Ontology seminar Ứng dụng ontology

Ontologies and Much More Presented by Osnat Minz July 2006 Agenda  Introduction to semantic web  Ontology  RDF , RDFs ,OWL  Introduction to semantic web services  Very Brief MDA Introduction  Potential Uses of the Semantic Web in Systems and Software Engineering Summarizing the Problem: Computers don’t understand Meaning  “My mouse is broken I need a new one…” The Semantic Web Vision “… the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes ,but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications” http://www.w3.org/sw/ The Semantic Web "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation." Tim Berners-Lee “the wedding cake” Semantic Web – New Users Semantic Web and Beyond Creators Users Semantic Web content applications agents Semantic Annotations Ontologies Logical Support Languages Tools Applications / Services Semantic Web WWW and Beyond Creators Users Web content Where we are Today: The Syntactic Web [Hendler & Miller 02] The Syntactic Web is…  A hypermedia, a digital library   A database, an application platform   A common portal to applications accessible through web pages, and presenting their results as web pages A platform for multimedia   A library of documents called (web pages) interconnected by a hypermedia of links BBC Radio anywhere in the world! trailers! Terminator A naming scheme  Unique identity for those documents A place where computers the presentation (easy) and people the linking and interpreting (hard) Why not get computers to more of the hard work? [Goble 03] Impossible (?) Using the Syntactic Web…  Complex queries involving background knowledge   e.g., Barn Owl Locating information in data, repositories     Travel enquiries Prices of goods and services Results of human genome experiments Finding and using “web services”   Find information about “animals that use sonar but are not either bats or dolphins” Visualise surface interactions between two proteins Delegating complex tasks to web “agents”  Book me a holiday next weekend somewhere warm, not too far away, and where they speak French or English What is the Problem?  Consider a typical web page:  Markup consists of:  rendering information (e.g., font size and colour)  Hyper-links to related content  Semantic content is accessible to humans but not (easily) to computers… 10 Potential Uses of the Semantic Web in Systems and Software Engineering  This is not only for the betterment of IT systems in general, but also for the future good of the Web, as systems and Web Services containing rich Semantic Web content start to come online 81 Potential Uses of the Semantic Web in Systems and Software Engineering  While MDA provides a powerful and proven framework for Systems and Software Engineering, Semantic Web technologies can naturally extend it to enable:    representation of unambiguous domain vocabularies, model consistency checking and validation new capabilities that leverage increased expressivity in constraint representation 82 Recent Developments    Over the past two years there has been significant work to bring together Software Engineering languages and methodologies such as the UML with Semantic Web technologies such as RDF and OWL While this work has been largely motivated by an interest to exploit the popularity and features of UML tools for the creation of vocabularies and ontologies, some have also advocated the potential benefits of applying Semantic Web concepts to model validation and automation, as well as to enable new Software Engineering capabilities 83 Recent Developments    The relatively recent introduction of Web Service concepts and technologies also adds compelling reason for the drive to use webfriendly ontologies in Systems and Software Engineering Such concepts allow declarative functionality to be deployed, discovered and reused over the web to obvious advantage Given the old computing adage that "all the software functionality needed in the world has already been written somewhere," 84 Recent Developments    it theoretically follows that if all this functionality were made openly available via Web Service interfaces, software construction would become a radically different and simplified activity That is so long as Web Service metadata is accurate, complete and easy enough to use - and that's where formal ontologies and Semantic Web languages come into play Indeed one could now consider that, given the vastness of the Web and the communal culture it promotes, the future of software development may well not actually lie in the construction of new functionality, but rather the discovery and gluing together of existing functionality to achieve all the desired aims of the solution in mind 85 Recent Developments    It may be fair to argue that the Semantic Web brings little that is new to Software Engineering So what is it about the amalgamation of OWL, UML and the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) that will make a difference, and why now? Even small-scale, incremental improvements in low level capabilities have historically led to enormous gains at higher levels.  Advances internal to the Systems and Software Engineering community have not been sufficient to tip the scales thus far, but multidisciplinary approaches, such as bridging Semantic Web and MDA technologies in novel ways, may enable such significant improvements.  86 Recent Developments     As simple as it may sound, the Semantic Web brings one huge advantage - the Web itself Java has gained widespread adoption in global software development in recent years, yet its main features are far from different to those of dozens of earlier programming languages What is unique, however, is that it is specifically targeted at Web-based systems and is standards-based both properties also common to the Semantic Web.  For this reason alone it is compelling to think that a combination of OWL, UML and MDA might indeed make a real difference 87 Recent Developments – Design by Contract     MDA mandates separation of concerns at many levels; defining the agreements that software components expose via their interfaces::the preconditions, post-conditions, and invariant rules The aim here is to make such rules unambiguous, enabling increasing automation based on the models, composition of components, and limiting misunderstanding of the design.  Primary limitations include  scalability as the number of rules increases.  88 Recent Developments Design by Contract  Semantic Web technologies can dramatically improve this discipline by enabling unambiguous representation of domain terminology, distinct from the rules, enabling automated consistency checking and validation of invariant rules, preconditions, and post-conditions supporting knowledge-based terminology mediation and transformation for increased scalability and composition of components.  89 Next Steps  It is apparent that the descriptive advantages of an ontological view of the world, are appealing to the field of Systems and Software Engineering  The challenge is to move from research towards adoption, both in tooling and practice 90 Next Steps     Stronger semantics should, quite correctly, act as a catalyst in Software Engineering's advance Such new ideas include Design by Contract and new variants of the UML in which its Object Constraint Language (OCL) is strengthened, or even replaced, by Semantic Web compliant languages or Simple Common Logic Much more work is needed in such areas, but their potential has already been recognized and the volume of related publication is most certainly on the rise What remains now is to flesh out the detail behind such ideas through strong academic, standards and industrial liaisons 91 Where to Get More Information [W3C 2006 ] Ontology Driven Architectures and Potential Uses of the Semantic Web in Systems and Software Engineering ,see references there [Berners-Lee et al 2001] “The Semantic Web” Scientific American, 284(5):34-43, 2001 [Brown 2004] An Introduction to Model Driven Architecture - Part I: MDA and Today's Systems Alan Brown, IBM http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-pressrelease.html.en Ontologies Come of Age Paper: http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/ontologies -come-of-age-abstract.html OWL: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ , http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/ DAML+OIL: http://www.daml.org/ , http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference 92 Semantic Web and Ontolgies projects  COG: Corporate Ontology Grid, http://www.cogproject.org/  ESPERONTO: Application Service Provision of Semantic Annotation, Aggregation, Indexing and Routing of Textual, Multimedia, and Multilingual Web Content, http:// esperonto.semanticweb.org/  FF-POIROT: Financial Fraud Prevention-Oriented Information Resources using Ontology Technology, http:// www.starlab.vub.ac.be/research/projects/default.htm#Poirot  HtechSight: A knowledge management platform with intelligence and insight capabilities for technology intensive industries, http://banzai.etse.urv.es/~htechsight/  IBROW: An Intelligent Brokering Service for Knowledge-Component Reuse on the World Wide Web, http:// www.ibrow.org/ Ibrow started in 1997 where neither the term Semantic Web nor Web Services were coined or widely used 93 Semantic Web and Ontolgies Projects  MONET: Mathematics on the Net, http://monet.nag.co.uk/ cocoon/monet/index.html  MOSES: A modular and Scalable Environment for the Semantic Web  ONTO-LOGGING: Corporate Ontology Modelling and Management System, http://www.ontologging.com/  SCULPTEUR: Semantic and Content-Based Multimedia Exploitation for European Benefit  SEWASIE: Semantic Webs and Agents in Integrated Economies, http://www.sewasie.org/  SPACEMANTIX: Combining Spatial and Semantic Information in Product Data  SPIRIT: Spatially-Aware Information Retrieval on the Internet, http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/department/posts/SPIRITSummary pdf 94 Semantic Web and Ontolgies Projects  SWAD-Europe: W3C Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Europe/  SWAP: Semantic Web and Peer-to-Peer, http:// swap.semanticweb.org/  SWWS: Semantic-Web-Enabled Web Services, http:// swws.semanticweb.org/  VICODI: Visual Contextualisation of Digital Content  WIDE: Semantic-Web-Based Information Management and KnowledgeSharing for Innovative Product Design and Engineering, http://www.cefriel.it/topics/research/ default.xml?id=75  WISPER: Worldwide Intelligent Semantic Patent Extraction & Retrieval  WonderWeb: Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web, http://wonderweb.semanticweb.org/ 95 ... specified Can also specify relationships between terms in multiple ontologies 16 Ontology: Origins and History Ontology in Philosophy  A philosophical discipline - a branch of philosophy that... being?  Eventually, what is being? 17 Ontology in Linguistics Concept Relates to activates Form “Tank“ [Ogden, Richards, 1923] Stands for Referent ? 18 Ontology Definition unambiguous terminology... machine-readability with computational semantics commonly accepted understanding 19 Ontology in Computer Science  An ontology is an engineering artifact:    It is constituted by a specific vocabulary