, 378 Morgan, Harcourt A 107, 113, 192, 220 Morgan, John Pierpont, Jr 53, 378–379 Morgenthau, Henry T., Jr 107, 127, 130, 191, 197, 220, 227, 243–244, 379 Morocco 169 Morrow, Dwight W 81 mortgages 106–108, 112 Moscow 293, 294 motion pictures See movies mountain people 170 Mourning Becomes Electra (play) 71 movies 224 See also specific film boom in 70–71 golden age of 253, 254 during Great Depression 70–71 Hollywood 10, 70–71, 159–160, 209, 253, 254 importance of 159–160 post-1929 50 and politics 209 popularity of 10 movie theaters 70, 254 Mr Deeds Goes to Town (film) 159 Mr Smith Goes to Washington (film) 253 “Muken incident” 65 Munich conference (agreement) 199–201, 211, 225, 242, 246, 276 Municipal Bankruptcy Act 131, 148, 168 munitions profiteers 260 Murphy, Francis (Frank) W 242, 243, 275, 379 Murray, Philip 190, 305, 379 Murrow, Edward R 379 Muscle Shoals,Tennessee 26, 107 Muscle Shoals Bill 26, 82 Museum of Modern Art (in New York City) 12, 84, 253 music 12–13, 72, 148, 166 The Music Appreciation Hour (radio program) 50 Mussolini, Benito 22, 168, 249, 379–380 in Africa 287, 288 and Albania 246, 276, 290 appeasement of 211 and Neville Chamberlain 275 declares war 286 and Ethiopia 159, 288 and France 286 and Great Britain 286 and Greece 290 and Adolf Hitler 132, 217, 284, 290 power of 18, 67 and Rome-Berlin “Axis” 170 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 247, 277 and Vatican City 52 and Sumner Welles 258 My America (Louis Adamic) 89 Myers,William Starr 99 My Friend Flicka (Mary O’Hara) 254 My Life:The Memoirs of Claude Bowers (Claude Bowers) 32, 97, 298 N NAACP See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAREB (National Association of Real Estate Boards) 74 Nathan, George Jean 32 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 70, 205 National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB) 74 National Broadcasting Company (NBC) 10 National Business Survey Conference 62 National City Bank 53, 86 National Credit Corporation (NCC) 63, 83 national defense 243, 256, 263–265, 275, 276 National Defense Research Committee 259, 286 437 national emergency 249, 268 National Emergency Committee 260, 285 National Emergency Council 129 National Gallery of Art (in Washington, D.C.) 256 National Guard 76 national health insurance system xviii National Housing Act 132 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 107, 129, 131, 146, 147, 165, 166, 326 nationalism 1, 16 Nationalists (Spanish) 169, 197, 227, 275 nationalization of banks 105, 108 National Keep America Out of Foreign War Committee 250 National Labor Board 129, 130 National Labor Relations Act 149–150, 166 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) 118, 132, 149–150, 166, 291 National Labor Relations Board v Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation 214 “national origins” 23 National Planning Board 132 national plebiscite (Germany) 168 National Progressives 203, 221 National Recovery Administration (NRA) 107, 113–114, 116, 129, 131, 132, 146, 147, 151, 169 National Recovery Review Board 131 National Resources Board 132 National Resources Committee 278 national security 256, 259 National Socialist (Nazi) Party 22, 66, 67, 129 National Socialists Workers Party 17 See also Nazism National Union for Social Justice 133, 153 National Youth Administration (NYA) 148, 166, 205, 220, 246 Native Americans 43, 132, 195 Native Son (Richard Wright) 254 natural resources 78, 272, 276 naval armanments 64, 258, 263–264, 285, 287, 293, 295 naval escorts (American) 268–269 navy, British 257, 290 navy, Italian 291 Navy, U.S 194, 221, 249, 285, 287, 290, 295 438 The Great Depression Nazism and Nazis 26, 81, 84–86, 127–129, 165 and Atlantic Charter 293 atrocities of 202 Austria 68, 132, 199, 219 domination by 244 election of 66, 67 increase in 48 persecution by 201 and racial concepts 215 rally in Nuremberg 67 rise of 17, 122 and SA 84, 85 and United States 122, 248 Nazi-Soviet pact 248–249 NBC (National Broadcasting Company) 10 NBC radio network 53 NCC See National Credit Corporation Nebraska banks fail 81 “A Negro Looks at Politics” (James Weldon Johnson) 57 “The Negro’s Inhibitions” (Eugene Gordon) 38 “Negro Units” 205 Netherlands 257, 285 Neurath, Konstantin von 218, 219 neutrality 158–159, 279, 280 Neutrality Act 166–168, 217, 339–341 and arms sales 198 and belligerent nations 158 and embargoes 197, 249 and isolationism 197, 250 limits of 247 and Charles A Lindbergh 250 and loans 266 revision of 214, 243, 244, 250, 271, 278, 280, 281, 293–294 The New Day: Campaign Speeches of Herbert Hoover 39 New Deal xviii, xix–xx, 133, 214, 218 See also specific legislation and African Americans 115 Agricultural Adjustment Act 106, 128–129, 147–148, 151 and architecture 207, 208 and banking crisis 102–105 derailment of 187 family aided by 289 and farming 108 the first 102–126 the Hundred Days 105–108, 116 major additions to the 118 National Industrial Recovery Act 107, 129, 131, 146, 147, 165, 166, 326 National Labor Relations Act 149–150, 166 opposition to 117–118, 152–153, 156, 242 public support for 126 Public Utility Holding Company Act 150, 166 Public Works Administration 107, 129, 151, 207 results of 164 Revenue Acts 75, 85, 150, 169, 189, 195, 221 Rural Electrification Act 150, 151, 168 the second 146–164 Second Hundred Days 152 Social Security Act xviii, 166, 188, 215, 334–339 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 151, 165, 168, 193 and Supreme Court 146–148, 188 Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act 151, 169 The New Republic 182, 185, 230, 236 newspapers 14 newsreels 209 New York Federal Reserve Bank 53 New York Federal Reserve Board 52 New York Stock Exchange 42, 44, 46, 53, 217 See also Great Stock Market Crash of 1929 The New York Times 54, 58, 91–92, 94, 99 New York Times stock average 44, 46, 47, 60, 62 New York World’s Fair 253, 278 Nicaragua 25, 69 Niebuhr, H Richard 172 Niemoller, Martin 215 A Night at the Opera (film) 160 “Night of the Long Knives” 122 Nimitz, Chester 295 Nine-Power Treaty 65, 83, 198, 217 1940 (Jay Franklin) 302 Nineteenth Amendment 4, 313 NIRA See National Industrial Recovery Act NLRB See National Labor Relations Board NLRB v Jones and Laughlin Steel 188 Nomura, Kichisaburo 271–273, 294 nonagression agreements (pact) 9, 248 noninvolvement 158–159 Norris, George W 26, 82, 82, 106–107, 380 Norris-LaGuardia Anti-injunction Act 84 North Pole 24 Norway 281, 283, 284, 286, 292 Notes on the Crisis (Walter Lippman) 91 Nowell, Elizabeth 90–91, 185 NRA See National Recovery Administration nuclear fission 252, 259, 275, 276, 278, 280, 286 See also atomic bomb Nuremberg Laws 167 Nye, Gerald P 123, 197, 221, 244, 276, 380 O O’Banion gang 52 objectivity xi Obregón, Álvaro 22 Ochs,Adolph S 380 O’Connor, Harvey 134 Odets, Clifford 161 Office of Education 246 Of Mice and Men (film) 254 Of Time and the River (Thomas Wolfe) 173 O’Hara, Mary 254 oil 272, 292–294 oil companies 6, 196 oil reserves 272 oil shipments 146 oil supply 267, 268 O’Keeffe, Georgia 50, 380 “Okies” 112 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 169 old-age insurance See Social Security Old Age Revolving Pensions, Ltd 121, 130 The Old Deal and the New (Charles A Beard and George H E Smith) 309 Old Gold-Paul Whiteman Hour (radio program) 50 Oliver,Alfred C 228 Olsen, Culbert L 303–304 Olympics 72, 163 O’Neill, Eugene 28, 29–30, 71, 125, 129, 134, 380–381 On the Air: Pioneers of American Broadcasting (Amy Henderson) 89 open shop 119 Operation Barbarossa 265, 268, 269–270, 290–292 Operation Sea Lion 263, 287, 288 optimism 43, 46, 62, 114 orchestras 72 organized crime 15 “organized money” 169 Original Amateur Hour (radio program) 161 Orteig, Raymond 25 Our Movie Made Children (Henry James Forman) 172–173 overgrazing 111 Overmyer, Grace 296 overproduction (farming) 109 Owens, Jesse 163, 381 P Pacific Fleet 294, 295 packing of the Supreme Court 188, 188–189, 189, 192, 214–216 Pact of Paris 9, 26, 52, 53, 65, 83, 198, 315–316 Pact of Steel 247, 278 painting 12, 50 Paley,Williams S 381 Palmer Raids Palmolive Building 49 Panama Refining Company v Ryan 146, 165 Pan-American Conference 22, 196, 227 Pan-American Union 276 panzer units 284, 285 Papal States 52 Papen, Franz von 67, 85, 86, 122, 219 Paramount Pictures 10, 70 Paris, France 25, 26, 286 parity adjustments (payments) 193, 244 Parker, Dorothy 381 Parrington,Vernon Louis 55 Patman,Wright 76 Patman Bill 85 Patterns of Culture (Ruth Benedict) 141 PE (price to earnings ratio) 44 Pearl Harbor 274, 294–295 Pearson, Frank 117, 130 PECE See President’s Emergency Committee on Employment Peck, George N 110 Pecora, Ferdinand 139–140, 381 peddler’s truck 277 Peek, George N 382 Peffer, Nathaniel 101 Peiping (Beijing) 215, 216 Pelley,William Dudley 122, 248, 382 Pendergast,Thomas J 382 Penney, James Cash 382 pensions for the elderly 120, 121 See also Social Security Index Perkins, Frances 103, 132, 179, 207, 382 Pershing, John J 287 personal biases xi–xii persuasion 114 Pétain, Philippe 257–258, 286, 287 petroleum industry Pew, J Howard 118 Philippines 272, 274, 288, 292, 295 Phony War 251, 256–257 physics 14 Pitkin,Walter B 93 Pittman, Key 117, 382–383 Pittsboro, North Carolina 297 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 236 Pius XI (pope) 214 Piux XII (pope) 286 Platt Amendment 124, 131 Poincaré, Raymond 22 Poland 130, 225, 246, 248, 249, 276, 278–280, 292 police polio 78 Polish miner, Scott’s Run, Pennsylvania 209 political activity 279 political causes 13 The Politics of Upheaval (Arthur M Schlesinger, Jr.) 182 Ponzi, Carlo 44 Pope, John Russell 253, 256 Popeye (comic strip) 161 Popular Front 166, 168 popular vote 157, 290 population (growth) 15 populism 153 Porter, Cole 383 Portugal 292 Potomac (ship) 270, 292 Pound, Roscoe 53 The Present Economic Revolution (Thomas Nixon Carver) 33 The Presidency of Herbert C Hoover (Martin L Fausold) 57, 58, 100 President Franklin D Roosevelt’s Letter to Maxim Litvinov, Envoy of the USSR, November 16, 1933 327 President Franklin D Roosevelt’s request to Congress for a declaration of war on Japan, December 8, 1941 347–348 President Herbert Hoover’s State of the Union Message to Congress, December 8, 1931 317–322 presidential election(s) of 1920 of 1924 7–8 of 1928 16 of 1932 73, 76–79 of 1936 153–157 of 1940 263–265, 290 President’s Committee on Administrative Management 213 President’s Committee on Recent Social Trends 54 President’s Emergency Committee on Employment (PECE) 62, 82–83 President’s Organization for Unemployment Relief (POUR) 62 Prices and Production (Friedrich Hayek) 94–95 price support programs (farm) 108 price to earnings ratio (PE) 44 Prince of Wales (battleship) 270, 292, 293 private investments xix “The Problem of the American Negro” (Franz Boas) 28 procedural reforms lower federal courts 217 produce peddler’s truck 277 production (increases in) 114 production index 44 profiteering 158–159 profiteers (munitions) 260 profits (taxes on) 195 Prohibition 2–3, 53, 82, 86, 128, 130 and 1928 election 16 and drinking habits 15–16 repeal of 73, 78, 79 and Republican platform 76 property taxes 73, 74 prosperity 8, 16, 42 Prosperity Fact or Myth (Stuart Chase) 88 Prussia 85, 292 psychology 13–14 The Public Enemy (film) 71 Public Health Service 246 public lands 117 Publicly Offered U.S Government Obligations Outstanding, 1929–1938 402g public opinion 275 on Allied victory 249 and isolationism 202 on Neutrality Act 250 and support for war 244 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D Roosevelt (Samuel I Rosenman) 138, 139, 142–143, 184–185 The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (Ray S Baker and William E Dodd) 27 Public Philosopher: Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann (John Morton Blum) 234, 240 public relations 114 public utility 168 Public Utility Holding Company Act 150, 166 public works xviii, 63, 114, 115–116, 194, 222, 282 Public Works Administration (PWA) 107, 129, 151, 207 PWA See Public Works Administration pyramiding assets 45 Q Queen, Ellery 71 Quisling,Vidkun 284 R “Race Prejudice and the Negro Artist” (James Weldon Johnson) 40 Races and Ethnic Groups in American Life (T J.Woofter, Jr.) 100–101 racism 2–3, 7, 70, 115 radar 268 radio 69–70, 125, 208 in 1930s 161 birth of 9–10 broadcasts by Franklin Roosevelt 78 and FCC 118 Polish miner listening to 209 post-1929 50–51 Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 46, 53 Radio-Keith-Oprheum (RKO) 70 Radio League of the Little Flower 131 Raeder, Admiral 281 Railroad Coordination Act 107–108, 129 Railroad Retirement Act 132, 165 Railroad Retirement Board v Alton Railroad Co, 165 railroads 48 Railway Labor Act 118 Railway Retirement Act 118 Ranck, Katherine Howland 234–235 Rand, Sally 125 Randolph,A(sa) Philip 383 Ransom, John Crowe 89 Raskob, John Jacob 77, 78, 118, 156, 383 Rath, Ernst von 226, 227 439 ratification of the Treaty of Peace with Germany and the League of Nations 313–315 rationing of food 282 Rawlings, Marjorie 210 Rayburn, Samuel T 152, 278, 383 RCA See National Broadcasting Company Reader’s Digest (magazine) 12 real estate 44 real estate taxes 73, 74–75 Rebecca (film) 254 recession 190–192, 219 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 123, 132 Recollections of Thomas R Marshall (Thomas R Marshall) 33 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 83, 84, 107, 129, 282 and aid for banks 105 benefits of 114 and Commodity Credit Corporation 130 creation of 63 and Electric Home and Farm Authority 130 and Export-Import Bank 131 and foreclosed lands 106 funding for 194 loans to Illinois of 75 Reed, David 81 Reed, Stanley F 383–384 Reeves, Clifford 237 refinancing of mortgages 106, 107 reforestation 107 refugees 201, 223 regional agency 113 Reich Concordat 129, 214 Reichstag 26, 66, 67, 80, 81, 85–87, 122, 129, 130, 165, 214, 219 Reichswehr 133 relief 63, 106, 164 relief payments xviii religion 14 “a rendevous with destiny” 169 Reorganization Act of 1939 244 Reparations Commission 22, 23 reparations payments 8, 52–53, 65, 68, 81 Republican National Convention 23, 26, 76, 85, 260, 261, 286 Republican Party and Republicans 23, 24, 81, 83 gains by 212 and 1920 elections and 1924 elections and 1930 elections 73 and 1934 elections 126 and 1936 elections 153 and 1938 elections 226 440 The Great Depression Republic Steel Company 215, 217 Requa, Mark L 57 Reserve Bank Credit, 1918–1938 409g The Reserve Banks and the Money Market (W Randolph Burgess) 36 Resettlement Administration 165, 177, 207, 208, 216 The Retreat from Liberalism (Gary Dean Best) xix Reuben James (ship) 293 Reuther,Walter 190 Revenue Act of 1932 75, 85 Revenue Act of 1935 150 Revenue Act of 1936 169, 195 Revenue Act of 1937 189 Revenue Act of 1938 195, 221 Reynaud, Paul 284, 286 RFC See Reconstruction Finance Corporation Rhineland 168 Rhineland Republic 22 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 219, 280, 290, 384 Richard Whitney and Company 219 Richberg, Donald R 101, 384 Riddle, Samuel 211 Riding the Rails (Errol Lincoln Uys) 88, 140, 238 riots, race 2–3 The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (William L Shirer) 57, 137 The Rise of American Civilization (Charles A Beard and Mary R Beard) 36 The Rise of the Goldbergs (radio program) 51 Rivera, Primo de 68 River Rouge demonstration 84 R J Reynolds 27 RKO (Radio-Keith-Oprheum) 70 roads Roaring Twenties Robbins, Lionel 177 Roberts, Owen J 214, 384 Robertson,Arthur A 59 Robertson, H P 299 Robeson, Paul B 384 Robin Moor (ship) 269, 292 Robinson, Bill (“Bojangles”) 384–385 Robinson, Joseph T 26, 81, 216, 385 Robinson-Patman Act (Federal Anti-Price Discrimination Act) 169 Rockefeller, Nelson 266 rocketry 50 Rockne, Knute 10 Rodgers, Richard 385 Rogers, Ginger 125, 159–160, 208 Rogers,Will 55, 59, 97, 125, 141–142, 385 Röhm, Ernst 132 Roman Catholic Church 129, 197 Roman Catholic hierarchy 24 Romania 247, 265, 279, 280, 288, 290 Rome 52 Rome-Berlin Axis See Axis Rommel, Erwin 268, 290, 291 Roosevelt,Anna Eleanor 204, 385 and African Americans 115, 163, 207 and civil rights 205 eyewitness testimony of 33, 142, 143–144, 179, 185–186, 233, 237, 300, 306, 307, 311 and movies 208–209 and Spanish Civil War 197 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 87, 104, 155, 171, 215 See also New Deal and 1932 campaign 78–79 and agriculture 127 and aid 258, 263, 266–267, 285–287, 290 and antilynching bill 204, 205 and appeasement 200, 201 and armed ships 271 assasination attempt on 79 assures parents will stay out of war 288 belligerent nations 217 and Neville Chamberlain 247, 252 changed atmosphere under 114–115 and Winston Churchill 252, 270–271, 280, 285, 290, 293, 295 and Civilian Conservation Corps 113 and Congress 127, 193–196, 244–245 and Charles E Coughlin 121–122 and court packing 214 declares war 274, 295, 347–348 declares war on Japan 347–348 and defense spending 256, 282, 285, 287 denounced as a “Jew” 248 and the dollar 130 and economic decline 190–192 and economic threat 268–269 and Albert Einstein 252, 278, 280 and elections 78–79, 86, 153–157, 170, 203–204, 211, 212, 222, 223, 263–265, 290 embargo on iron and steel 288 and executive branch 277 eyewitness testimony of 99, 135, 138, 139, 142–143, 173–175, 182–185, 231, 234, 237, 300, 306, 308, 310, 312 fall of 153, 154 and finance industry 117–118 and Finland 251–252 fireside chats of 105, 127, 222, 249, 279, 290 first press conference of 104 foreign policies of 123–125 on foreign wars 265 and Germany 157, 158, 268–269 and gold 117, 130 and Good Neighbor policy 69, 124, 130, 159, 196 as governor of New York 26, 85 and Great Britain 258, 263, 266–267, 285–287, 290 and Adolf Hitler 123, 200, 201, 247, 277 inaugural addresses of 103, 213–214, 322–325 inauguration of 213–214 increased spending program of 193, 194 and inevitabilty of war 211 innovation of 78 and isolationism 123, 158, 202 and Japan 198, 218, 247–248, 292, 294, 347–348 and Jewish refugees 201, 202, 220 and judicial reform 187–188 and Latin America 69, 123–125, 130, 159, 196 and League of Nations 123 and Maxim Litvinov 327 and Huey Long 121, 121, 152–153 and movie stars 209 and Munich conference 200 and Mussolini 277 and Benito Mussolini 247, 277 and national defense 275 and neutrality 158–159 and Neutrality Act xvii–xviii, 166, 281, 294, 385–386 See also New Deal and New Deal legislation 129–132, 165, 166, 168, 216–220, 222, 262 at New York World’s Fair 278 and NLRB 149 nomination of 77–78, 85, 260–262 optimism of 114 packing of Supreme Court by 188, 188–189, 189, 192, 214–216 and peace mission 284 and Poland 249, 279 pragmatism of 146 prepares America for war 258–260 radio broadcasts by 78 recognition of coming war by 242 record election victory of 170 and repeal of Prohibition 78 response to European invasions by 247, 258 and silver 131, 132 and Upton Sinclair 120 and Social Security 132 and Spanish civil war 196–197 speaks on television 253 state of the union addresses of, 1939 213, 243, 275 and tariffs 131 tax increases by 150 and TVA 113 and USSR 269–270, 281, 292 and war debt 79 warnings of 159 Roosevelt,Theodore 69 Roosevelt administration 276 Roosevelt Corollary (1904) 26 Roosevelt Field 25 Roosevelt recession 190–192, 219 Root, Elihu 41 Roper, Daniel C 103, 386 Rosenman, Samuel I 138, 139, 142–143, 184–185, 386 Royal Air Force (RAF) 263, 280, 287, 288, 290, 291 The Royal House of Windsor (Elizabeth Longford) 185 Royal Oak (ship) 281 rural electrification 151 Rural Electrification Act 150, 151, 168 Rural Electrification Administration (REA) 151, 165, 168 rural school (Tipler,Wisconsin) 193 Russia 23 See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ruth, George Herman (“Babe” Ruth) 10, 11, 72, 386 S Sacco, Nicola 13, 25, 36 The Sacco-Vanzetti Case (Osmond K Fraenkel) 36 Index Sachs,Alexander 252, 278, 280, 281 St Valentine’s Day Massacre 52 Salvation Army band and preacher 243 sanctions against Japan 248 Sand Cave 23–24 Sanger, Margaret 15, 386–387 Santa Anita Park 210 Santayana, George 27 Sarnoff, David 387 Saturday afternoon in Harrington, Delaware 192 The Saturday Evening Post 174, 184, 185, 237–238 Scarface (film) 71 Schleicher, Kurt von 86, 132 Schleichner, Kurt von 132 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr 56, 182 Schlup, Leonard C 142–144 Schneiderman, Rachel R 387 schools 112, 193 See also education Schuschnigg, Kurt von 199, 219, 220 Schutzstaffel See SS Schwed, Fred Jr 302 Schweinitz, Karl de 97 science 13–14 Science Advisory Board Report 143 Scientific American (magazine) 298, 311 Scopes, John T 24 Scopes, John Thomas 13 Scopes trial 24 “the Scottsboro boys” 70, 86 Seabiscuit (race horse) 211 SEC See Securities and Exchange Commission Second Hundred Days 152 The Secret Diary of Harold L Ickes (Harold LeClair Ickes) 136–138, 142, 143, 174–176, 179, 184, 232–234, 239 Securities Act 107, 108, 129, 131 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 118, 150, 166 Securities Exchange Act 131 Security Analysis (Benjamin Graham and David L Dodd 140 security of Western Hemisphere 250–251, 265–266 Sedgwick, Ruth Woodbury 178 sedition segregation 7, 203 Seidman, Joel 230 Selassie, Haile (emperor of Ethiopia) 169, 268, 291 Seldes, Gilbert 31 Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann (John Morton Blum) 137, 307 Selected Letters of William Allen White (Walter Johnson, ed.) 29, 39, 137, 308 selective service 260, 265, 270, 286, 288 Selective Service Act 263, 292, 293 Selective Training and Service Act 288 self-help books 209–210 self-regulating market 62 Senate, U.S 52 Senate Banking and Currency Committee 86 Senate Judiciary Committee 214–216 The Senate resolution of ratification of the Treaty of Peace with Germany and the League of Nations, March 19, 1920 313–315 Senijuro, Hayashi 215 separation of powers 188 Serbia 68 “seven little TVAs” 192 The Seven Lively Arts (Gilbert Seldes) 31 Seventh International Conference of American States 130 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 220 “Shall the Fundamentalists Win,” (Harry Emerson Fosdick) 30 Shall We Dance (film) 208 Shanghai 65, 216, 218 sharecroppers 110, 128, 167, 205 Share Our Wealth program 121, 150, 152, 153 Sheehan, Marion Turner See The World at Home: Selections from the Writings of Anne O’Hare McCormick Sheeler, Charles 387 Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act Sherwood, Robert 57, 305–306 shipbuilding 158 shipping and ships 281, 284, 290, 295 See also submarine(s) armed 271 escorts for 268 for Great Britain 266 merchant ships 267–268, 271, 291–293 United States and 266, 268, 271, 290 and warfare zones 250 Shirer,William L 57, 137 “shoot on sight” 293 Shorts, Clifford 162 Shouse, Jouett 118, 155, 156 silver 117, 121 Silver Purchase Act 117, 132 Silver Shirts 122, 248 Sinatra, Frank 387 Sinclair, Upton 119–120, 133, 387 Singapore 272 “sit-down strikes” 189, 213, 243 skiing 72 skyscrapers 12, 49, 50, 71–72 “slave labor” 269 Sloan,Alfred P., Jr 54, 118, 387–388 Slovakia 290 S M C Cartage Company 52 Smith,Alfred E 26, 36–37, 77, 118, 156, 388 Smith, Bessie 388 Smith, Cotton Ed 203 Smith, Gerald L K 121, 153, 169, 388 Smith, H E 309 Smith, Kate 70, 82 Smith,Tom 211 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (film) 208 social insurance system xviii Socialist Party 4, 23, 26, 84, 153, 168 social program xviii Social Security xviii, xix, 148–149, 165, 190, 243, 244 Social Security Act xviii, 166, 188, 215, 334–339 Social Security Bill 165, 166 Social Security Board 207, 245 social unrest 114 social welfare legislation soil conservation xviii, 107, 113, 151 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 151, 165, 168, 193 Soil Conservation Service 165 Sokolsky, George E 179 soldiers oath (German) 143 Sometimes I Wonder (Hoagy Carmichael) 30, 102 Soule, George 98 soup kitchen (in Chicago) 90 Southeast Asia 272, 292 Southern Tenant Farmers Union 110 South Louisiana State fair crowd 212 South Manchuria 83 Soviet Union See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Spain 68, 213, 221, 246, 276, 281, 292 441 Spanish civil war 157, 158, 169, 196–197, 214, 215, 246, 275 Spanish Embargo Act 213 speculation (stock market) 44–46 The Spirit of St Louis 25 sports in 1920s 10–11 baseball 10, 11, 72, 365, 386 boxing 10, 205, 311, 311, 375 football 10 golf 10 during the Great Depression 72 horse racing 210, 211 SS (Schutzstaffel) 122, 132, 286 Stagecoach (film) 253 Stalin, Joseph 17, 18, 23, 26, 269, 270, 293, 388 Stalinism xix Stark, Howard 269, 270 State of the Union address 213, 275, 317–322 The State Papers and Other Writings of Herbert Hoover (William Starr Myers, ed.) 99 Stavisky, Alexander 131 Stavisky Affair 131 steel 248 steel mill workers 151, 223 Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) 214 Steffens, Lincoln 31 Steichen, Edward J 388 Steiglitz,Alfred 12 Steinbeck, John 161, 178, 254, 296, 388–389 Stettinius, Edward R., Jr 259, 285, 389 Stewart, Jimmy 253 Still,William Grant 389 Stimson, Henry L 25, 52, 81, 83, 86, 286, 287, 389 and B-17 bomber sale 259 eyewitness testimony of 91 and Japan 65, 248 and Latin America 69 and London Naval Conference 64 and Neutrality Act 250 Stimson Doctrine 65, 83, 84, 316–317 stock market xvii, 42, 52, 168 in 1938 192 banking support of 46–47 boom of 26 and bull market 41, 42 dissolving values on 62 gains in, 1936 155 Great Stock Market Crash of 1929 xvii, 1, 43–44, 46–49, 51, 53, 60–62 overspeculation in 41, 42 442 The Great Depression stock market (continued) regulation of 118 response to crash of 47 and Securities Act 107 skyrocking prices in 44 speculation in 44–46 Stock Price Indexes, 1913–1932 399g Stock Prices, 1933–1938 404g Stokowski, Leopold 173 Stone, Harlan Fiske 389 storehouses 110 Strawn, Silas 74 Strawn Plan 74 street scene 156, 192 Stresemann, Gustav 22, 53 strike(s) 118–119, 291 of AFL 3–4 in Boston longshoremen’s 132 of Mexican workers in California 303 “sit-down strikes” 189, 213, 243 by UMWA Studs Lonigan trilogy 71 submarine(s) 250, 267, 281, 288, 293, 294 in the Atlantic 291 and London Naval Conference 64 and the Philippines 265 “shoot on sight” 271 sinks Robin Moor 269 U-boats 267, 268, 271, 279, 281, 291–293 subsidies for farmers xviii, 106, 110, 151 suburbs 9, 208, 208 Sudan 268 Sullivan, Louis 32 Summary of Financial and Business Statistics, 1929–1938 400–401c The Sun Also Rises (Ernest Hemingway) 34 Sunday, Billy (William A.) 14, 389–390 Superman (comic book) 161 Supreme Court, U.S 22, 214, 215, 275, 276, 290 See also specific headings, e.g.:A.L.A Schechter Poultry Corporation v United States Harding’s appointments to and New Deal 188 packing of 187–189, 188, 188–189, 189, 192, 214–216 surplus workers 120, 121 Suspicion (film) 254 Swanson, Claude A 103, 390 Swim, Girl, Swim (movie) 11 swimming 10, 11, 239 Swing Time (film) 159–160 Switzerland 25, 81 Swope, Gerard 390 T Taft, Robert A 212, 250, 260, 286, 312, 390 Taft,William Howard 25, 53, 81 talkies (films) 25–26, 50 Tariff Retaliation (Joseph M Jones) 140 tariffs as campaign issue 78–79 under Coolidge administration and economic decline 63–64 high 48, 49 increasing 6, 47 policy 63–64 and Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 123 Tate, Allen 89 Taxation:The People’s Business (Andrew W Mellon) 31 tax code 189 taxes capital gains 195, 221 crisis in 73–76 estate 8, 150 fairness of 43 on farmers 74 gift 8, 150 income 150 increases in 75, 150 inheritance 150 and Andrew W Mellon moderate graduated 169 on profits 195 property 73, 74 real estate 73–75 reduction of 6, 8, 47 refunds of 43 on undistributed profits 195, 221 on wealth 150, 166 tax-exempt government bonds 106 tax revolts 74–75 Taylor Grazing Act 117, 132 teachers 112, 116 Teamsters Union 118, 119, 131–133 Teapot Dome scandal technology (boom in) 48 teenagers 112 telegraph 118 television 25, 253 Teller, Edward 252, 281 Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) 195, 222, 227 tenant farmers 110 tenement (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) 236 Tennessee Valley 26 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 128, 168, 219 achievements of 113 and architecture 207 and Ashwander case 148 controversy at 192 establishment of 107 Tennessee Valley Authority Act 106, 129, 325–326 Terkel, Studs See Hard Times:An Oral History of the Great Depression Thayer,Webster 25 theaters 70, 148, 159 Their Eyes Were Watching God (Zora Neale Hurston) 229 “The people are with me!” 214 This New America:The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps (Alfred C Oliver and Harold M Dudley) 228 Thomas, Elbert D 244, 276 Thomas, Lowell 70, 81, 89, 125, 390 Thomas, Norman 26, 84, 86, 110, 114, 153, 177, 215, 221, 240, 390 Thompson, Charles Willis 100 Thompson, Dorothy 180, 237, 390–391 Thomson,Virgil G 391 Thorez, Maurice 166 Tianjin (Tientsin) 216 Time (magazine) 70, 82, 235, 238–240, 300–302, 307, 311, 312 Tipler,Wisconsin 193 TNEC See Temporary National Economic Committee Tobin, Daniel J 391 Tojo, Hideki 272, 293 Tolan, Eddie 72 torpedoes 291–293 Torrio-Capone gang 52 Tortilla Flat (John Steinbeck) 161 town planning 208 Townsend, Francis E 120, 121, 130, 153, 169, 391 Townsend Plan 130 trade 64, 66, 294 See also tariffs Trade Agreements Act of 1934 282 Trade and Credit (Ralph Hawtrey) 38 Trading with the Enemy Act 104 Tragic Americai (Theodore Dreiser) 91 trailor home 216 transiency 112 Treadmill to Oblivion (Fred Allen) 95 Treasury Department, U.S 131, 278 A Treatise on Money:The Applied Theory of Money (John Maynard Keynes) 88 Treaty between the United States and Cuba 327–328 Treaty of Moscow 283 Treaty of Versailles 1–2, 157, 158, 165, 168, 214 Tribune Building 12 Tripartite Pact 272, 274, 288, 294 Trotsky, Leon 23, 26 Truman, Harry S 115, 391 Tsuyoshi, Inukai 84 Tugwell, Rexford Guy xix, 78, 103, 165, 175, 391 Tunis, John R 39–40 Tunney, Gene 10 Tupelo, Mississippi 163 Turkey 68 Turner, Homer 39 Tutankhamen’s tomb 14 TVA See Tennessee Valley Authority Twentieth Amendment 84, 86, 322 Twentieth Century–Fox 209 Twenty-first Amendemnt 79 Twenty-first Amendment 86, 130, 322 Tydings, Millard 203 U UAW See United Automobile Workers U-boats 267, 268, 271, 279, 281, 291–293 UMWA See United Mine Workers of America unemployment xvii, 119, 191, 241, 282 See also employment in 1936 163, 164 in 1937 190 in 1938 192 in 1939 242 committees on 62 during Coolidge administration declining 154 in Detroit 75–76 in Germany 48, 66 and Harry L Hopkins 106 increasing 61 and labor organizations 48 and real estate taxes 73 relief funds for 106 and technology 48 Index and teenagers 112 unused lands/factories for 119–120 unemployment insurance 149, 166 unionization xviii, 116, 118, 119, 190 union membership 5, 114 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) xviii, 84, 133, 220, 278, 279, 290 aid to 270 and Neville Chamberlain 278 and Winston S Churchill 269 and Czechoslovakia 199 embargo on 252 and Estonia 287 and Finland 251–252, 282, 283 and Germany 248–249, 269, 290, 292 and Great Britain 277, 278, 292 and Adolf Hitler 269, 290 invasion of 269–270 and Iran 293 and Japan 272, 291 and Sergei M Kirov 133 and Latvia 287 League of Nations expels 281 and Lithuania 287 and Maxim Litvinov 123, 130, 277, 278 and mutual aid alliance 277 and Nazi-Soviet pact 248–249, 279 new constitution for 171 and Operation Barbarossa 265, 268, 269–270, 290–292 pact with Germany 248–249 pact with Great Britain 277, 292 and Poland 249, 280 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 269–270, 281, 292 and Joseph Stalin 17, 18, 23, 26, 269, 270, 293, 388 and United States 123 and Winter War 251–252 Union Party 153, 168–169 unions See labor organizations United Automobile Workers (UAW) 190, 213, 214, 291 United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) 4, 116 United Rubber Workers 190 United States 52, 53, 84 and cash-and-carry policy 214 and Winston S Churchill 295 and Cuba 131, 327–328 debts to 65–66, 68 declaration of war on Germany 347–348 economic weakness in 48, 49 embargo of 249–250 and Germany 123, 200, 201, 247, 274, 277, 293, 347–348 and Great Britain 270–274, 283 and Adolf Hitler 123, 200, 201, 247, 277 and Italy 259, 274 and Japan xviii, 65, 198, 217, 218, 247–248, 271–274, 278, 282–283, 285, 287, 292–295, 369 and London Naval Conference 64 and Nazism 122, 248 and outlawing war 25, 26 shipping of 266, 268, 271, 290 and submarines 81 ties to Great Britain 270–274, 283 and USSR 130 and World Court 24 United States Film Service 224 United States Steel Corporation 81, 214 United States v Butler 147, 148, 151, 167, 168 United States v Darby Lumber Company 290 United Textile Workers Union 133 universal military service (Germany) 165 “unlimited national emergency” 268, 292 uranium 252, 275, 281 urban areas 49 urbanization 15 U.S Employment Service 245 U.S Fleet 158, 272, 294, 295 U.S Housing Authority 217 USS Greer (ship) 271 USS Houston (ship) 159, 196, 223, 224 USS Kearney (ship) 271 USS Panay (ship) 198 USS Reuben James (ship) 271 U.S Steel Corporation 190 utilities 150, 151, 165, 168 Uys, Errol Lincoln See Riding the Rails V Vallee, Rudolph (Rudy Vallee) 50, 53, 161, 392 Vandenberg, Arthur H 107, 129, 260, 392 Vanderbilt, Alfred 211 Van Devanter,Willis 392 Vansittart, Sir Robert 224 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo 13, 25, 36 Vatican 52, 129, 214 veterans bonus 76, 82 Veterans Bureau 24 Vichy France 258, 287, 292 Victor Emmanuel (king of Italy) 168 Volstead Act 106, 127 Vorce, Mary Heaton 100 voting of women W Wadsworth, James 260 wages 61, 105, 114, 151 Wagner, Robert F 148, 149, 149–150, 218, 219, 392 Wagner Act See National Labor Relations Act Wagner Bill 165, 166 Wagner Housing Act 189 Wagner-Peyser Act 107, 129 Wagner-Steagall Housing Act 217 Waiting for Lefty (Clifford Odets) 161 Walker, James J 54, 85, 392 Wallace, Henry A 103, 106, 108–109, 109, 136–137, 176, 262, 287, 393 Wall Street 53 See also stock market Wall Street and Washington (Joseph Stagg Lawrence) 56 Wall Street under Oath (Ferdinand Pecora) 139–140 Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act 151, 169 Walt Disney Studios 208, 253 Wanping (Lugoujiao) 215 war 9, 64, 198, 251–252, 256–257 See also specific headings, e.g.: World War II War Admiral (race horse) 211 Warburg, James 117 war debt 281 burden of 65–66 and economic collapse and Finland 251 and France 65–66, 68, 83 and Germany 65–66 and Great Britain 65–66, 68, 79 and Herbert Clark Hoover 68 and Italy 68 moratorium on 68 reneging on 68 resentment caused by and Franklin Delano Roosevelt 79 and tariffs Warner, Jack 209 Warner Brothers 10, 26, 70, 209 The War of the Worlds 225, 226 War Powers Act 295 war profiteering 158–159 Warren, George 117, 130 443 Warren, Robert Penn 89 war zones 250, 271 Washington, D.C 52, 53 Washington Five-Power Treaty (1922) 25 Waters,Walter W 76, 84 Watson, Edwin M (“Pa”Watson) 393 Watson, J B 13–14 Wayne, John 253 wealth, redistribution of 121, 150 Wealth Tax Act 150, 166 the wealthy 75, 150 weapons production 259 Weimar Republic 1, 2, 8, 24, 26, 48, 53, 66 Weiss, Carl Austin 153, 167 “welfare system” xviii Welles, Benjamin Sumner 247, 258, 270, 276, 283, 284, 293, 393 Welles, (George) Orson 206, 225, 254, 393 West, Nathanael 134, 296 West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish 188 Western Hemisphere 227, 250–251, 266, 277, 280, 287, 292, 293 Westinghouse Electric Company 9, 44 wheat 60, 110 wheat harvest workers 233 wheat price supports Wheeler, Burton K 188, 214, 310, 393 “When the Moon Comes over the Mountain” 82 Where Are the Customers’Yachts? (Fred Schwed, Jr.) 302 Whisenhunt, Donald W 142–144 White, E B 300–301 White,Walter F 205, 393–394 White,William Allen 29, 59, 101–102, 250, 280, 394 The White House Conference on Health and Protection of Children 53 Whitlock, Brand 28 Whitney, Richard 219, 220, 394 Wickersham, George W 53 Wickersham Commission 73, 82 Wilbur, Ray Lymon 53 Wilhelm II (kaiser of Germany) 1, 292 Wilhelmina (queen of the Netherlands) 285 Williams, Aubrey W 394 Willkie,Wendell L 150, 260, 261, 261, 264, 265, 286, 290, 307, 394 Wilson, Edmund 92, 394–395 444 The Great Depression Wilson, Hugh 247 Wilson, Irwin A 97 Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow 1, 2, 4, 23, 27, 123, 395 Wilson Dam 168 Winchell,Walter 395 Winter War 251–252 The Wizard of Oz (film) 253, 254, 299 Wolfe,Thomas 55, 90–91, 173, 185, 254, 303 women 301 See also specific headings, e.g.: Roosevelt,Anna Eleanor African-American 207 and the arts 207 emancipation of 15–16 and Federal Arts Project 207 minimum wage for 148, 168 and Nineteenth Amendment Frances Perkins 103, 132, 179, 207, 382 in Roosevelt administration 207 voting of Women’s National Committee to Keep the United States Out of War 250 Wood, Edward Frederick Lindley See Halifax, Lord Wood, Robert E 287 Woodin,William 103, 104, 105 Woodring, Harry H 395 Woods, Arthur 62 Woodward, Ellen Sullivan 395 Woofter,T J., Jr 100–101 Woolsey, Judge John M 139 working conditions 114, 151 work relief 282 Works Progress Administration (WPA) 148, 165, 219, 220, 244, 245 Works Projects Administration (WPA) 207, 244, 278 work-week 3, 4, 8, 190, 196 The World at Home: Selections from the Writings of Anne O’Hare McCormick (Marion Turner Sheehan, ed.) 93, 98, 135, 182 World Court 24, 52 World’s Columbian Exposition 125 World’s Fairs 253 World War I 1, 66, 82, 281, 313–315 World War II xviii in Africa 265, 268 aid for Britain 266–267 and aircraft for France 243–244 battle for the Atlantic 267–268 and Battle of Britain 262–263, 287, 288, 290 begins 249–250 and Czechoslovakia 246 defense buildup for 256, 263–265 emergence of 241–274 and farm income 111 and Finland 251–252 and France 257–258 and Franco in Spain 246 German invasions in 246, 256–258, 269–270 Italian invasions 246 Japan 265, 271–274 lead up to 246–247 and naval escorts 268–269 Nazi-Soviet pact 248–249 negotiations with Japan 247–248 Operation Barbarossa 265, 268, 269–270, 290–292 Operation Sea Lion 263, 287, 288 Pearl Harbor 274, 294–295 the Phony War 251, 257 responses to invasions 246–247, 258 Roosevelt prepares United States for war 258–260 and Scandinavia 256–257 and security of Western Hemisphere 250–251, 265–266 and Spain 246 and Treaty of Versailles and US 247–248, 256, 258, 263–265, 266–269, 270–271, 274 U.S.-British ties 270–271 U.S declares war 274 and USSR 251–252, 269–270 the Winter War 251–252 WPA See Works Progress Administration Wright, Frank Lloyd 12, 49, 72, 125, 235, 253, 395–396 Wright, Richard 254, 396 Y The Yearling (Marjorie Rawlings) 210 “yellow-dog” contracts 84 You Can’t Go Home Again (Thomas Wolfe) 303 Young, Owen D 52, 54 Young Mr Lincoln (film) 253 Young Plan 52, 53, 81, 85 youth (young people) 53, 112–113, 148, 283, 289 Yugoslavia 68, 133, 268, 291 Z Zangara, Joseph 79, 86 ... the questionnaire or other instrument used to gather data, and the formulas the analyst applies to the data, not to mention the final “massaging” the analyst performs A thesis may prescribe outcomes... readable The Great xi xii The Great Depression Depression, evidences some disdain for the Hoover administration and some admiration for Roosevelt Furthermore, concerning the historian’s bias, there... of the Great Crash; a focus on the early achievements of Robert Hutchins Goddard; an overview of the tax rebellions of the early 1930s; material on the youths of America joining the ranks of the