Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Foreword Preface Acknowledgements PART ONE - EARLY DAYS Chapter - The beginnings of the Service PART TWO - THE FIRST WORLD WAR Chapter - Status, organisation and expertise Chapter - Operations in the West Chapter - Working further afield PART THREE - THE INTERWAR YEARS Chapter - The emergence of SIS Chapter - From Boche to Bolsheviks Chapter - Domestic matters Chapter - Existing on a shoestring Chapter - Approaching war PART FOUR - THE IMPACT OF WAR Chapter 10 - Keeping afloat Chapter 11 - The European theatre Chapter 12 - From Budapest to Baghdad Chapter 13 - West and East PART FIVE - WINNING THE WAR Chapter 14 - The tide turns Chapter 15 - From Switzerland to Normandy Chapter 16 - Victory in Europe Chapter 17 - Asia and the end of the war Chapter 18 - Postwar planning PART SIX - FROM HOT WAR TO COLD WAR Chapter 19 - Adjusting to peace Chapter 20 - Deployment and operations in Europe Chapter 21 - A worldwide Service PART SEVEN - CONCLUSION Chapter 22 - SIS: leadership and performance over the first forty years Notes Bibliography Index One of SIS’s founding documents: the letter of 10 August 1909 from Admiral Alexander Bethell (Director of Naval Intelligence) to Mansfield Cumming offering him ‘something good’, which turned out to be appointment as Chief of the new Secret Service THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A • Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) • Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England • Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) • Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) • Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110 017, India • Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) • Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England First published in 2010 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc © Crown Copyright, 2010 All rights reserved Illustrative material is Crown Copyright except where credited otherwise LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGINGIN PUBLICATION DATA Jeffery, Keith Secret history of MI6 / Keith Jeffery p cm Includes bibliographical references and index eISBN : 978-1-101-44346-0 Great Britain MI6—History Intelligence service—Great Britain—History—20th century I Title UB251.G7J44 2010 327.1241009—dc22 2010024158 Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in o introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of thi book The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and not participate in o encourage electronic piracy of copyrightable materials Your support of the author’s rights is appreciated http://us.penguingroup.com Foreword Keith Jeffery’s history of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949 is a landmark in the history of the Service At the initiative of my predecessor, John Scarlett, SIS decided in the run up to our centenary to commission an independent and authoritative volume on the history of the Service’s first forty years The aim was to increase public understanding of SIS by explaining our origin and role in a rigorous history, which would be accessible to the widest possible audience but would not damage national security This is the first time we have given an academic from outside the Service such access to our archives The Foreign Secretary of the day approved our plans Why focus on 1909-1949? Firstly, SIS’s first forty years cover a period of vital concern for the United Kingdom Secondly, 1949 represents a watershed in our professional work with the move to Cold War targets and techniques Thirdly and most importantly, full details of our history after 1949 are still too sensitive to place in the public domain Up to 1949 Professor Jeffery has been free to tell a complete story and to put on the public record a well-informed picture of the intelligence contribution to a key period of twentieth-century history During this time, SIS developed from a small, Europe-focused organisation into a worldwide professional Service ready to take an important role in the Cold War Throughout, we have been at pains to provide the necessary openness to enable the author to tell our history definitively We take very seriously our obligations to protect our agents, our staff and all who assist us Our policy on the non-release of records themselves, as opposed to information drawn from the archive, remains unchanged A statement on this policy is outlined below Professor Jeffery has had unrestricted access to the Service archive covering the period of this work He has made his own independent judgements as an experienced academic and scholar In so doing he has given a detailed account of the challenges, successes and failures faced by the Service and its leadership in our first forty years Above all Professor Jeffery’s history gives a view of the men and women who, through hard work, dedicated service, character and courage, helped to establish and shape the Service in its difficult and demanding early days I see these qualities displayed every day in the current Service as SIS staff continue to face danger in far-flung places to protect the United Kingdom and promote the national interest I know my predecessors would be as proud as I am of the men and women of the Service today I am grateful to Keith Jeffery for accepting the appointment to write our history and to Queen’s University Belfast for releasing him for this task It is a fascinating read I commend it to you John Sawers, Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service SIS does not disclose the names of agents or of living members of staff and only in exceptional circumstances agrees to waive the anonymity of deceased staff Exceptionally and in recognition of the Service’s aim in publishing the history it has been agreed that there is an overriding justification for making public, within the constraints of what the law permits, some information which ordinarily would be protected However, SIS’s policy has not restricted the occasional official release of some Service material we have previously authorised a limited release of SIS information for other biographies of important intelligence figures An extensive clearance process with partner-departments and agencies has been implemented to ensure that the history does not compromise national security; is consistent with government policy on “Neither confirm nor deny” and does not damage the public interest The author, therefore, does not identify by name any previously unnamed agents, only those named already in officially released documents, citations for wartime decorations, or previously approved publications He also mentions a very small number of agents, who have already identified themselves He names former staff only when judged essential for historical purposes and to satisfy the Service’s aim of informing public understanding of its origin and role Preface The British Secret Intelligence Service - popularly known as MI6 - is the oldest continuously surviving foreign intelligence-gathering organisation in the world It was founded in October 1909 as the ‘Foreign Section’ of a new Secret Service Bureau, and over its first forty years grew from modest beginnings to a point in the early Cold War years when it had become a valued and permanent branch of the British state, established on a recognisably modern and professional basis Although for most of this period SIS supervised British signals intelligence operations (most notably the Second World War triumphs at Bletchley Park over the German ‘Enigma’ cyphers), it is primarily a human intelligence agency.1 While this history traces the organisational development of SIS and its relations with government - essential aspects for an understanding of how and why it operated - its story is essentially one of people, from the brilliant and idiosyncratic first Chief, Mansfield Cumming, and his two successors, Hugh Sinclair and Stewart Menzies, to the staff of the organisation - men and women who served it across the world - and, not least, to its agents, at the sharp end of the work It is impossible to generalise about this eclectic and cosmopolitan mix of many nationalities They included aristocrats and factory workers, society ladies and bureaucrats, patriots and traitors Among them were individuals of high courage, many of whom (especially during the two world wars) paid with their lives for the vital and hazardous intelligence work they did SIS did not emerge from a complete intelligence vacuum For centuries British governments had covertly gathered information on an ad hoc basis In the seventeenth century successive English Secretaries of State assembled networks of spies when the country was particularly threatened, and from its establishment in 1782 the Foreign Office, using funding from what became known as the ‘Secret Service Vote’ or the ‘Secret Vote’, annually approved by parliament, employed a variety of clandestine means to acquire information and warning about Britain’s enemies By the end of the nineteenth century the army and the navy, too, had intelligence-gathering branches, which processed much information acquired relatively openly by naval and military attachés posted to foreign countries.3 But, after the turn of the twentieth century, with foreign rivals (Germany in particular) posing a growing challenge to national interests, British policy-makers began to look beyond these unsystematic and unco-ordinated methods As the Foreign Office worried about the possibility of its diplomatic and consular representatives becoming caught up in (and inevitably embarrassed by) intelligence-gathering, the notion of establishing a dedicated, covert and, above all, deniable agency came to find favour The Secret Service Bureau, and the subsequent Secret Intelligence Service, remained publicly unacknowledged by the British government for over eighty years and was given a formal legal basis only by the Intelligence Services Act of 1994 The fact that a publicly available history of any sort has been commissioned, let alone one written by an independent professional historian, is an astounding development, bearing in mind the historic British legacy of secrecy and public silence about intelligence matters It is also an extraordinary once-in-a-lifetime opportunity (and privilege) to be appointed to write this history, though I am well aware that the fact that I have been deemed suitable to undertake it may in some eyes precisely render me unsuitable to produce an independent account of SIS’s history But of that the reader must judge Part of the agreement made on my appointment was that I should have utterly unrestricted access to Sheffy, Yigal Shelepina, Yevgeniya Petrovna (later Ransome) Shelley, John Sherwood, Percy, head of Canadian Government Police Shetland Islands Ship Observers Scheme Shone, Sir Terence, high commissioner in India Short, Edward, Home Secretary Shuckburgh, (Sir) Evelyn Siam see Thailand Siberia Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi security service; SD) Sicily SIFE see Security Intelligence Far East Sillitoe, Sir Percy (Director-General MI5) SIM see Servizio Informazione Militare SIME see Security Intelligence Middle East Sinclair, Evelyn (Sir Hugh Sinclair’s sister) Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh ‘Quex’(SIS Chief 1923-39): appointed SIS Chief assessment of his leadership background and character closes down Riga group agency development of operations in: Far East France Germany Iberia Ireland Mediterranean Middle East Scandinavia United States DNI (1919-21) establishment of Z Organisation ‘excommunication’ of Landau expansion of GC&CS expansion of SIS role and operations fights for increased funding for SIS illness and death instructions on provision of quid pro quo intelligence instructions on verification of intelligence interest in ‘Jonny Case’ lobbies for unified intelligence service memorandum on link between Soviet Union and trade unions moves SIS and GC&CS to Broadway Buildings policy advice to government during Munich Crisis political views prosecution of Mackenzie under Official Secrets Act purchase of Bletchley Park Queen Anne’s Gate flat reaction to Arcos raid reorganisation of SIS report on Hitler’s character and intentions reports on SpanishWar operations responsibility for GC&CS role in Zinoviev Letter affair stripped of control of domestic agents use of Passport Control Organisation as cover and income visits New York SIS station his Will Sinclair, Major-Gen Sir John ‘Sinbad’ (SIS Chief 1952-56): appointed SIS Chief DMI (1944-45) Vice Chief of SIS (1945-52) Singapore: fall of (1942) Far East Combined Bureau (FECB) Inter-Services Liaison Department (SIS) SIS station Special Branch Sinn Fein Sissmore, Kathleen ‘Jane’ (later Archer) Slessor, Air Chief Marshal Sir John Slim, Field Marshal William (later 1st Viscount Slim) Slocum, Frank Słowikowski, Mieczysław (agent ‘Rygor’) Smith, Bradley F Smith, Sidney Smith-Cumming, Lieutenant Alistair, killed Smith-Cumming, Sir Mansfield see Cumming, Sir Mansfield Smith Smyrna (Izmir) SIS sub-station SOE (Special Operations Executive): establishment of growth of liaison with Soviet intelligence services ‘Longshanks’ operation MEbranch operations in: Balkans Czechoslovakia Far East France Germany Low Countries Middle East and North Africa Scandinavia South America Switzerland United States penetrated by Abwehr (Operation North Pole) ‘Periwig’ operation ‘Pickaxe’ operations postwar absorption by SIS ‘Ratweek’ operation Section XII SIS relations and liaison with Training and Development Directorate see also Secret Intelligence Service: Special Operations Sofia: OSS mission SIS station Somerville, Boyle post-First World War review of intelligence services South America: Cumming’s development of operations in expansion of operations during Second World War possibility of recruiting Italian agents in postwar reduction in SIS representation Southampton, boom defences Soviet Trade Delegation (London) Soviet Union: agents in West Blake ‘Corby Case’ Philby Anglo-Soviet trade agreements (1921) (1924) attack on British embassy (1918) Central Asia ‘Climber’ SIS operations (1948-49) Cumming’s development of intelligence networks defectors emergence of Soviet Bloc in Eastern Europe enters Second World War Foreign Office prohibition of covert operations in Soviet territory Georgia importance of/perceived threat of Soviet Communism intelligence agencies (NKVD/MGB) interwar SIS anti-Bolshevik operations invasion of Poland involvement in SpanishWar Military Intelligence (GRU) Nazi invasion (Operation Barbarossa) Nazi-Soviet Pact occupation of Baltic states penetration of emigré groups postwar SIS penetration of Soviet Bloc Rote Kapelle (intelligence network) Second World War SIS operations secret police (Cheka/OGPU) Siberia SIS liaison with intelligence services Sovnarkom (Soviet of People’s Commissars) Ukraine wartime Anglo-Soviet relations Winter War against Finland see also Moscow; Petrograd; Russian Revolution Spain: Basques Civil War Communists economic intelligence First World War intelligence networks in Franco regime MI9 operations Military/Passport Control Offices Primo de Rivera regime relations between British embassy and SIS Secolo counter-espionage system SIS operations: Cumming’s establishment of agents interwar Second World War postwar see also Madrid Speaight, Richard Spears, Major-Gen Sir Edward (earlier Spiers) Special Branch (Metropolitan Police): SIS relations and liaison with Sinclair’s recommendations for unified intelligence service Thomson’s proposals to merge with MI5 Special Communications Units (SIS; Second World War) Special Counter-Intelligence Units (SIS; Second World War) Special Liaison Controllerate (SIS; post-1945) Special Liaison Units (SIS; Second World War) Special Operations Executive see SOE Spencer, Herbert (Director of Passport Control Department) Spiers, Captain Edward Louis (later Major-Gen Sir Edward Spears) Spink, Miss W (lone female in First World War Russian mission) Spitzbergen Spring Rice, Sir Cecil, ambassador to United States spy fever (pre-First World War) SS see Schutzstaffel SS1 Stagg, Frank economic intelligence gathering responsibility for naval reporting responsibility for Russian information transfers from Admiralty to SIS views on: Browning Cumming secret ink Stalingrad, Battle of (1942-43) Standing, (Sir) Guy Stavanger Steele, Walter S (American journalist) Stephenson, Sir William (not known as Intrepid): background and early career head of British Security Co-ordination organisation liaison with American intelligence services private industrial intelligence organisations responsibility for Ship Observers Scheme responsibility for SIS South American stations role in ‘Corby case’ Steptoe, Harry Nathaniel Stern Gang (Zionist group) Stettin Stevenage, SOE Section XII HQ Steveni, Leo Stevens, Richard Venlo incident Stewart, Bertrand Stewart, Sir Findlater Stillwell, General Joseph ‘Vinegar Joe’ Stimson, Henry, US Secretary of War Stockholm: German legation Military Control Office SIS station Stojanović, General (Yugoslav Assistant War Minister) Stott, Kenneth A (Makgill Organisation source) Strachey, Oliver (GC&CS officer) Strang, Sir William (later 1st Baron Strang) Foreign Office Permanent Under-Secretary Strategic Services Unit (United States) Strong, Lt.-Col (later Major-Gen Sir) Kenneth Sturmer, Boris submarines, imperial German Sudan Sudetenland: Nazi occupation Sudeten Social Democratic Party Sueter, Captain (later Rear Admiral Sir) Murray Suez Canal Summers, Alex ‘Sussex scheme’ (Second World War joint SIS-OSS-BCRA operation) Sweden: coast-watching: First World War Second World War Communists intelligence service (T-Office) iron ore supplies neutrality SIS liaison with intelligence services SIS operations: Cumming’s proposals for intelligence network First World War interwar Second World War postwar SOE operations see also Stockholm Swinton, Philip Cunliffe-Lister, Viscount (later 1st Earl of Swinton) Switzerland: Abwehr operations Darek (Polish) network First World War SIS operations interwar SIS operations neutrality OSS operations Second World War SIS operations train-watching Z Organisation SIS liaison with intelligence services see also Berne; Geneva; Zurich Syers, Kenneth Sykes, Percy ‘Pay’ Syra (Siros) Syria: First World War interwar intelligence gathering on Second World War Szymańska, Halina (agent Z.5/1) Tabriz Tait, Captain (later Admiral Sir) William, Deputy DNI Taiwan see Formosa Tallinn (Reval) SIS station Tandel, Laure Taranto Tasoev, Colonel J D (remorseful Soviet defector) Tatler (magazine) taxation of SIS salaries Taylor, Colonel George (SOE officer) Taylor, Herbert Bardsley Tazelaar, Pieter Teague, John Tegart, (Sir) Charles Tehran British legation SIS station Tel Aviv, British legation telephone tapping Temple, Captain Reginald ‘ten-year rule’ Thailand (Siam) Thomson, Sir Basil: Assistant Commissioner of Metropolitan Police character head of Directorate of Intelligence Thornhill, Cudbert Thümmel, Paul (‘A.54’) Thwaites, Norman Thwaites, General Sir William (DMI 1918-22; DMO&I 1922) Tientsin (Tianjin), SIS station Tiltman, Colonel John Times, The Tinsley, Richard Tinsley (‘T’) organisation Tirpitz (German battleship) Tito, Marshal Josep Broz Togliatti, Palmiro (Italian Communist Party leader) Tokaev, Lt.-Col Grigori Aleksandrovich (Soviet defector) Tokyo British embassy SIS station Torch, Operation (Allied landings in North Africa) Toulon Toulouse trade unions train-watching: First World War Second World War training: of agents of SIS officers Training and Development Directorate (SIS) Travis, Commander Sir Edward Treasury: considers superannuation scheme for SIS employees funding of intelligence services role in establishment of Secret Service Bureau taxation of SIS salaries Trench, Captain Bernard Trevelyan, (Sir) Charles Trevor-Roper, Hugh (later Baron Dacre of Glanton) Trinidad Triple Entente Tromsö Trondheim Tronstad, Leif (Norwegian chemist) Trotsky, Leon Trott zu Solz, Adam von Truman, Harry S Trust, the (bogus Russian monarchist organisation) Tunis SIS station Tunisia coast-watching ‘Dick Jones’ network Mounier network Tunney, Gene (boxer) Tunney, Thomas J (head of New York Police Department bomb squad) Tupper, Admiral Sir Reginald Turkey: coast-watching entry into First World War Nationalists relations between British embassy and SIS SIS liaison with intelligence services SIS operations: First World War interwar Second World War postwar SOE operations treaty with Britain and France (1939) Treaty of Lausanne (1923) see also Istanbul Twenty (XX) Committee (co-ordination of double-agents) Tyrrell, Sir William (later 1st Baron Tyrrell), Foreign Office Permanent Under-Secretary U-boats Ukraine Ultra (signals intelligence) see Enigma United States of America: Alien Property Custodian anti-sabotage operations in CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) entry into First World War entry into Second World War FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) First World War SIS operations Indian nationalists in interwar SIS operations isolationism Lend-Lease agreement NIA (National Intelligence Authority) Office of Strategic Services (OSS) pre-First World War British intelligence activities relations between British embassy and SIS Second World War SIS operations British Security Co-ordination (BSC) SIS liaison with intelligence services: interwar Second World War postwar Strategic Services Unit see also New York ‘Unofficial Assistants’ Uritsky, Moisei (head of Petrograd Cheka) Uruguay see also Montevideo Urumchi, SIS station Ustinov, Jona ‘Klop’ V-weapons V.2 deception plan (Ministry of Home Security) Valuable, Operation (Albania 1948-49) van Hamel, Lodo van Koutrik, Folkert van Oorschot, General J.W (head of Dutch Military Intelligence) Vanden Heuvel, Count Frederick ‘Fanny’ Vansittart, Sir Robert (later 1st Baron Vansittart), Foreign Office Permanent Under-Secretary Vargas, Gétulio, President of Brazil Venice Venizelos, Eleftherios Venlo, testing of V-weapons Venlo incident (1939) Vermehren, Erich and Elizabeth (German defectors) ‘Verrier, Pierre’ (‘Seagull’) Versailles, Treaty of (1919) Verstraete, Guy (‘Vernuge’) Vichy France intelligence services see also A.4 Section Vickers, (Sir) Geoffrey, Deputy Director General of Ministry of Economic Warfare Vienna Passport Control Office SIS station Vietnam visa-trafficking Vischer, Hans Vivian, Valentine: appointed head of Section V appointed head of War Station at Bletchley Park appointed Inspector of Security background, education and early career briefs Foreign Secretary on Arcos raid character and reputation designation as Deputy Chief of Secret Service designation as Deputy Director/SP establishment of Communist unit (Section IX) gives evidence at prosecution of Compton Mackenzie involvement in interwar operations in United States involvement in ‘Jonny Case’ liaison with MI5 liaison with Special Branch limits damage of Mackinnon Gray case recruited to SIS refuses to deploy Section V officers in Switzerland Regional Inspector for Western Europe rejects prewar plan to cultivate liaison with Heydrich relations with Dansey retirement reviews and reports on: Middle East operations operations in independent Ireland SIS funding Special Branch operations sends Winterbotham to Algiers views on: Bajanov BSC’s Western Hemisphere Bulletin Claire case clandestine acquisitions for British Purchasing Commission continued importance of intelligence on Comintern Dukes’ writings J.P Maine Noulens case proposed operation against Italian ambassador in Iran Kenneth Syers use of AIOC employees as agents work at Istanbul station Vladivostock SIS station Voska, Emanuel Wallinger, Major Ernest GHQ ‘WL’ organisation Wallinger, Captain John Wallner, Colonel (Deuxième Bureau officer) Walsh, General George Wang Ping-shen (Nationalist Chinese intelligence officer) War Crimes Group War Dog School (Germany) War Office: Directorate of Military Intelligence established GSR/MIR (Military Intelligence Research) Section incorporation of Security Service post-First World War scheme to amalgamate intelligence services pre-First World War intelligence gathering proposed takeover of SIS role in founding of Secret Service Bureau signals intelligence branch (MI1(b)) SIS relations and liaison with: pre-First World War First World War interwar Second World War postwar War Office Liaison Group (SIS) War Trade Intelligence Department Warsaw: British embassy Passport Control Office SIS station White Russian networks Washington, D.C.: BSC office MI5 office SIS station Watson, General Edwin M., secretary to Roosevelt Wavell, General Archibald (later 1st Earl Wavell) Wedemeyer, General Albert C., chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek Wedgwood, Josiah (later 1st Baron Wedgwood) Weihaiwei (Weihei) Weimerskirch sisters Weizmann, Chaim Welsh, Eric Wenchow (Wenzhou), SIS station Westmacott, Guy Whaddon Hall, Buckinghamshire White, (Sir) Dick (Director-General MI5)) White Russians intelligence networks White’s Club Whittall, Arthur Whittall, Edwin Whitwell, John (pseud.) see Nicholson, Leslie Wiedersheim (German general) Wilhelm II, Kaiser Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands Wilhelmshaven Wilkinson, Gerald Willert, (Sir) Arthur Williams, Brigadier (Sir) Edgar ‘Bill’, 21st Army Group intelligence chief Williams, Orlo (House of Commons clerk), review of Maugham’s Ashenden Williams, Valentine (journalist and thriller-writer) Willoughby, General Charles (US Chief of Intelligence) Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry (DMO 1910-14): appointed DMO with British Expeditionary Force prewar intelligence gathering promotes Anglo-French relations proposes salary increases for Cumming and Kell replaced as DMO by Callwell support for Cumming views on: Agadir Crisis prewar German invasion threat threat of Bolshevism visits Russia with Milner Mission Wilson, Sir Horace (Treasury Permanent Secretary) Wilson, Woodrow Winter War (Soviet Union-Finland 1939-40) Winterbotham, Frederick wireless communications technology Wiseman, Sir William women, SIS recruitment of Woollcombe, Malcolm: head of SIS Political Section recruited to SIS report annotated by Chamberlain retirement role in appointment of Menzies as Chief role in Zinoviev Letter affair ‘What should we do?’ policy paper on Munich Crisis Workers Weekly World Warsee First World War World WarII see Second World War Worthington, Frank V., Deputy Chief Censor Worthington-Evans, Sir Laming, Secretary of State for War Wright, Peter (incompetent spy) WURL (radio station) Wylie, Captain (Chief of Intelligence Staff, Far East Combined Bureau) XX (Twenty) Committee (co-ordination of double-agents) XXX Committee XXXX Committee Y Committee (co-ordination of signals intelligence) Yeh, George (Nationalist Chinese intelligence officer) Yeo-Thomas, Wing Commander Forest ‘Tommy’ Yermaloff, General, Russian military attaché in London Young, George Yugoslavia: Četniks coup of March 1941 Nazi invasion Partisans SIS liaison with intelligence services SIS operations: Second World War postwar SOE operations Tito regime see also Belgrade Z Organisation Zabotin, Nikolai, Soviet military attaché in Ottawa Zaghloul, Saad Zagreb Zeebrugge Zhdanov, Andrei Zhou Enlai Zimmermann, Arthur Zinoviev, Grigori Zinoviev Letter (1924) Zionism Zurich SIS station ... of the author’s rights is appreciated http://us.penguingroup.com Foreword Keith Jeffery s history of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949 is a landmark in the history of the Service At the. .. many other naval officers) may have helped put him in the frame for the new venture In the early years of the century the Admiralty, intensely interested in the potential of new types of marine... were the job of the particular desk in the Foreign Office, the Directorate of Military Intelligence and so on, not of SIS SIS’s deployment and work, therefore, was principally defined by the priorities