VIDIEUKHIEN VIXULY BAIGIANG

Bài giảng Kỹ thuật Vi điều khiển Tài liệu tham khảo Kỹ thuật vi xử lý Lập trình Assembly cho hệ vi xử lý, Đỗ Xuân Tiến, NXB Khoa học & kỹ thuật, 2001 NỘI DUNG 1.1 Các hệ thống số - Hệ thập phân - Hệ nhị phân - Hệ thập lục phân 1.2 Các hệ thống mã hoá - ASCII - BCD 1.3 Các linh kiện điện tử số - Các cổng logic: AND, OR, XOR,NOT - Các giải mã 1.1 Các hệ thống số   Hệ đếm thập phân (Decimal) Còn gọi hệ đếm số mười (Vì có q người có chín ngón tay mười ngón chân?)   Dùng mười ký hiệu: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 Ví dụ:1.1: Ba nghìn Chín trăm Bảy mươi Tám 3978 = 3x103 + 9x102 + 7x101 + 8x100 = 3000 + 900 + 70 + 1.1 Các hệ thống số    Hệ đếm nhị phân (Binary) Còn gọi Hệ đếm số hai Sử dụng hai ký hiệu (bit): (Các hệ thống điện tử số sử dụng hai mức điện áp?)    Kích cỡ, LSB, MSB số nhị phân Số nhị phân khơng dấu (Unsigned) Số nhị phân có dấu (Số bù hai) Số nhị phân  Mỗi ký hiệu gọi Bit (Binary Digit- Chữ số nhị phân) Kích cỡ số nhị phân số bit MSB (Most Significant Bit): Bit sát trái LSB (Least Significant Bit): Bit sát phải  Ví dụ 1.1: 1010101010101010    MSB LSB số nhị phân 16-bit Số nhị phân không dấu    Chỉ biểu diễn giá trị không âm (>= 0) Với n-bit biểu diễn giá trị từ đến 2n – Ví dụ 1.3: Giá trị V số nhị phân không dấu 1101 tính: V(1101) = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 = + + + = 13 Số nhị phân không dấu  Tổng quát: Nếu số nhị phân N n-bit: N = b( n-1) b( n-2) … b1 b0 giá trị V là: V = b(n -1) x 2(n-1)+b (n-2) x2 (n-2)+ … + b1 x 21 + b0 x 20 Các số nhị phân không dấu 4-bit biểu diễn giá trị từ ? đến ? 16 giá trị từ đến 15 Nhị phân không dấu Giá trị thập phân 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 10 1011 11 1100 12 1101 13 1110 14 1111 15 Số nhị phân không dấu   Dải giá tri số không dấu 8-bit [0,255] (unsigned char C) Dải giá tri số không dấu 16bit [0,65535] (unsigned int C) Chuyển đổi thập phân sang nhị phân  Ví dụ 1.4 Chuyển 25 sang nhị phân không dấu Dùng phương pháp chia liên tiếp Chia      25/2 12/2 6/2 3/2 1/2 Thương số Dư số 12 1 0 1 = = = = = Kết là: 11001 LSB MSB IC 74244 Đệm chiều 74245 Đệm chiều 74245 What is a microprocessor?    Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was introduced in 1971 It contained 2300 transistors Today’s Pentium processor, by contrast, contains 55 million transistors One of the most common tasks microprocessors perform is to serve as the “brains” inside personal computers, but they deliver “intelligence” to countless other devices as well For example, they may give your telephone speed-dial and re-dial options, automatically turn down your home’s thermostat at night and make your car safer and more energy efficient 1971  In 1971, Intel’s first microprocessor was the 4004 This breakthrough invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer 1978   In 1978, a pivotal sale to IBM's new personal computer division made the Intel 8088 the brains of IBM's new hit product-the IBM PC The 8088's success launched Intel into the ranks of the Fortune 500 companies, and Fortune magazine named the company one of the "Business Triumphs of the Seventies." 1982   Then, in 1982, the 286, also known as the 80286, became the first Intel processor that could run all the software written for its predecessor This software compatibility remains a cornerstone of Intel's family of microprocessors Within years of its release, there were an estimated 15 million 286-based PC’s around the world 1989   In 1989, the move to a 486 processor allowed the shift from a command-level computer to pointand-click computing The Intel 486 processor was the first to offer a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing because it offloads complex math functions from the central processor 1993  In 1993, the jump to the Pentium processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate "real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images 1997   In 1997, the 7.5 million-transistor Pentium II processor incorporated Intel MMX technology, which is designed specifically to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently With this processor, PC users could • capture, edit and share digital photos with friends and family via the Internet, • edit and add text, music or between-scene transitions to home movies, and, • with a video phone, send video over standard phone lines and the Internet 1998   In 1998, the Pentium II XeonTM processor was designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-range and higher servers and workstations The Pentium II Xeon processors featured technical innovations specifically designed for workstations and servers that utilized demanding business applications such as Internet services, corporate data warehousing, digital content creation, and electronic and mechanical design automations 1999  In 1999, the Intel Celeron processor was designed for the value PC market segment It provided consumers great performance at an exceptional value, and it delivered excellent performance for uses such as gaming and educational software 1999   Also in 1999, the Pentium III processor was released and featured 70 new instructions that dramatically enhanced the performance of advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, and video and speech recognition applications It was designed to significantly enhance Internet experiences, allowing users to such things as browse through realistic online museums and stores and download high-quality video 2000   In 2000, users of the newly released Pentium processor could create professional-quality movies, deliver TV-like video via the Internet, communicate with real-time video and voice, render 3D graphics in real time, quickly encode music for MP3 players, and simultaneously run several multimedia applications while still connected to the Internet As a comparison, Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, ran at 108 kilohertz, compared to the Pentium processor's initial speed of 1.5 gigahertz If automobile speed had increased similarly over the same period, you could now drive from San Francisco to New York in about 13 seconds History of Intel Microprocessor The Continuing Evolution of Intel Microprocessors CIS105 December 2002 1600 1,400 1400 Speed (MHZ) 1200 1000 800 550 600 400 400 400 1998 1999 333 200 200 200 1993 1995 233 100 0.74 12 33 1971 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 Year 1997 1998 1999 2000