ALSO BY JAM ES BRADLEY Flags of Our Fathers Flyboys Copyright Copyright © 2009 by James Bradley All rights reserved Except as permitted under the U.S Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group 237 Park Avenue New York, NY 10017 Visit our website at www.HachetteBookGroup.com www.twitter.com/littlebrown First eBook Edition: November 2009 Little, Brown and Company is a division of Hachette Book Group, Inc The Little, Brown name and logo are trademarks of Hachette Book Group, Inc ISBN: 978-0-316-03966-6 For Michelle, Alison, Ava, Jack Contents Copyright 1: One Hundred Years Later 2: Civilization Follows the Sun 3: Benevolent Intentions 4: Pacific Negroes 5: Haoles 6: Honorary Aryans 7: Playing Roosevelt’s Game 8: The Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia 9: The Imperial Cruise 10: Roosevelt’s Open and Closed Doors 11: Incognito in Japan 12: Sellout in Seoul 13: Following the Sun Acknowledgments Notes About the Author Chapter ONE HUNDRED YEARS LATER “I wish to see the United States the dominant power on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.”1 —THEODORE ROOSEVELT, OCTOBER 29, 1900 When my father, John Bradley, died in 1994, his hidden memory boxes illuminated his experience as one of the six men who raised the flag on Iwo Jima A book and movie—both named Flags of Our Fathers—told his story After writing another book about World War II in the Pacific—Flyboys—I began to wonder about the origins of America’s involvement in that war The inferno that followed Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had consumed countless lives, and believing there’s smoke before a fire, I set off to search for the original spark In the summer of 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt—known as Teddy to the public— dispatched the largest diplomatic delegation to Asia in U.S history Teddy sent his secretary of war, seven senators, twenty-three congressmen, various military and civilian officials, and his daughter on an ocean liner from San Francisco to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China, Korea, then back to San Francisco At that time, Roosevelt was serving as his own secretary of state—John Hay had just passed away and Elihu Root had yet to be confirmed Over the course of this imperial cruise, Theodore Roosevelt made important decisions that would affect America’s involvement in Asia for generations President Theodore Roosevelt (Library of Congress) The secretary of war, William Howard Taft, weighing in at 325 pounds, led the delegation, and to guarantee a Roosevelt name in the headlines, the president sent his daughter Alice, the glamorous Jackie Kennedy of her day, a beautiful twenty-one-year-old known affectionately to the world as “Princess Alice.” Her boyfriend was aboard, and Taft had promised his boss he would keep an eye on the couple This was not so easy, and on a few hot tropical nights, Taft worried about what the unmarried daughter of the president of the United States was up to on some dark part of the ship The secretary of war, William Howard Taft President Roosevelt wrote Taft, “I have always said you would be the greatest President, bar only Washington and Lincoln, and I feel mighty inclined to strike out the exceptions!” (Library of Congress) Theodore Roosevelt had been enthusiastic about American expansion in Asia, declaring, “Our future history will be more determined by our position on the Pacific facing China than by our position on the Atlantic facing Europe.”2 Teddy was confident that American power would spread across Asia just as it had on the North American continent In his childhood, Americans had conquered the West by eradicating those who had stood in the way and linking forts together, which then grew into towns and cities Now America was establishing its naval links in the Pacific with an eye toward civilizing Asia Hawaii, annexed by the United States in 1898, had been the first step in that plan, and the Philippines was considered to be the launching pad to China “Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip.” The map of a small United States in 1798 contrasts with the American eagle’s 1898 spread from the Caribbean to China (Library of Congress) Teddy had never been to Asia and knew little about Asians, but he was bully confident about his plans there “I wish to see the United States the dominant power on the shores of the Pacific Ocean,” he announced.3 Theodore Roosevelt stands as one of America’s most important presidents and an unusually intelligent and brave man His favorite maxim was “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” This book reveals that behind his Asian whispers that critical summer of 1905 was a very big stick—the bruises from which would catalyze World War II in the Pacific, the Chinese Communist Revolution, the Korean War, and an array of tensions that inform our lives today The twentieth-century American experience in Asia would follow in the diplomatic wake first churned by Theodore Roosevelt IN THE SUMMER OF 2005—exactly one hundred years later—I traveled the route of the imperial cruise In Hawaii, I rode the Waikiki waves like Alice had, saw what she had seen, and learned why no native Hawaiians had come to greet her Today the United States is asking Japan to increase its military to further American interests in the North Pacific, especially on the Korean peninsula, where both the Chinese and the Russians seek influence In the summer of 1905, clandestine diplomatic messages between Tokyo and Washington, D.C., pulsed through underwater cables far below the surface of the Pacific Ocean In a top-secret meeting with the Japanese prime minister, Taft—at Roosevelt’s direction—brokered a confidential pact allowing Japan to expand into Korea It is unconstitutional for an American president to make a treaty with another nation without United States Senate approval And as he was negotiating secretly with the Japanese, Roosevelt was simultaneously serving as the “honest broker” in discussions between Russia and Japan, who were then fighting what was up to that time history’s largest war The combatants would sign the Portsmouth Peace Treaty in that summer of 1905, and one year later, the president would become the first American to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel committee was never made aware of Roosevelt’s secret negotiations, and the world would learn of these diplomatic cables only after Theodore Roosevelt’s death *** ON JULY 4, 1902, Roosevelt had proclaimed the U.S war in the Philippines over, except for disturbances in the Muslim areas In 1905, the imperial cruise steamed into the port city of Zamboanga, a Muslim enclave 516 miles south of Manila Princess Alice sipped punch under a hot tropical sun as “Big Bill” Taft delivered a florid speech extolling the benefits of the American way A century later I ventured to Zamboanga and learned that the local Muslims hadn’t taken Taft’s message to heart: Zamboangan officials feared for my safety because I was an American and would not allow me to venture out of my hotel without an armed police escort The city looked peaceable enough to me and I thought the Zamboangan police’s concern was overdone One morning I was sitting in the backseat of a chauffeured car with my plainclothes police escort as we drove by city hall The handsome old wooden building had once been headquarters of the American military The U.S general “Black Jack” Pershing had ruled local Muslims from a desk there, and the grassy shaded park across the street was named after him “Can we stop?” I asked the driver, who pulled to the curb I got out of the car alone to take pictures, thinking I was safe in front of city hall After all, here I was in the busy downtown area, in broad daylight, with mothers and their strollers nearby in a park named after an American My bodyguard thought otherwise He jumped out of the car, his darting eyes scanning pedestrians, cars, windows, and rooftops, and his right hand hovered over the pistol at his side It was the same later, indoors at Zamboanga’s largest mall I was shopping for men’s trousers, looking through the racks I glanced up to see my bodyguard with his back to me eyeing the milling crowd The Zamboangan police probably breathed a sigh of relief when I eventually left town Muslim terrorists struck Zamboanga the day after I departed Two powerful bombs maimed twenty-six people, brought down buildings, blew up cars, severed electrical lines, and plunged the city into darkness and fear The first bomb had cratered a sidewalk on whose cement I had recently trod, while the second one collapsed a hotel next door to Zamboanga’s police station—just down the street from the mall I had judged safe.4 Police sources told reporters the blasts were intended to divert Filipino and American army troops from their manhunt of an important Muslim insurgent.5 Just as President Teddy was declaring victory in 1902, the U.S military had been opening a new full-scale offensive against Muslim insurgents in the southern Philippines.6 Pacifying Zamboanga had been one of the goals of that offensive A century later American troops were still fighting near that “pacified” town TODAY TRADE DISPUTES DOMINATE the United States–China relationship In China, I strode down streets where in 1905 angry Chinese had protested Secretary Taft’s visit At the time, China had suspended trade with the United States and was boycotting all American products Outraged Chinese were attending mass anti-American rallies, Chinese city walls were plastered with insulting antiAmerican posters, and U.S diplomats in the region debated whether it was safe for Taft to travel to China Teddy and Big Bill dismissed China’s anger But that 1905 Chinese boycott against America sparked a furious Chinese nationalism that would eventually lead to revolution and then the cutting of ties between China and the United States in 1949 *** CHAPTER10: ROOSEVELT’S OPEN AND CLOSED DOORS Delber [sic] L McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 1900–1906: Clashes Over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977), 114 Imperial Mandate of Emperor Qianlong to King George III, in Edmund Backhouse and J.O.P Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking: From the 16th to the 20th Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 322–34 Carl A Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950 (New York: Routledge, 1999), 42 Ibid., 94 Ibid., 52 Ibid., 98 Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996), 136 Stephen E Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 162 Ibid 10 Ibid 11 Ibid., 150 12 Jack Chen, The Chinese of America (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980), 153 13 Wesley S Griswold, A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (New York: McGraw Hill, 1962), 144 14 Text of Burlingame-Seward Treaty in Charles I Bevans, comp., Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1971), 6:680–84 15 Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World, 164 16 Sin-Kiong Wong, China’s Anti-American Boycott Movement in 1905: A Study in Urban Protest (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002), 19 17 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 78 18 Eric T L Love, Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 95 Actual quote reads: “who eat beef and bread and drink beer cannot labor alongside of those who live on rice, and if the experiment [in Asian immigration] is attempted on a large scale, the American Laborer will have to drop his knife and fork and take up the chopsticks.” 19 Thomas F Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 291 20 Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 194 21 Ibid., 79 22 Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 271 23 Thomas G Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 140 24 Isham Dell, Rock Springs Massacre 1885 (Lincoln City, OR: Dell Isham & Associates, 1985), 52 25 TR, “National Life and Character,” in American Ideals, And Other Essays, Social and Political (New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 1:111–12 26 Kenton J Clymer, John Hay (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975), 156 27 Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the U.K and the U.S 28 Terence V Powderly, “Exclude Anarchist and Chinaman!” Collier’s Weekly 28 (December 14, 1901) 29 McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 59 30 Ibid., 64 31 Ibid., 68 32 Ibid., 114 33 TR to Cortelyou, January 25, 1904, in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 3:709 34 New York Tribune, June 29, 1905 35 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Mobilizing a Social Movement in China: Propaganda of the 1905 Boycott Campaign,” Chinese Studies (Taipei) 19:1 (June 2001), 375–408 36 Ibid 37 Lay to Loomis, August 16, 1905, Canton Dispatches 38 Chester Holcombe, “The Question of Chinese Exclusion,” Outlook 80 (July 8, 1905), 619 39 New York Times, June 28, 1905 40 TR to Taft in Hong Kong, September 3, 1905, Taft papers, series 4, Taft-TR 41 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Die for the Boycott and Nation: Martrydom and the 1905 Anti-American Movement in China,” Modern Asian Studies 35, no (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 42 Washington Post, September 1, 1905; New York Times, September 4, 1905 43 Stacy A Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York, Viking 2007), 123 44 New York Times, September 28, 1905 45 Washington Post, September 7, 1905 46 Lay to Loomis, September 12, 1905, Canton Dispatches 47 Lay to Loomis, October 30, 1905, Canton Dispatches 48 Charles Chaile-Long, “Why China Boycotts U.S.,” World Today 10 (March 1906), 314 49 Michael Teague, Mrs L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 99 50 Ibid., 89, 95 51 Ibid., 98 52 W W Rockhill to James L Rodgers, September 18, 1905, Rockhill Papers 53 “The Rising Spirit in China,” Outlook 81 (October 7, 1905): 316 54 New York Tribune, August 30, 1905 CHAPTER 11: INCOGNITO IN JAPAN Caption: Emperor Gojong: Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, File Microcopies, no 134, roll 13, Despatches Korea Michael Teague, Mrs L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 84–86 Mark Sullivan, Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century, ed Dan Rather (New York: Scribner’s 1996), 282 John Edward Wilz, “Did the United States Betray Korea?” Pacific Historical Review 54, no (1985), 251 His visitors were Syngman Rhee and Pastor Yuu P’yong-Ku TR to Spring Rice, Nov 1, 1905, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 5:61 Steven Ericson and Allen Hockley, eds., The Treaty of Portsmouth and Its Legacies (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, published by University Press of New England, 2008), 57 TR to Kaneko, August 23, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1312 TR to Mortimer Durand, British ambassador to the United States, August 23, 1905, ibid., 4:1310– 11 British documents, IV, 105, as cited in Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 85 10 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 262; Ericson and Hockley, Treaty of Portsmouth, 60 11 Walter A McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 455 12 Raymond Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 1988), 167 13 Ibid., 171 14 Andrew Gordon, “The Crowd and Politics in Imperial Japan: Tokyo, 1905–1918,” Past and Present 121, no 121 (November 1988), 141–70 15 Lloyd C Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 262 16 Ibid 17 Griscom to TR, September 21, 1905, Roosevelt Papers 18 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, September 6, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:14–15 19 William W Rockhill to Taft, telegram, September 14, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906), roll 43, frames 117–18 20 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 41 21 Esthus, Double Eagle and the Rising Sun, 174 22 Saturday, September 2, 1905, Sagamore Hill Letters: TR to Alice: If the belligerents had not met at Portsmouth “they would not have made peace.” (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY) 23 Teague, Mrs L., 106 24 Ibid., 108 25 Ibid 26 Willard Straight to Frederick Palmer, October 3, 1905, Willard Straight Papers, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections 27 Ibid 28 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 108 29 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 104 30 TR to Rockhill, telegram September 17, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M92 (Despatches from U.S Ministers to China, 1843–1906), roll 129 TELEGRAM RECEIVED September 17TH, 1905 Rockhill, Peking Further investigation satisfies me that Miss Roosevelt’s contemplated trip with her party incognity? (incognita) to Japan can be quite safely made It would be wise however as you suggest for Newlands to communicate with Griscom by cable before coming Taft [Author Note: “Incognita” is the feminine Latin version of “incognito.” Classically educated Taft was referring to a female, Alice Roosevelt.] 31 Teague, Mrs L., 87 32 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 106; “Not a banzai to be heard,” Teague, Mrs L., 87 CHAPTER 12: SELLOUT IN SEOUL Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Despatches to Korea), 13 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 8, 1900 Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394 Monday, October 30, 1905, en route to Washington D.C on the U.S.S West Virginia Letters: Edith to Kermit: Alice is looking very careworn and troubled about something She will not say what is wrong (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY) Kokumin Newspaper, November 4, 1905 TR to Taft, October 5, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:46 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 105 Jongsuk Chay, Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean American Relations to 1910 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), 146 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 305 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 61 10 Ibid., 111 11 “The treaty rested on the false assumption that Korea could govern herself well It had already been shown that she could not in any real sense govern herself at all.” TR, America and the World War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915), 29 In his Autobiography, Roosevelt wrote that he approved of Japan taking over Korea because Korea “had shown herself utterly impotent either for self-government or self-defense (and) was in actual fact almost immediately annexed to Japan.” Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Co., 1913), 545 12 Herbert Croly, Willard Straight (New York: Macmillan Company, 1924), 188 13 Howard K Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1956), 322 14 Joyce C Lebra, Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 157 15 Franklin D Roosevelt’s Address to the nation in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor www.nationalcenter.org/FRooseveltDateInfamy1941.html, accessed August 22, 2009 16 www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18facts1.htm, accessed August 22, 2009 17 Kentaro Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” Contemporary Japan 1, no (June 1932) 18 “Monroe Doctrine for Japan Stirs American Criticism,” Washington Star, July 4, 1921 19 Stanley Hornbeck memorandum, January 14, 1932, “Manchuria?… for Asia,” in Justus D Downecke, comp., The Diplomacy of Frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 as Revealed in the Papers of Stanley K Hornbeck (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1981), 127 20 Kaku Mori, leader of the Seiyukai Party, quoted in “Japan: Fissiparous Tendencies,” Time, September 5, 1932 21 Ibid 22 Ibid 23 Kiyoshi K Kawakami, American-Japanese Relations: An Inside View of Japan’s Policies and Purposes (New York: Fleming H Revell, 1912) 24 Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria.” 25 Ibid 26 George H Blakeslee, “The Japanese Monroe Doctrine,” Foreign Affairs 11, issue (July 1933), 671–81 27 Kimitada Miwa, “Japanese Images of War with the United States,” in Akira Iriye, ed., Mutual Images: Essays in American-Japanese Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 133 28 Department of State Bulletin 5, no 129 (December 13, 1941) CHAPTER 13: FOLLOWING THE SUN Captions: Moro Massacre: Samuel Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre” (March 12, 1906), in Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, eds., Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 248–51 Wedding: Michael Teague, Mrs L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 128, 129 TR, The Winning of the West (New York: G P Putnam’s Sons,1894), vol 1: From the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, 1769–1776, x, xi New York Times, September 9, 2008 Ibid Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre.” Ibid Teague, Mrs L., 129 Carol Felsenthal, The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1988), 85 Ibid., 98 Ibid 10 Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 436 11 Teague, Mrs L., 128 12 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Diary entry, July 27, 1905, Papers of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Library of Congress 13 William “Fishbait” Miller and Francis Spatz Leighton, Fishbait (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977), 103–104 14 Stacy A Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 231 15 Ibid., 312 16 New York Times, May 16, 1955 17 Cordery, Alice, 423 18 TR to Trevelyan, June 19, 1908, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 6:1805 19 TR to Taft, August 7, 1908 TR Papers, PLB 83, series 2, Box 29 20 Henry F Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1986), 102 21 TR to William Howard Taft, September 5, 1908 Morison, Letters, 6:1209–10; Henry F Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 504 22 Stephen Hess, “Big Bill Taft,” American Heritage Magazine 17, no (October 1966) 23 TR to William Howard Taft, August 21, 1907, in Morison, Letters, 5:761 24 Richard H Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 151 25 Theodore Roosevelt, “Expansion of the White Races,” in Hermann Hagedorn, ed., National Edition: The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, vol 18 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), 348 26 Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), 163 27 Howard K Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 460 28 Roosevelt to Philander Knox, February 8, 1909 Morison, Letters, 6: 1512–13 29 Theodore Roosevelt, “Biological Analogies in History,” The Romanes Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, June 7, 1910 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1910), 31 30 Baron Kaneko died in Tokyo at the age of eighty-nine, seven months after his countrymen attacked Pearl Harbor 31 New York Times, July 30, 1905 32 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 35 33 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 743 34 Carleton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1961), 41 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenous Life, Essays and Addresses (New York: The Century Co., 1905), 28 ABOUT THE AUTHOR “Just because you wrote a few books, the world is not going to change You will find that you will go to sleep and awaken as the same son-of-a-bitch you were the day before.” —JAMES MICHENER James Bradley is a son of John Bradley, who helped raise the American flag on Iwo Jima He is the author of Flags of Our Fathers and Flyboys and is the president of the James Bradley Peace Foundation * Also King Kojong, King Gojong, or Emperor Kojong He ruled from 1863 to 1907 Before 1897 he was King Gojong and after 1897 he was Emperor Gojong * In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt wrote, “The world would have halted had it not been for the Teutonic conquests in alien lands.”40 * “Yellow Peril” was the term for westerners’ fear that hordes of angry Asians would overrun them and destroy Western civilization * The idea that the other western countries colonizing parts of China would allow free trade to England and the United States within their spheres * The following conversation between Taft and the prime minister of Japan is remarkably similar—in order of topics and content—to the Roosevelt–Kaneko–Takahira lunch discussion in the White House on June 6, 1904 ... of the American way A century later I ventured to Zamboanga and learned that the local Muslims hadn’t taken Taft’s message to heart: Zamboangan officials feared for my safety because I was an American... years later—I traveled the route of the imperial cruise In Hawaii, I rode the Waikiki waves like Alice had, saw what she had seen, and learned why no native Hawaiians had come to greet her Today... A group of Aryans had followed the sun westward from the Caucasus to the area of northern Europe we now call Germany This Aryan tribe did not make the mistake of their brethren Rather than mate