ALSO BY JON MEACHAM American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship Voices in Our Blood: America’s Best on the Civil Rights Movement (editor) Copyright © 2008 by Jon Meacham All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Meacham, Jon American lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House/Jon Meacham p cm eISBN: 978-1-58836-822-5 Jackson, Andrew, 1767–1845 Presidents—United States—Biography United States—Politics and government— 1829–1837 Jackson, Andrew, 1767–1845—Family Jackson, Andrew, 1767–1845—Friends and associates I Title E382.M43 2008 973.5′6092—dc22 [B] www.atrandom.com v3.1 2008023466 To Mary, Maggie, and Sam The darker the night the bolder the lion , Life-Histories of African Game Animals — THEODORE ROOSEVELT I was born for a storm and a calm does not suit me — ANDREW JACKSON CONTENTS Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph A Note on the Text Principal Characters Prologue: With the Feelings of a Father The White House, Washington, Winter 1832–33 I: THE LOVE OF COUNTRY, FAME AND HONOR Beginnings to Late 1830 Andy Will Fight His Way in the World Follow Me and I’ll Save You Yet A Marriage, a Defeat, and a Victory You Know Best, My Dear Ladies’ Wars Are Always Fierce and Hot A Busybody Presbyterian Clergyman My White and Red Children Major Eaton Has Spoken of Resigning An Opinion of the President Alone 10 Liberty and Union, Now and Forever 11 General Jackson Rules by His Personal Popularity II: I WILL DIE WITH THE UNION Late 1830 to 1834 12 I Have Been Left to Sup Alone 13 A Mean and Scurvy Piece of Business 14 Now Let Him Enforce It 15 The Fury of a Chained Panther 16 Hurra for the Hickory Tree! 17 A Dreadful Crisis of Excitement and Violence 18 The Mad Project of Disunion 19 We Are Threatened to Have Our Throats Cut 20 Great Is the Stake Placed in Our Hands 21 My Mind Is Made Up 22 He Appeared to Feel as a Father 23 The People, Sir, Are with Me 24 We Are in the Midst of a Revolution III: THE EVENING OF HIS DAYS 1834 to the End 25 So You Want War 26 A Dark, Lawless, and Insatiable Ambition! 27 There Is a Rank Due to the United States Among Nations 28 The Wretched Victim of a Dreadful Delusion 29 How Would You Like to Be a Slave? 30 The Strife About the Next Presidency 31 Not One Would Have Ever Got Out Alive 32 I Fear Emily Will Not Recover 33 The President Will Go Out Triumphantly 34 The Shock Is Great, and Grief Universal Epilogue: He Still Lives Author’s Note and Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Illustration Credits About the Author A NOTE ON THE TEXT In the interest of clarity, I have often taken the liberty of modernizing the (distractingly erratic) spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure in primary sources from Jackson’s era On some occasions I have let the Ur-formulation stand to give readers a sense of the texture and style of correspondence in those years In any event, the source for every quotation in this book is cited in the Notes In no case has an edit altered the writer’s intention or meaning PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) sixth president of the United States, he served as a congressman from Massachusetts from 1831 until his death Louisa Catherine Adams (1775–1852) wife of John Quincy Adams and a shrewd observer of Washington politics Thomas Hart Benton (1782–1858) onetime aide-de-camp to General Jackson, he later brawled with Jackson; in 1821 he was elected senator from Missouri, and was a Jackson ally on Capitol Hill during the White House years Nicholas Biddle (1786–1844) president of the Second Bank of the United States Francis Preston Blair (1791–1876) founding editor of the pro-Jackson Washington Globe and Jackson adviser John C Calhoun (1782–1850) vice president of the United States under Adams and Jackson, senator from South Carolina during Jackson’s second term Henry Clay (1777–1852) Kentucky congressman and senator, secretary of state under John Quincy Adams, Jackson’s 1832 National Republican opponent for president John Coffee (1772–1833) Tennessee planter, military officer, and Jackson confidant Andrew Jackson Donelson (1799–1871) nephew of Rachel and Andrew Jackson, private secretary to President Jackson, husband of Emily Tennessee Donelson Emily Tennessee Donelson (1807–1836) niece of Rachel and Andrew Jackson, official White House hostess, wife of Andrew Jackson Donelson Mary Eastin (1810–1847) friend and cousin of Emily Donelson’s and member of Jackson’s White House circle; married Lucius Polk in the White House in 1832 John Henry Eaton (1790–1856) Tennessee senator, Jackson adviser, secretary of war Margaret O’Neale Timberlake Eaton (1799–1879) widow of John Timberlake of the U.S Navy and wife of John Henry Eaton Jeremiah Evarts (1781–1831) corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, author of the “William Penn” essays opposing Indian removal Theodore Frelinghuysen (1787–1862) New Jersey senator, defender of the rights of the Indians Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) seventh president of the United States Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (1767–1828) wife of Andrew Jackson Amos Kendall (1789–1869) Kentucky editor, Jackson adviser, Democratic strategist, postmaster general William B Lewis (1784–1866) second auditor of the Treasury, Jackson adviser Paine, Thomas Collected Writings The Library of America New York: Library of America, 1995 Parton, James Life of Andrew Jackson vols Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866 Pasley, Jeffrey L “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001 Patterson, C Perry Presidential Government in the United States: The 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1776–1787 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1969 The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History New York: Penguin Press, 2008 Wood, Kirsten E “ ‘One Woman So Dangerous to Public Morals’: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair.” Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Summer 1997): 237–75 Woodson, Thomas, ed Nathaniel Hawthorne: The French and Italian Notebooks Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, 1980 Woodward, C Vann “The Age of Reinterpretation.” American Historical Review 66 (October 1960): 1–19 Writers’ Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas Texas: A Guide to the Lone Star State Edited by Harry Hansen New rev ed., American Guide Series New York: Hastings House, 1969[?] Wyatt-Brown, Bertram Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South New York: Oxford University Press, 1982 Young, James Sterling The Washington Community, 1800–1828 New York: Columbia University Press, 1966 Young, Mary E “Indian Removal and Land Allotment: The Civilized Tribes and Jacksonian Justice.” American Historical Review 64 (October 1958): 31–45 PERIODICALS CONSULTED American Heritage The New York Times American Historical Review Niles’ Weekly Register The Atlantic Monthly The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography The Charleston (S.C.) Mercury The East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications The Review of Religion The South Atlantic Quarterly Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Monthly South Carolina Historical Magazine Journal of American History Tennessee Historical Quarterly The Journal of the Early Republic Virginia Cavalcade Journal of Presbyterian History Washington (D.C.) Courier The Journal of Southern History (Washington, D.C.) Daily National Intelligencer The Ladies’ Home Journal Washington (D.C.) Globe Maryland Historical Magazine (Washington, D.C.) National Journal Nashville (Tenn.) Banner (Washington, D.C.) United States’ Telegraph Nashville (Tenn.) Republican and State Gazette The William and Mary Quarterly ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint photos and illustrations: General Jackson on his horse: Tennessee State Library and Archives Portrait of Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn The Hermitage: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Portrait of Andrew Donelson: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Portrait of Emily Donelson: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Portrait of Andrew Jackson, Jr.: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Portrait of Sarah Yorke Jackson: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Waxhaw massacre: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Jackson resisting the British officer: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Adoption of Lyncoya: Tennessee State Library and Archives Victory at the Battle of New Orleans: Bettmann/Corbis Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans: Hulton Archive, photo by MPI/Getty Images John Quincy Adams: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Louisa Catherine Adams: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A./Art Resource, N.Y Bill of atrocities: The Granger Collection, New York View of the city of Washington: White House Historical Association (White House Collection) Jackson’s inauguration: Ceiling mural by Allyn Cox, part of The Hall of Capitols of the Cox Corridors in the House wing of the U.S Capitol Photo courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol / Library of Congress The White House: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa View from outside of the “storming of the White House”: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Inaugural festivities and chaos inside the White House: White House Historical Association (White House Collection) Painting by Louis S Glanzman Martin Van Buren: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa John C Calhoun: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Amos Kendall: Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Francis Preston Blair: Culver Pictures Margaret Bayard Smith: After the portrait by Charles Bird King, in the possession of her grandson, J Henley Smith, Washington, from The First Forty Years of Washington Society by Gaillard Hunt (ed.) Ezra Stiles Ely: Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Joel R Poinsett: The Granger Collection, New York Theodore Frelinghuysen: Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Daniel Webster: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Henry Clay: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Cartoon of Clay sewing Jackson’s lips: Bettmann/Corbis Struggle in Charleston Harbor: Painting by Robert Lavin, from the U.S Coast Guard Art Collection Permission to reprint courtesy of John Lavine and Susan Foregger Portrait of Margaret Eaton: Bettmann/Corbis Cartoon of Jackson abandoned by “rats”: Bettmann/Corbis Second Bank of the United States: Hulton Archive, photo by Kean Collection/Getty Images Nicholas Biddle: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A./Art Resource, N.Y Portrait of John Henry Eaton: Culver Pictures Portrait of Edward Livingston: Stapleton Collection/Corbis First assassination attempt: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Portrait of Roger B Taney: Brown Brothers, Sterling, Pa Cartoon of “King” Jackson: Culver Pictures Quallah Battoo: Colonel Charles Waterhouse and the Waterhouse Museum Second assassination attempt: Culver Pictures Portrait of Hugh Lawson White: Culver Pictures Portrait of Thomas Hart Benton: The Granger Collection, New York Jeremiah Evarts: Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Battle of Bad Axe: The Granger Collection, New York Supreme Court ruling on the Cherokees: Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library The Trail of Tears: The Granger Collection, New York Jackson in old age: Tennessee Historical Society Collections, Tennessee State Library and Archives Jackson on his deathbed: The Granger Collection, New York Jackson’s tomb: The Hermitage, Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, Tenn Lincoln’s inauguration: The Granger Collection, New York ABOUT THE AUTHOR JON MEACHAM is the editor of Newsweek The author of the New York Times bestsellers Franklin and Winston and American Gospel, he lives in New York City with his wife and three children ... Inc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Meacham, Jon American lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House /Jon Meacham p cm eISBN: 97 8-1 -5 883 6-8 2 2-5 Jackson, Andrew, 1767–1845 Presidents—United... “Old Lion ; to others he was “the lion of Tennessee.” In 1830 Oliver Wendell Holmes published a poem, “To a Caged Lion, ” which captures the awe with which the creatures were regarded Holmes’s lion. .. only American president to take a bullet in a frontier gun ght, and the only one who tried to assault his own would-be assassin An uneducated boy from the Carolina backwoods, the son of Scots-Irish