Niall ferguson the house of rothschild the w 999 (v5 0)

Table of Contents PENGUIN BOOKS Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Acknowledgements PREFACE I - Uncles and Nephews ONE - Charlotte’s Dream (1849-1858) TWO - The Era of Mobility (1849-1858) THREE - Nationalism and the Multinational (1859-1863) FOUR - Blood and Silver (1863-1867) FIVE - Bonds and Iron (1867-1870) II - Cousins SIX - Reich, Republic, Rentes (1870-1873) SEVEN - “The Caucasian Royal Family” EIGHT - Jewish Questions NINE - “On the Side of Imperialism” (1874-1885) TEN - Party Politics ELEVEN - The Risks and Returns of Empire (1885-1902) TWELVE - Finances and Alliances (1885-1906) THIRTEEN - The Military-Financial Complex (1906-1914) III - Descendants FOURTEEN - Deluges (1915-1945) EPILOGUE APPENDIX - Exchange Rates APPENDIX - Selected Financial Statistics NOTES INDEX PENGUIN BOOKS HOUSE OF ROTHSCHILD Born in Glasgow in 1964, Niall Ferguson is Fellow and Tutor of Modern History at Jesus College, Oxford, as well as a political commentator and author His previous publications include The House of Rothschild: Money’s Prophets, 1798-1848, now a Penguin paperback, The Pity of War, and the bestselling book Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A Penguin Group (Canada), 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in the United States of America by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Putnam Inc 1999 Published in Penguin Books 2000 10 Copyright © Niall Ferguson, 1998 All rights reserved This is the second of two volumes of The House of Rothschild In Great Britain The House of Rothschild was published as one volume by Weidenfeld & Nicolson under the title The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HAS CATALOGED eISBN : 978-1-101-15357-4 Rothschild family Bankers—Europe biography Business people— Europe biography Europe—Politics and government I Title HG1552.R8F-41868 332.1’092’2—dc21 http://us.penguingroup.com FOR LACHLAN in cartoons Credit Mobilier and Crimean War and death of as domineering father Eugénie and as head of family honors of inheritance of Italian unification and Jewish emancipation and Jewish identity of liberalization and longevity and vitality of in novels Papal negotiations and philanthropy of Piedmont and Polish revolt and political activity of railway finance and real estate and revolution of 1848 and in Second Empire Suez Canal project and telegraph criticized by vision problems of war of 1866 and will of Rothschild, James Edouard Franco-Prussian War and marriage of Rothschild, Jeanette Rothschild, Juliana Cohen Rothschild, Julie marriage of Rothschild, Laura Thérèse Rothschild, Leonora Rothschild, Leopold de (1845-1917) anti-Semitism and British aristocracy and death of education of gold standard and Jewish identity of marriage of party politics and philanthropy of Zionism and Rothschild, Leopold de (1927- ) Rothschild Rothschild, Lionel de (son of Leo) death of Zionism and Rothschild, Lionel de (son of Nathan) Austria-Hungary and baronetcy refused by Brazil and British neutrality and British royalty and in Coningsby; Crimean War and death of Disraeli’s friendship with 1866 banking crisis and Franco-Prussian War and imperialism and James’s correspondence with Jewish emancipation and Jewish identity of mixed marriages and parry loyalty eroded for party politics and in Period philanthropy of Polish revolt and real estate and standing for Parliament of Suez Canal and Rothschild, Louis Rothschild, Louisa Montefiore de Disraeli and philanthropy of Rothschild, Louise Rothschild, Margaretha, see Gramont, Margaretha Rothschild, duchesse de Rothschild, Maria-Béatrice Caracciolo di Forino de Rothschild, Marie-Hélène van Zuylen de Nyevelt de Rothschild, Marie Perugia Rothschild, Mary Chauvin de Treuil de Rothschild, Maurice de art collection of political career of Rothschild, Mayer (son of Nathan) (1818-74) British aristocracy and death of education of Jewish emancipation and mixed marriages and party politics and political activism of racing interest of real estate and Rothschild, Mayer Albert (son of Nat) (1846-50) Rothschild, Mayer Amschel (father of Nathan) ) death of posthumous influence of Rothschild, Mayer Carl (son of Carl) (1820-86) anti-Semitism and Austria-Hungary and Austrian bonds as viewed by Bismarck and death and will of election of Franco-Prussian War and in Frankfurt succession struggle German loans made by honors of Jewish emancipation and lack of male heir of mixed marriages and philanthropy of Prussian interests and railways and on Rothschild demise Russian finance as viewed by war of 1866 and Rothschild, Minna Caroline von, see Goldschmidt-Rothschild, Minna Caroline Rothschild von Rothschild, Miriam (daughter of Charles) Rothschild, Miriam de (daughter of Edmond), see Goldschmidt-Rothschild, Miriam Rothschild von Rothschild, Nadine Lhôpitalier Rothschild, Nathaniel (son of Anselm) (1836-1905) Austrian aristocracy and death of Jewish identity of Rothschild, Nathaniel (Nat) (son of Nathan) (1812-70) death of Jewish emancipation and Lionel’s correspondence with marriage of political views of risk aversion of Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer de (Natty) (son of Lionel) (1840-1915) Anglo-French entente and Anglo-German amity and Anglo-Russian antagonism and anti-Semitism and Barings crisis and Brazil and business style and activities of in cartoons death of Eastern European Jews and education of Franco-Russian entente as viewed by gold standard and imperialism and Jewish identity of Lloyd George’s attack on marriage of military-financial complex and parry politics and peerage of philanthropy of political marginalization of political views and activism of real estate of Russian finance and taxation and wealth of World War I and Zionism and Rothschild, Nathan Mayer (1777-1836) Rothschild, Nelly Beer de Rothschild, Noémie Halphen de Rothschild, Olimpia Aldobrandini de Rothschild, Philippe Rothschild, René de Rothschild, Robert de art collection of death of immigration of marriage of Rothschild, Rozsika von Wertheimstein Rothschild, Salomon Albert (Salbert) (son of Anselm) (1844-1911) aristocracy and death of marriage of Zionism and Rothschild, Salomon James de (son of James) (1835-64) death of James’s relationship with Rothschild, Salomon Mayer von (son of Mayer Amschel) (1774-1855) Austrian government’s relations with death and will of late years of in railway finance Rothschild, Sara Louise, see Franchetti, Sara Louise Rothschild Rothschild, Victor Rothschild, Walter de Balfour Declaration and philanthropy of in politics World War I and Rothschild, Wilhelm Carl in Frankfurt succession struggle lack of male heir of marriage of as Orthodox Jew Rothschild, Yvonne Cahen d‘Anvers Rothschild & Associés Banque Rothschild Australia Rothschild Bank AG Rothschild & Cie Banque Rothschild Concordia AG Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG Rothschild family: agents of arbitrage transactions of aristocracy and art collections of assassination attempts against capital of combined profits of communications network of criticism of disintegration of unity of endogamy strategy of female line and sons-in-law excluded from business by fidelity to Judaism of fifth generation of fourth-generation decadence of international bond market dominated by Jewish emancipation issue and lowly origins of mixed marriage in as multinational partnership nationalism and origins of wealth of partnership agreements of as peace brokers philanthropy of in popular literature power of railway finance and real estate holdings of relative decline of response to anti-Semitic criticism by revolution of 1830 and revolution of 1848 and risk aversion in as “royal family,” secrecy used by social assimilation of socialism and taxation and titles and honors of unity in World War I and zoological interests of Rothschild Foundation for the Improvement of the Material Existence of Workers Rothschild Frères, de Anselm’s disagreements with Austrian loans of Banque de France shares of Crimean War and declines of deterioration of relations of in fifth generation Franco-Prussian War and in interwar years Italian unification and James’s revitalization of Japan and mining interests and Nazism and profits of railway finance and Russian finance and U.S wars and‘) after World War II, see also Banque Rothschild Rothschild Intercontinental Bank (RIB) Rothschild Investment Trust (RIT) Rothschilds, The (Reeves) Rothschilds Continuation Ltd Rouher, Eugène Royal Commission on Alien Immigration Royal Dutch Royal Dutch Shell Royal Mint Royal Navy, British Royal Ordnance Rubens, Peter Paul Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary Rumania Rumanian Jews Russell, George W E Russell, Lord John disabilities bill of Russia, Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Imperial Austrian relations with Austro-Hungarian relations with Baring Brothers and Björkö meeting and bonds of British relations with China and in Crimean War debt of Eastern Question and French relations with gold standard in military-financial complex in petroleum industry in Polish revolt against Prussian relations with railway finance in Reinsurance Treaty and revolution of 1905 in in Three Emperors League Turkish relations with World War I and Russia, Soviet Russian Jews anti-Semitism and Bolshevik Revolution and Russia Relief Fund Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) St James’s Place Capital Salamanca, marqués de Salisbury, Lord Anglo-German amity and Barings crisis and Eastern Question and party politics and Salomons, David Samuel, Herbert Sassoon, Albert Sassoon, Aline Rothschild de Sassoon, Philip Sayéon Scherb, Friedrich von Schiff, Jacob Schleswig Schoene, Kilburn & Co Schönerer, Georg Schröders Schuschnigg, Kurt von Schwabach, Paul Schwarzenberg, Prince Scott.P Second Continuation Seehandlung Serbia S G Warburg Shaftesbury, Earl of Shelbourne, Philip Shell-Mex House Shell Transport and Trading Company Sherman, John Sherman Silver Purchase Act Shuvalov, Count Peter Shylock (Clark) silver market, silver demonetization of Franco-Prussian War and Sime Derby Slater Walker bank Slidell, James Smallwood, Joseph Smith, J Abel Smith, W H Smith New Court Smuts, Jan Soames, Christopher Social Democrats socialists, socialism Sociedad Española Mercantil e Industrial Société Générate Société d‘Investissement du Nord Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Sombart, Werner South Africa Boer War in mining in South Austrian Lombardo Venetian and Central Italian railway South-West Africa Spain bonds of debt of French relations with mining interests in railways in revolution of 1868 in succession issue in Speculation of 1870 to 1884, The (Chirac) Sperling, Emanuel Spitzmüller, Alexander Staal, Count de Stafford, Augustus Standard Oil Stanley, Lord Steed, Henry Wickham Steel-Maitland, Sir Arthur Stein, Leopold Steinberg, Saul Stephany, Samuel Stephen, Alexander Condie Stern, Edward Stern, Fritz Stewart, Lionel stock market crash (1987) Stokes, George Henry Stolypin, P.A Straus, Oscar S Sudan Südbahn Suez Canal Company· Sun Alliance Switzerland Sybil, or, The Two Nations (Disraeli) Sydney, Lord Sykes, Sir Mark Taaffe Count Eduard von Talabot, Paulin Tale of Two Nations, A (Harvey) Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de Tancred, or The New Crusade (Disraeli) tariff policy Taussig, Theodor von Taylor, A.J.P Tebbitt, William telegraph Tereshchenko, Mikhail Testament of an Anti-Semite (Drumont) Tewfiq, Khedive Thatcher, Margaret Thesiger, Sir Frederick Thierry, Jean-Alexandre Thiers, Louis Adolphe Three Emperors League (Dreikaiserbund) Thun, Count Times (London) Tindal, Acton Tirpitz, Alfred von “To the Electors of the City of London” (Lionel de Rothschild) Tokyo Capital Holdings Transvaal Republic Tring Triple Alliance Triple Entente Trochu, Louis Jules Trollope, Anthony Turkey, Ottoman bankruptcy of in Crimean War debt of railways in Russian relations with Union Générate United Concessions Company United States anti-Semitism in Civil War in gold standard in Rothschild dealings in United Synagogue van Zuylen de Nyevelt, Baron Etienne van Zuylen de Nyevelt, Hélène Rothschild de Venezuela Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy Victoria, Queen of England imperialism and Rothschild peerage and Vienna philanthropy in Rothschild house in stock market crash in (1873) Villiers, Charles Vyshnegradsky, LA Wagg, Alfred Wagg, Arthur Wagg, Edward Wagram, Alexandre Berthier, prince de Walewski, comte de Waley-Cohen, Robert Walpole, Spencer Warburg, Felix Warburg, Max Warburg, Siegmund War Memoirs (Lloyd George) Warren, Samuel Waugh, Evelyn Way We Live Now, The (Trollope) Weber, Max Weber, Otto Weimar Republic Third Republic compared with Weinberg, Mark Weisweiller, Daniel Weizman, Chaim Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wendel, Franỗois de Werner, Anton von Wernher, Beit & Co Wernher, Julius Wertheimstein, Aranka von West, Sir Algernon West of England Bank Westminster Bank Whewell, William White, Arnold Whitmore, Sir Clive Wiener Bankverein Wilde, Oscar William I, Kaiser of Germany Franco-Prussian War and William II, Kaiser of Germany World War I and William IX, Landgraf and Elector of Hesse-Kassel Williams, Gardner Windsor, Duke of Witkowitz ironworks Witte, Count Sergei Yulievich Wolf, Lucien Wolff, Sir Drummond Wolseley, Garnet Joseph World War I, economic effects of outbreak of peace of 1919 and World War II, World Zionist Conference (1921) Worms, Gabriel Worms, Maurice Yorke, Annie Rothschild Yorke, Eliot Zangwill, Israel Zanzibar Zaragoza line Zộvaốs, Alexandre; Zionism Zoegger, Franỗois-Antoine Zola, Emile Zurich crisis (1991-92) a The reader is reminded that this section of the book is not based on archival research but on published sources and interviews Neither it nor chapter 14 therefore provide anything more than a sketch of a future history of the Rothschild banks since 1915—a task for another historian some years hence Partly for this reason, I have kept endnotes to a minimum ... This is the second of two volumes of The House of Rothschild In Great Britain The House of Rothschild was published as one volume by Weidenfeld & Nicolson under the title The World’s Banker: The. .. family.” Indeed, other Jews came to regard the Rothschilds as a kind of Hebrew royal family: the “Kings of the Jews” as well as the “Jews of the Kings.” The revolution of 1830 revealed two important... in the course of the nineteenth century were the principal reason the French house subsequently outgrew the English By the middle of the century, the Rothschilds were already well on the way