Table of Contents Title Page Dedication Acknowledgements Acronyms PART ONE - Land, People and History Chapter - Introduction: Understanding Pakistan PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE TALEBAN TOUGHER THAN IT LOOKS WEAK STATE, STRONG SOCIETIES ‘FEUDALS’ HOW PAKISTAN WORKS THE NEGOTIATED STATE A GAMBLE ON THE INDUS THE PAKISTANI ECONOMY LIVING IN PAKISTAN A NOTE ON KINSHIP TERMS Chapter - The Struggle for Muslim South Asia ‘ISLAM IN DANGER’ RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR RESPONSES THE GENESIS OF PAKISTAN THE NEW PAKISTANI STATE ATTEMPTS AT CHANGE FROM ABOVE ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO ZIA-UL-HAQ PART TWO - Structures Chapter - Justice THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY THE POLICE THE COURTS THE LAWYERS’ MOVEMENT THE SHARIAH NOT QUITE AS BAD AS IT LOOKS Chapter - Religion FEUDING THEOLOGIANS THE LIMITS TO RADICALISM SAINTLY POLITICIANS SHRINES AND SUPERSTITION PURITANS, FUNDAMENTALISTS, REFORMISTS: THE JAMAAT ISLAMI MILITANTS Chapter - The Military AN ARMY WITH A STATE THE MILITARY FAMILY HISTORY AND COMPOSITION INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE, KASHMIR AND THE MILITARY – JIHADI NEXUS THE PAKISTANI NUCLEAR DETERRENT Chapter - Politics THE MILITARY AND POLITICS HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS A POLITICIAN’S LIFE THE MEDIA THE PAKISTAN PEOPLE’S PARTY (PPP) THE PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (NAWAZ) (PML(N)) THE MUTTAHIDA QAUMI MAHAZ (MQM) PART THREE - The Provinces Chapter - Punjab PAKISTAN’S PROVINCIAL BALANCE DIFFERENT PUNJABS LAHORE, THE HISTORIC CAPITAL PUNJABI HISTORY AND THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION PUNJAB’S REGIONS INDUSTRIALISTS SECTARIANS AND TERRORISTS MULTAN Chapter - Sindh THE HISTORY OF SINDH INDEPENDENCE AND MOHAJIR – SINDHI RELATIONS RISE OF THE MQM (MOHAJIR QAUMI MAHAZ OR MOHAJIR PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT) KARACHI’S ETHNIC FRONT LINES INTERIOR SINDH HUNTING BOAR AND LEADING TRIBES ‘FEUDAL’ DOMINATION EXISTENTIAL THREATS? Chapter - Balochistan DISPUTED HISTORY, DISPUTED POPULATION THE BALOCH INSURGENCY AFTER 2000 BALOCH TRIBALISM THE TREATMENT OF WOMEN VISIT TO A BUGTI PAKISTAN AND BALOCHISTAN Chapter 10 - The Pathans THE MOUNTAINS AND THE PLAINS THE PATHAN TRADITION AND PATHAN NATIONALISM THE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) PATHAN POLITICAL CULTURE THE AWAMI NATIONAL PARTY (ANP) JAMIAT-E-ULEMA-E-ISLAM (JUI, COUNCIL OF ISLAMIC CLERICS) PART FOUR - The Taleban Chapter 11 - The Pakistani Taleban THE RISE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE NATURE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE LINEAGE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE MOHMAND AGENCY Chapter 12 - Defeating the Taleban? PUBLIC OPINION AND THE TALEBAN THE ANP AND THE TALEBAN THE POLICE AND THE ARMY THE TURNING POINT THE BACKGROUND TO REVOLT IN SWAT VISIT TO SWAT MINGORA TO DOROSHKHEL Conclusions Notes Books Consulted Glossary Appendix One: Chronology of Muslim South Asia Appendix Two: Pakistani Statistics Index Copyright Page In memory of my grandparents, George Henry Monahan, Indian Civil Service Helen Monahan (née Kennedy) and their son, Captain Hugh Monahan MC, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) and in honour of their successors in the civil and military services of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible had it not been for the immense kindness and hospitality of many Pakistanis, who invited me to their homes and talked to me frankly about their lives and their opinions – so many that the great majority will have to go unthanked I am especially indebted to Ashraf and Ambrin Hayat and their family in Islamabad I hope that my prolonged stays with them did not disrupt their lives too much Syed Fakr Imam and Syeda Abida Hussain have been most gracious hosts over the years in their various residences, and shared with me their knowledge of politics, history and culture Najam and Jugnu Sethi have been good friends and kind hosts for an equal time Naeem Pasha and Kathy Gannon have entertained me more often than I can remember, and Kathy has shared her incomparable knowledge of matters Afghan Naveed and Saeed Elahi have both given most generously of their time and helped me enormously with advice, information and contacts Whether in official service or the media, Maleeha Lodhi has been unfailingly kind, helpful and insightful Her comments on parts of the manuscript were extremely valuable I must also thank Shuja Nawaz, Asad Hashim and Hasan-Askari Rizvi for their comments Of course, responsibility for the contents of this book, and the opinions expressed in it, is entirely my own Among legions of Pakistani journalists and analysts who have helped me over the years, I must especially mention my old colleague Zahid Hussain, together with Zafar Abbas, Ejaz Haider, Imran Aslam, Behrouz Khan and Mosharraf Zaidi In Peshawar, I am most grateful to Rahimullah Yusufzai for all his help, and to Amina Khan and her family, to Brigadier Saad, Brigadier Javed Iqbal, Khalid Aziz, and Fakhruddin Khan It was also most kind of General Zafrullah Khan and the Frontier Constabulary to invite me to stay in their mess in Peshawar in the summer of 2009 Similarly, I must thank the Vice-Chancellor of Faislabad Agricultural University, Professor Iqraar, for inviting me to speak there and putting me up at the university guest house, Dr Faisal Zaidi and the staff of Broomfield Hall in Multan for inviting me to speak there, Dr Mohammed Amir Rana and the staff of the Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies and Ambassador Tanvir Khan and the Institute of Strategic Studies in Islamabad I am also most grateful to Professor Ali Khan Shehriyar, Dr Lukas Werth, Dr Shandana Mohmand and their colleagues at the Lahore University of Management Sciences for inviting me to speak, offering very helpful comments on my work and sharing their knowledge of Pakistani society General Athar Abbas, Colonel Haidar Malik, Captain Nasireh and other officers of Inter-Services Public Relations helped me greatly by arranging a whole series of meetings with senior military figures Colonel Ali Awan and Mrs Saira Ahmed of the Pakistani High Commission in London helped not only with meetings but with extremely valuable advice I am grateful to them and all the officers and men of the Pakistani armed forces who have helped me over the years In Sindh, I am deeply grateful to Sardar Mumtaz Ali Bhutto and his family for two very pleasant and interesting stays separated by twenty years, and in particular for inviting me to the boar hunt described in this book; and also to Ellahi Baksh Soomro and other members of the Soomro family for a fascinating stay with them in 1990 The Mayor of Karachi, Mustafa Kemal, gave generously of his valuable time In Quetta, Nawabzada Aurangzeb Jogezai and Ashfaq Durrani very kindly entertained reverence for Sufis and in Swat Taleban version of and women Zia and Sharif, Hassan and Hussein Sharif, Kulsum Sharif, Mian Sharif, Mohammad Nawaz and Al Qaeda and anti-Shia militants and army character charisma of exiled family and Altaf Hussain and Ghulam Ishaq and ISI and MQM and Musharraf and Pakistani Taleban and shrine of Data Ganj Baksh and Supreme Court Zia and see also Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML(N)) Sharif, Shahbaz and Pakistani Taleban Sharif family hatred of Bhuttos pro-business policies support in Punjab Shaukat Ali, Maulana Shaw, Alison Shehzad (in Shapqadar) Sherpao, Aftab Khan Sherpao, Sikander Khan Shia Muslims see Muslims, Shia and Sunni Shikarpur shirk Shishkin, Ivan, Morning in a Pine Forest shrines see saints (shaikhs), shrines of Siachen Glacier Siahezai Mamasani, Shah Khan Gul Sialkot Sibi Sidwa, Bapsi Sikhs, Sikhism alleged support of Taleban attacks on Multan conquest of Peshawar in Faisalabad gurdwaras rebellion against India Sindh agriculture and army Baloch migration to Balochs in canal colonies coal reserves conquest by British dacoit gangs in dependence on Indus river dwellings elites ethnic groups in GDP hatred and fear of India Hindus in history and hydroelectric dam project interior isolation of jirgas and Kashmir landowners Larkana District law courts in lawlessness in and migration from India and militant groups military cantonments in MQM in National Assembly nationalism in origin of name Pathans in police in political parties in politicians in population growth poverty in rape case in relationship with Punjab religions in saint worship in salination problem Sindhis in Karachi society and economy soldiers from terrorism in Thar coalfields tribes water crisis in women, treatment of Sindh United Party Sindhi (language) Singh, Manmohan Sino-Indian War Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) ‘Slave Dynasty’ Sleeman, General Sir William ‘Smiling Buddha’ nuclear tests Smith, Adam socialism Solarz, Stephen Somalia Soomro family South America South Asia, states of South Korea Soviet Union army and Cold War fall of Communist regime hostility to occupation of Afghanistan see Afghanistan, Soviet occupation of and Pakistani political parties religious figures in and Wahabism Sri Lanka cricket team, attack on ‘strategic depth’ Sudan Sufi, Juma Khan Sufi Muhammad, Maulana Sufism be-shar and mysticism and politics Sindhi Sui Sui Gas suicide bombings Sukarno Sukkur Sultan-i-Rome Sunni Muslims see Muslims, Shia and Sunni superstition shrines and Sutlej, river suttee swara Swat Akhund of background to revolt in counter-offensive to Taleban girls’ schools in hujras in incorporated into Pakistan as princely state reconquest by army Shariah courts in support for Taleban in Taleban hold on as tourist destination under Walis valley of visit to see also Nizam-e-Adl agreement Syed, G M Syed, Mushahid Husain Syria Tablighi Jamaat taburwali Tahir, Major Tajiks Talbot, Ian Taleban academics’ and media opinion on Afghan: action against; in Balochistan; creation of; Gilani on; Hamid on; hostility to; ISI and; and lashkars; and Pathan culture; Pathans and; Sharifs and; support for; training camps; and TTP; and US; Pakistan’s links to; in Waziristan; women, treatment of Afzal Khan and Al Qaeda and and ANP attacks on maliks attacks in Punjab and changes in Pathan society cost of conflict with for Pakistan counter-offensive to and cults of saints in FATA harassment of locals in Swat insurgency Jundallah and in Karachi leadership of and media in Mohmand Agency Pakistani attitudes to and Pakistani military Pakistani (Tehriq-e-Taleban Pakistan (TTP)); alliances with other groups; attack on Wah factory; attacks on saints’ shrines; and attacks on schools; attacks in West; campaign against; code of hospitality; as collection of groups; distinguished from Afghan Taleban; extent of control; and FATA; foundation of; Hamid on; and ISI; Jamaat and; justice of; lineage; and military; nature of; and Pathans; as pious Muslims; and police; as ‘rational bandits’; rebellion; rise of; and Shariah; Sharifs and; support; support for; Tehriq-e-Taleban Pakistan (TTP); threat from; victories over; and women; see also civilian casualties/deaths; terrorism in Pathan areas and Pathans support for see also Pathans, and Taleban; Shariah; United States of America, relations with Taleban Talpur dynasty Tankel, Stephen Tarbela reservoir and dam Tariq, Agha Tariq, Maulana Azam Taseer, Salman Tatars Tauseef, Rana Zahid taxation Taxila Tehriq-e-Insaf (TeI) Tehriq-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqah Jafferia (later Tehriq-e-Jafferia) Tehriq-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammedi (TNSM) and Pir Samiullah public hangings Tehriq-e-Taleban Pakistan (TTP) see Taleban, Pakistani television caning of girl shown on religious programmes Tennyson, Alfred Lord terrorism anti-Shia see militant groups, anti-Shia attacks on Christians in Britain in FATA Ghazi on international ISI accused of Jamaat and and madrasahs and overthrow of state in Peshawar support for see also Islamabad, Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) siege; Taleban, Pakistani Tethyan Copper Thar desert theo-democracy thuggee Tikka Khan, Mohammad The Times Tipu Sultan Titus, Paul Tora Bora Tori tribe torture Transparency International Traub, James tribal groups tribes Trieste Turi tribe Turkey see also Ottoman Empire Turkic Turkmenistan, energy resources ‘Two Nation Theory’ ulema Ummah (universal world community of Muslims) Umrani, Mir Abdul Sattar Umrani, Sadiq Umrani tribe Unar, Altaf Hussain Khan Unar, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Unar Khans UNESCO Unionist Party United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) United States of America advisability of future restraint in pressure on Pakistan aid to Pakistan armed forces attitudes to and Balochistan Z A Bhutto and and Central Asia drone attacks future strategy for Afghanistan ‘Great Society’ hostility to and India intelligence services invasion of Iraq invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iran and Israel JUI and and Lashkar-e-Taiba and Mujahidin Musharraf and and nuclear race in South Asia and Pakistan’s nuclear programme Pentagon relations with Pakistan relations with Taleban retired army officers rumours about mercenaries in FATA and Soviet Union special forces in Pakistan and Sufism ‘war on terror’ see also universities ‘untouchables’ urbanization Urdu calligraphy in law courts as official language of Pakistan speakers of Usmania Mohajir Colony Uttar Pradesh Uzbeks Verkaaik, Oskar Viceroy’s Commissioned Officers (VCOs) Vienna violence ethnic and sectarian family political see also terrorism waderos (hereditary landowners or chieftains) in Balochistan in Sindh Wah, attack on factory Wahabism Waldman, Matt Wali Khan, Asfandyar Wali Khan family Waliullah, Shah Walsh, Sir Cecil Washington Consensus Wazir, Nek Mohammed Wazir, Noman Waziristan Afghan Taleban training camps in invasion of Mahsuds of militants in South uprisings in Wazirs weapons of mass destruction see also Pakistan, nuclear programme Weber, Max Welch Regiment Werbner, Pnina Werth, Lukas West Africa West Pakistan see Pakistan Westernization White, Joshua widows, burning of (suttee) WikiLeaks Williams, Martin women Afghan and Afghan Taleban in air force in Balochistan buried alive as concubines and education expected behaviour and football as hidden figures ‘honour killings’ of and Jamaat Islami as lawyers and judges and local government and MMA and MQM in NWFP and pashtunwali Pathan and Pathans political role and power by inheritance public caning of girl in Swat in Punjab in Red Mosque siege rights of at saints’ shrines and suttee Shariah and students at Peshawar University and traditions of justice treatment of and wearing of veil or headscarf Zia and see also feminism; marriage; rape Woodrow Wilson Center World Bank programmes report on Pakistan’s water crisis Wyndham, John Wynne, Khalid yaghestan Yahya Khan, Mohammad Agha Yong, Tan Tai Yugoslavia Yusufzai Pathans Zaeef, Mullah Abdul Salam Zafar, Akhund Zaidi, Bushra Zaidi, Mosharraf zakat (alms-giving) Zardari, President Asif Ali and Afghan Taleban alliance with US Baloch origin and counter-offensive to Taleban and Altaf Hissain hostility to and human rights abuses and JUI and Lawyers’ Movement and media and military and Nizam-e-Adl and PPP leadership support for and US aid and Zehri Zardari Bhutto, Bilawal Zardari family as Shia Muslims Zarina Colony zat (as term) al-Zawahiri, Aiman Zehri, Sardar Israrullah Zewar (mullah) Zia, Begum Khaleda Zia-ul-Haq, President Muhammad assassination attitude to women and Bhutto as dictator economic growth under failure to bring radical changes and ISI Islamization programme and Jamaat and lack of revenue as military leader ministers and Mohajirs and Mujahidin and Muslim League and Nawaz Sharif; see also Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML(N)) and Punjab religious convictions and Shia protests and shrines of saints and Sindh and G M Syed US aid to ANATOL LIEVEN is professor of international relations and terrorism studies in the War Studies department of King’s College, London, and a senior fellow of the New America Foundation in Washington, D.C As a journalist, he reported from South Asia, the former Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe for the Times and other publications His books include Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (1998); America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (2004); and Ethical Realism: A Vision for America’s Role in the World (with John Hulsman) (2006) PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997 It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me I F STONE, proprietor of I F Stone’s Weekly , combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek BENJAMIN C BRADLEE was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books ROBERT L BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner Morris B Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large Copyright © 2011 by Anatol Lieven Published in the United States by PublicAffairs™, a Member of the Perseus Books Group Published in Great Britain by Allen Lane, an imprint of the Penguin Group All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, Suite 1321, New York, NY 10107 PublicAffairs books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S by corporations, institutions, and other organizations For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, call (800) 810-4145, ext 5000, or e-mail special.markets@perseusbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LCCN 2011921821 eISBN : 978-1-610-39023-1 ... The Taleban Chapter 11 - The Pakistani Taleban THE RISE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE NATURE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE LINEAGE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN THE MOHMAND AGENCY Chapter 12 - Defeating... Hussain, together with Zafar Abbas, Ejaz Haider, Imran Aslam, Behrouz Khan and Mosharraf Zaidi In Peshawar, I am most grateful to Rahimullah Yusufzai for all his help, and to Amina Khan and her... peaceful times Acronyms ANP Awami National Party, the Pathan nationalist party led the Wali Khan dynasty ASI Assistant Sub-Inspector; a junior police officer BJP Bharatiya Janata Party (India)