John wiley sons mobile interaction design feb 2006

MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MAT T JONES University of Wales Swansea and GARY MARSDEN University of Cape Town MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MAT T JONES University of Wales Swansea and GARY MARSDEN University of Cape Town Copyright  2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jones, Matt, 1968Mobile interaction design / Matt Jones and Gary Marsden p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09089-3 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-470-09089-8 (pbk.) Mobile communication systems – Design and construction Human-computer interaction I Marsden, Gary II Title TK6570.M6J66 2005 621.384 – dc22 2005025158 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09089-3 (PB) ISBN-10: 0-470-09089-8 (PB) Typeset in 10/11 Bembo by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain, Glasgow This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production To: Clare, Sam, Ben and Rosie (Matt) & Gil, Holly and Jake (Gary) CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements xv xix PART I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Possibilities Key points 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What are mobile devices? 1.2.1 Communication or information device? 1.2.2 Appliance or Swiss army knife? 1.2.3 Cherished device or commodity tool? 1.3 Impoverished or extraordinary interfaces? 1.3.1 The Fastap keypad 1.3.2 Peephole displays 1.3.3 Accommodating human capabilities and limitations 1.4 Impoverishing interactions? 1.4.1 Reasons for poor design 1.4.2 Impacts of poor design 1.5 Outline of the rest of this book Summary Workshop questions Designer tips 3 11 13 14 15 16 17 28 28 29 35 36 36 36 Chapter 2: Products for people Key points 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Useful 2.2.1 Function before form 2.2.2 Evolving uses 2.3 Usable 2.3.1 Usable in itself 2.3.2 Usable in life 39 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 51 INDEX horizontal prototypes 178 HTA see hierarchical task analysis Hubbub 75–7 human capacity training 319 human-centered innovations 85–89 human–computer interaction (HCI) Hummingbird technology 149–50 hypotheses 210–11 I icons complex functions 227–33 conceptual model extraction 187–8 CyberTracker 325–6 desktop to mobile 77 identity 55–8 IM see instant messaging iMode 9, 42, 62, 64–5 India 318 individualism 320–22 infinite menus 225 InfoDoor 87 InfoPoint 285 informants 126, 127–8 information access 247–88 automatic adaptation 282–3 background information 282–4 browsing 249, 255–6, 258–72 context 249, 281–2 developing world 318–20, 324 digital photography 291–300 format 249 guidelines for design 259–61 information visualization 278–9 interactivity 249, 252–3 laid-back search tool 283–5 mobile information ecologies 52, 280–6 overviews 259–60 packaging content 271–2 peer-to-peer schemes 286 processing results 284 schemes for design 261–71 screen size 250–8 searching 250, 256–8, 272–9 simplicity 248–9 sources 249 utilizing results 284–5 information ecologies 52, 280–6 information visualization 278–9 innovations 68–9 adaptation 81–2 applications 75–8 desktop-derived 74–81 disruptive 68–9 human-centered 85–9 interface styles 74, 78–81 real world implications 83–5 sustaining 68–9 technology-centered 69–74, 88–89 instant messaging (IM) 75–77 integration165–6, 319 interaction design 93–119 collaboration 116–7 definition 95–6 deployment 117–8 design space 100–4 evaluation techniques 94, 106–12 iterative development 112–13 multiple viewpoints 113–17 participation 116 platform design 102–3 prototypes 98, 104–10 understanding users 94, 96–100 interaction prototyping 174–6 interactive television 165–6 interactivity 7–8 bizware 59–60 design issues 28–35 identity 55–7 371 372 INDEX interactivity (continued) information access 249, 252–4 netware 59 interfaces 14–27 auditory 19–20 Fastap keypads 16–17 gestural 21–6 haptic 20–1 human capabilities 17–27 multimodality 26 Peephole displays 16–17, 18, 23 prototypes 171–2 styles 74, 78–81 International Standards Organization (ISO) 102 internationalization 323–4 interpreting 155 interviews 99, 133, 148, 205–6 intrusion 62, 131–2, 141 investigative methods 1221–68 analysis perspectives 156–60 artifact walkthroughs 140 contextual information 135–40, 143–44 creative engagement 151–55 diary studies 141–5 discount methods 145–9 dramatization 153–5 enquiring 138–40 ethics 133, 148 focus groups 149–51 focusing the study 124–9 identifying people 125–9 log analysis 148–9 magic things 154 observations 130–8, 155–60 online enquiries 148 participant awareness 131–2 personas 160–5 probes 129, 144, 151–3 recruiting subjects 125–9 sampling techniques 125–6 scenarios 160, 163–6 sociologically based 158–60 trends 134–5 understanding people 129–55 iPod 55–8, 156, 283, 295–8 ISO see International Standards Organization iterative development 112–13 J Java 179, 181, 301 Jenson, Scott 110–12 journals 336 K key presses 205, 209, 235–38, 240–1 key strokes per character (KSPC) 109 keyboards 182 keyphrases 259–60, 265, 274, 276 KLM model 209 Kohonen, Panu 60–1 KSPC see key strokes per character L laid-back search tool 283–5 language 323–4 leaf nodes 227, 230 learning activity theory 159 evaluation 213 menu structure 225–6 legal frameworks 319–20 Levanto, Elise 134–5 LibTwig 266, 274 liminals 126 linear lists 236 lists 236 local economic factors 319 log analysis 148–9 INDEX log sheets 142 long-term orientation 321–2 looping menus 225 low-fidelity prototypes 171–8 low-graphics website versions 262–3 M MacKensie, Scott 109 macro-economic factors 319 magazines 336 magic things 154 manuals 233–4 many-to-many structures 242–3 mappings 44, 49–51, 57 Marcus, Aaron 40–1, 321–3 market research 126, 211 masculinity 320–2 medical uses 32–3 memory 97, 224–5, 253 memory sticks 285 menus 224–44 alternatives 235–41 classifications 226–7 complex 242–4 context 227 data structures 235, 238 evaluation 197–8, 205, 238–41 hierarchical 225–7, 243–4 icons 197–8, 227–33 learning structure 225–6 visual language 232–3 meta-data 168, 256, 293–4 mice 182 Millen, David 126 Millennium Bug 40 MMS see multimedia messaging service Mobile Digital Library 324, 328–33 mobile probes 144, 152 modalities 18 modeless data entry 18 modes 16 Moore’s Law 69–70, 301–2 multi-choice questions 206 multi-tap 15–16, 109 multimedia messaging service (MMS) 6, 61–3, 82, 290, 308 see also digital photography; video capture multimodality 26 multiple viewpoints 113–17 music players 137–8, 146–7, 173–6, 190, 281–2 see also iPod MyGROCER 14 N navigation 252–72, 281–2, 324 see also information access NaviKey 57 NetFront 263 netware 59 network technologies 280 New Zealand 322, 328–33 Nielsen, Jacob 31, 72, 172, 204, 207–8, 211–12 Nokia 57, 60–1 Nomadic Radio 20, 24 non-auto-scrolling 276 Norman, Donald 11–12, 29, 34, 44, 58, 96, 118 note taking 201 NTT DoCoMo 64–5 O observations 130–8, 155–60, 199–204 one-handed use 102 one-to-many structures 242–3 online enquiries 148 online manuals 233–4 open-ended questions 206 Opera 263–4 Orange 60 373 374 INDEX ordered lists 236 organizing data 155 overviews 259–60 P p2p see peer-to-peer packaging content 271–2 page-level schemes 265–6 PalmPilot 9, 12, 23 desktop to mobile 79 medical uses 32 prototypes 171 paperless office 52–3 participant awareness 131–2 participatory design (PD) 116 passive chording 15 PD see participatory design PDAs see personal digital assistants Peephole displays 16–17, 18, 23, 49 peer-to-peer (p2p) schemes 286 performance issues 182, 191 personal digital assistants (PDAs) development display characteristics 250, 255 evaluation 201 observational studies 146 prototypes 183–4 searching 256–8 personal organizers personalization 4, 43, 102 personas 160–5 PhotoFinder 293 photography see digital photography PhotoMesa 295–6, 297 physical access 318 physical context 214–15 pick-up-and-use devices 13–14 PICTIVE 176 platforms design 102–3 digital photography 306 prototypes 183–5 PocketPC desktop to mobile 78–81 development 12 digital photography 295–6 display characteristics 250 prototypes 179–80 podcasting 156 political will 320 portability 182 portals 271 Post-It notes 53, 172 power sources 192 power-distance dimension 320–2 PowerBrowser 265–6 predictive text 15–16, 27 privacy 62 probability scores 260 probes 129, 144, 151–3 programmers 113–15, 118 prototypes 169–93 classification 170–1 communicating ideas 173, 191 constraints 191 cues to users 190 decision-making 178 definitions 170 empowering users 176–8 evaluation 191 evolutionary prototyping 186 expectations 190 hardware and software integration 178–86 high-fidelity 170–1, 178–86 human-centered thinking 85–89 interaction design 94, 100–6 interaction prototyping 174–6 investigative methods 127 issues 189–91 low-fidelity 171–8 INDEX pitfalls 182 process 187–9 product generation 186–9 revolutionary prototyping 186 self-checking 171–3 psychology 96–7 push-to-talk 78, 81, 98, 143 Q QOC see Questions-Options-Criteria questionnaires 205–7 Questions-Options-Criteria (QOC) 104 Quick and Dirty evaluation 197 QuickSet 26 Quiet Calls prototype 131–2 QWERTY keyboards 78, 273 R radio frequency identification (RFID) 51 rapid ethnography 145 rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) 296–8 reading speed 252 real access 318–20 really simple syndication (RSS) 272 recycled handsets 318 reflecting 155 regulatory frameworks 319–20 reliability 206 resources blogs 337 books 335–6 conferences 336 journals 336 magazines 336 style guides 337–8 websites 337 review-based evaluations 110–12 revolutionary prototyping 186 RFID see radio frequency identification ringtones 19, 70–1, 122 Rodden, Kerry 291–3 Rodgers, Yvonne 73–4 RSS see really simple syndication RSVP see rapid serial visual presentation S safety 31–3 sampling techniques 125–6 scalar questions 206 scenario prototypes 187–8 scenarios 160, 163–6 Shneiderman, Ben 40, 44–5, 254, 296 screen size 250–8, 300–1 scrolling 252–3, 254, 261, 277, 298–9 SDAZ see speed dependent automatic zooming search engines 272, 273 searching digital photography 291–4 information access 249, 256–8, 272–9 self-checking 171–3 self-reporting 129, 141–5 semantic textual units (STUs) 265 semi-transparent widgets 49–51 short messaging service (SMS) developing world 327 development 74 information access 275–6 innovations 82 investigative methods 122 usability 61–3 short-term memory 97, 253 short-term orientation 321–2 shortcuts 45 site-level schemes 266 sketching 105, 171–2 skim-reading 259–60 slow technology 43 SmartPad 23 375 376 INDEX Smartphone 79–81, 103 SmartView 268–70 SMS see short messaging service societal impacts 320–3 socio-cultural factors 216–17, 320–22 sociologically based methods 158 software integration 178–86 sources of information 249 South Africa 317–18, 323 spam 83 spatialized audio 20 special needs 26–7 specialist platforms 183–4 specifications 186–7 speech 19–20 speed dependent automatic zooming (SDAZ) 298–302, 304–6 Spinner music player 137 Spinuzzi, Clay 146 Starfield visualization 278–9 Starner, Thad storyboarding see scenarios STUs see semantic textual units style guides 337–8 Suchman, Lucy 136 summarized content 259, 265, 278 sustaining innovations 68–9 Swiss-Army knife analogy 11–13 Symbian operating system 102–3, 227 T T9 predictive text 15–16, 27, 109 TAP 81 task analysis perspectives 156–7 techno-fixation 28–9 technology acceptance 63–4 context 216 innovations 69–74, 87–88 probes 152 trust 319 test rigs 183–5, 188 text messaging see short messaging service Thimbleby, Harold 29, 118, 237–8 third-generation (3G) devices 12 thrash–discard–revive cycle 147 Tillotson, Jenny 24–6 tilt-based systems 23 timelines 295 TouchEngine 20–1, 23 TouchPlayer 23 transcribing 155 treemaps 296 trends 134–5 triangle icons 227, 230 trust 63–4, 319 turn-taking 62 Twiddler 15, 17 U UIs see user interfaces UML see Unified Modeling Language uncertainty avoidance 321–2 undo functions 45 Unified Modeling Language (UML) 160 unistroke entry 109 universal usability 27 upgrade patterns 34–5 usability 5, 27, 40–53 back-end 72 complex functions 242–4 evaluation 107–12 front-end 72–3 human-centered innovations 88–9 information access 252–3, 254 interaction design 101 interface styles 78–81 in itself 44–51 in life 51–3 INDEX short message service 61 technology-centered innovations 88–9 wireless application protocol 72–3 usefulness 41–3 user interfaces (UIs) desktop to mobile 24, 78–81 interaction design 102–3, 115–16 users attachment 13 customer experience designers’ perceptions 40–1 digital photography 301–6 elderly people 97 ethnography 98, 99–100 evaluation 107–9 gender 99 information access 252–3 interaction design 994, 96–100 manuals 233–4 technology acceptance 63–4 usability 43–53 usefulness 43–5 user experience 54–63 see also evaluation; interactivity V validity 206 values 134 Version 1.0 185–6 vertical prototypes 178, 186, 187 Vertu 13 vibration alerts 20–1 video capture 143–4, 153, 200, 311–12 video telephony 70 visibility 44, 48–51 visual anthropology 309–10 visual language 232 Visual Studio 179–80 visualization 278–9 vocabularies 20 voicemail 20 W WAP see wireless application protocol Warwick, Kevin 7–8 Waterfall Model 112 wearable devices website manuals 234 website meta language (WML) 242–3 websites 337 WebTwig 266 Weiser, Marc 53–5 WiFi 216, 280, 328 wireless application protocol (WAP) 9, 70, 72–3, 256–8 within-group experiments 213 within-page navigation 252–3 Wizard of Oz prototypes 175–6 WML see website meta language word prediction 109 word-processors working memory 97 writing style 259 X XLibris 285 Y zooming 50, 268–70, 3298–306 377 PLATE The diverse mobile world From top left to bottom right: Thad Starner and the eyeglass output device (Starner, 2003); MediaCup (coffee cup with sensors and communication technologies embedded in base) (Gellerson et al., 2002); the IBM wristwatch device (Raghunath and Narayanaswami, 2002); and Nokia’s 770 Internet tablet PLATE OK/Cancel PLATE Graceful degradation PLATE Xerox Parc Tab PLATE The ‘Spinner’ music player prototype PLATE K700 depicts all twelve main menu items as icons PLATE The top-left-most image represents the original image Subsequent images frame the portions of the original which the algorithm thinks are interesting PLATE A basket woven from telephone trunk cable .. .MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MAT T JONES University of Wales Swansea and GARY MARSDEN University of Cape Town MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN MAT T JONES University... Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley. .. you are a mobile system interaction designer or software engineer (or want to be one!) the book will give fresh perspectives on the goals of and approaches to mobile interaction design It