Victorian children’s literature

Ruth Y Jenkins VI CTO R I A N C H I L DR EN’S L I TERATU R E Experiencing Abjection, Empathy, and the Power of Love Critical Approaches to Children’s Literature Series Editors Kerry Mallan Faculty of Education Children and Youth Research Centre Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia Clare Bradford School of Communication and Creative Art Deakin University Burwood, Victoria, Australia Aim of the series This timely new series brings innovative perspectives to research on children’s literature It offers accessible but sophisticated accounts of contemporary critical approaches and applies them to the study of a diverse range of children’s texts – iterature, film and multimedia Critical Approaches to Children’s Literature includes monographs from both internationally recognised and emerging scholars It demonstrates how new voices, new combinations of theories, and new shifts in the scholarship of literary and cultural studies illuminate the study of children’s texts More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14930 Ruth Y. Jenkins Victorian Children’s Literature Experiencing Abjection, Empathy, and the Power of Love Ruth Y. Jenkins California State University, Fresno Fresno, California, USA Critical Approaches to Children’s Literature ISBN 978-3-319-32761-7 ISBN 978-3-319-32762-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32762-4 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016951337 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover illustration @ Renfields_Garden Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG, CH for Katws and Pys Cyw ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project originated, appropriately enough, from reading to my older daughter, Katie Her passion for horses evolved into a deep love of listening to our reading Sewell’s Black Beauty to her, night after night as she imagined his story and later played it out with her toy horses Katie even became Beauty one Halloween For her, Sewell’s book offered endless possibilities of imagination For me, the narrative revealed the degree to which the desires and anxieties that saturated the literature written for adults during the Victorian era were present in these groundbreaking stories collected as literature for children This realization, together with the focalizing lens offered through Julia Kristeva’s theories of abjection, formed the seed for this book, which has grown beyond the joy of reading to her to include the pleasure of recognizing the extent to which Victorian literature for children remains a vital source of imaginative experience for adolescents today I want to thank Brigitte Shull and Critical Approaches to Children’s Literature series editors Kerry Mallan and Clare Bradford at Palgrave for their guidance and thoughtful readings and responses to the project I also want to acknowledge the original publication of a version of Chap as “Imagining the Abject in Kingsley, MacDonald, and Carroll: Disrupting Dominant Values and Cultural Identity in Children’s Literature” © 2011 by the Johns Hopkins University Press This article first appeared in The Lion and the Unicorn 35 (2011) I also want to acknowledge that a version of Chap was published as “Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden: Engendering Abjection’s Sublime” © (2011) by the Johns Hopkins University Press This article first appeared in Children’s Literature vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Association Quarterly 36:4 (2011) Martha Westwater’s constructive reading of Kristeva theories in Giant Despair meets Hopeful proved especially helpful in realizing a framework for that hopeful dimension to Kristeva’s theory, an aspect, though fundamental, that is often overlooked from discussions of her concepts I also want to recognize the students from my senior seminars on Victorian Children’s Literature for their frank observations and challenging questions about these narratives I especially want to thank my husband, John Moses, for his tireless patience in listening to my ideas evolve and willingness to read and respond to drafts with honest questions and astute observations I want to thank my daughter Emily, whose critique of the original title for this project proved extremely helpful Finally, I want to acknowledge Emily’s own capacity for imagination and empathy, reminding me daily of the power of love CONTENTS Introduction: Emerging Identities and  the Practice of Possibility Imagining the Abject in Kingsley, MacDonald, and  Carroll: Disrupting Dominant Values and Cultural Identity in Children’s Literature 21 Gender, Abjection, and Coming of Age: Games, Dolls, and Stories 45 Constructing the Self: Connection and Separation 65 Giving Voice to Abjection: Experience and Empathy 97 Engendering Abjection’s Sublime: Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden 119 ix 176 CONCLUSION—ABJECTION’S SUBLIME: IMAGINING LOVE Andrea Powell Jenkins, “Last,” 82 Kristeva, Tales, 262 de Nooy, 184 Kristeva, Tales, 381 BIBLIOGRAPHY A.L.O.E [Charlotte Maria Tucker] 1857 Rambles of a Rat London: T. Nelson and Sons Arseneau, Mary 2004 Recovering Christina Rossetti: Female Community and Incarnational Poets Basingtoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ballantyne, R.M 2006 The Coral Island Rockville, MD: Wildside Press Ballantyne, R. M 2012 The Gorilla Hunters Lexington: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Bell, Mackenzie 1898 Christina Rossetti: A Biographical and Critical Study Boston, MA: Roberts Brothers Boëthius, Ulf 1997 ‘Us Is near Bein’ Wild Things Ourselves’: Procreation and Sexuality in The Secret Garden Children's Literature Association Quarterly 22(4): 188–195 Bové, Carol Mastrangelo 2006 Language and Politics in Julia Kristeva: Literature, Art, Therapy Albany: State University of New York Press Briggs, Julia 1999 Speaking Likenesses: Hearing the Lesson In The 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Politics of Children’s Literature The Lion and the Unicorn 25(1): 3–16 thwaite (e, n:) OED Online Oxford University Press Http://www.oed.com hmlproxy.lib.csufresno.edu/view/Engry/201596?redirectedFrom+thwaite Tompkins, Jane 1985 Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 New York: Oxford University Press Warner, Marina 2009 Out of an Old Toy Chest Journal of Aesthetic Education 43(2): 3–18 Webb, Jessica 2007 Corrupting Boyhood in Didactic Children’s Literature: Marryat, Ballantyne, and Kingsley Atenea 27(2): 81–93 Westwater, Martha 2000 Giant Despair Meets Hopeful: Kristevan Readings in Adolescent Fiction Edmonton: University of Alberta Press Wilkie-Stibbs, Christine 2002 The feminine Subject in Children’s Literature New York: Routledge Williams, Todd A 2014 The Autobiological Self and Embodied Knowledge of God in Christina Rossetti’s Time Flies Literature and Theology 28(3): 321–333 Wood, Naomi 2004 (Em)Bracing Icy Mothers: Ideology, Identity, and Environment in Children’s Fantasy In Wild Things: Children’s Culture and Ecocriticism, eds Sidney I. Dobrin and Kenneth B. Kidd, 198–214 Detroit: Wayne State University Press Zornado, Joseph L 2001 Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood New York: Garland INDEX A abjection acknowledgement of, 9, 10, 68, 70 ambiguity, 8, 34, 50, 70, 72, 75–8, 81, 83, 85, 92, 174 anxiety, revealed through, 18n17, 24, 46, 80, 100, 126, 127, 135, 148, 159 denial of, 8–9, 62 desire, 2, 6, 8–11, 16, 21, 31, 32, 46, 47, 48, 57, 58, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 99, 112, 119, 126–7, 135, 138, 143n45, 146, 159, 160, 162, 173, 174, 175 drive, 8–10, 30, 135, 173, 174 extreme other, 98, 99–100, 107, 116 gender, 14, 15, 21, 34, 39, 40, 45–64, 100, 120, 121, 122, 133, 139, 154, 158, 159, 166, 167 haunting of, 9, 14, 29, 46, 60, 83, 124 maternal, 6, 86–7, 95n54, 136, 137, 145, 157 metabolizing, 10, 149, 173, 175 pre-oedipal, 8, 22 sublimity of, 9, 14, 29, 33, 46, 52, 81, 82, 101, 116, 119, 121, 124, 135, 137, 146, 148, 173–5 threat of, 8, 9, 21–4, 29, 33–9, 46, 61, 77, 86, 120, 124, 143n45, 148, 173, 174 untransposable, violence, 6, 48, 121 “Adolescence: A Syndrome of Ideality,” 173 “Adolescent Novel,” 7, 18n28, 47 A Lady of England (A.L.O.E), 16, 97, 100 See also Tucker, Charlotte Maria (A.L.O.E.) Alice in Wonderland (1865), 2, 21, 22, 33–9, 45, 146–7, 150, 159, 161 A.L.O.E See A Lady of England (A.L.O.E) amatory identification, 102–3, 106, 113 Arseneau, Mary, 147, 169n3, 170n24, 172n54 authority, beloved, 6, 13, 59, 66, 67–9, 70, 77, 79–84, 87, 88–90, 98, 99, 101–2, 103–5, 106, 109, 111, 112, 113–14, 115, 116, 119, 122, 133, 145, 161–4, 165, 173, 174 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 R.Y Jenkins, Victorian Children’s Literature, Critical Approaches to Children’s Literature, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32762-4 185 186 INDEX B Ballantyne, R. M., 15, 65, 69, 75, 76, 94n242 Bell, Mackenzie, 146 Benjamin, Andrew, 18n28 Bildungsroman, 49, 54, 70 Black Beauty (1878), 1, 16, 97, 100, 107–16, 119, 149 Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, 63n7 Boëthius, Ulf, 139n2 borders See also thetic as filter boundaries, 34, 66, 84, 157, 158 failed/breached, 24, 29, 32, 36, 57, 60, 79, 80, 91, 112, 127, 146, 147, 161, 162, 164 Bové, Carol Mastrangelo, 93n16 Briggs, Julia, 148–50, 170n24 Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 1, 16, 55, 62, 64n43, 116, 119–43 Butler, Judith, 168 C Caputi, Mary, 86, 95n54, 134, 137 Carroll, Lewis, 2, 14, 21–43, 146, 147, 150, 159, 161 Chapman, Alison, 167, 172n54 chora, 55, 56, 60, 73, 74, 75, 77, 84, 86, 111, 127–30, 138, 142n42 See also Semiotic chora Coats, Karen, 5, 6, 14, 18n17, 48, 66, 120 Colley, Linda, 40n2 Coral Island, The (1858), 1, 15, 65, 66, 69–77, 79–83, 94n21, 95n45, 97 Craig, Amanda, 117n17 Crownfield, David, 115, 118n24 Cunningham, Valentine, 25, 41n15 D Darcy, Jane, 140n12, 141n14 Davies, Máire Messenger, 140n10, 140n12 De Nooy, Juliana, 175 Desire in Language, 12 Despret, Vinciane, 115 development, psychic, 2, 3, 6, 7, 82, 109 dialogic, 12, 150 Dickens, Charles, 91 discourse See also narrative; scripts authority, 3, 13, 82, 89, 99, 115, 151, 174 cultural, 2–4 Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge See Carroll, Lewis Dutheil, Martine Hennard, 75, 77, 80 E Einfühlung, 13, 79, 99, 102, 110, 111 See also empathy embodiment, 149, 167, 172n53 empathy, 3, 13, 16, 17, 79, 97–119, 122, 137, 138, 141n14, 145, 148, 152, 154–9, 174 See also Einfühlung as transference, 13, 16, 79, 99, 102, 148, 158, 174 Evans, Gwyneth, 139n2 F Ferguson, Moira, 111 Fisher, David, 114 Fitz, Paul C., 18n23 Flelch, Susan M., 18n23 Fletcher, John, 18n28 Foucault, Michel, 4, 142n42 Fröebel, Friedrich, 122, 124, 140n10, 140–1n12, 141n14 INDEX G Gagnier, Regina, 3, garden as chora, 127–30, 138, 142n42 as educational model, 16, 120, 122, 124, 133, 138, 140n12 as gendered, 120–2, 133, 139n2 Gee, James Paul, Geer, Jennifer, 36 genotext, 32, 42n32, 130, 136 golden age children’s literature, 2, 3, 14, 17n3, 23, 33 Golding, William, 69 Grass, Sean, 77 Gross, Elizabeth See Grosz, Elizabeth Grosz, Elizabeth, 8, 41n16, 60 Gubar, Marah, 4, 5, 17n3, 39, 62, 63n1, 64n34, 95n58, 96n67 Gutiérrez-Albilla, Julián Daniel, 135 H Hansen, Natalie Corinne, 107, 115, 117n16, 118n39 Hardesty, William H., 64n26 Harper, Lila Marz, 41n13 Harrington, Thea, 92 Hatred and Forgiveness, 168 Heath, Michelle Beissel, 139n2 Herethics, 3, 16, 114–16, 145–72, 173–5 Holt, Jenny, 91, 92 Hughes, Bill, 126 Hughes, Thomas, 123, 141n22 Hunt, Peter, 40n13, 123 I identity See also moratorium, psychic abjection, 2, 6, 8, 9–12, 14, 16, 17, 18n28, 21, 22, 31, 34, 46, 48, 187 54, 55, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 89, 91, 98, 100, 121, 125, 127, 131, 137, 173 constructed self, 3, emerging, 1–20, 65–7, 79, 80, 83, 84, 98, 123 experimentation, 52 possible, 6, 7, 11, 15, 46, 47, 55, 65, 75, 79, 82, 83, 132, 173 imaginary, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 56, 58, 62, 63n10, 66, 86, 87, 91 “Impudence of Uttering,” The, 121 Incredible Need to Believe, This, 10, 86, 148, 173, 174 Ingelow, Jean, 146 interplay, 149, 150–4, 155 In the Beginning Was Love, 18n18, 114 J Jenkins, Andrea Powell, 146, 175 Johnson, Kirstin Jeffrey, 41n20 Jungle Book, The, 89, 90 K Kaston, Andrea, 146, 157, 159, 170n11, 171n34 Katz, Wendy R., 171n34 Kazamias, Andreas M., 141n15 Kearns, Cleo McNelly, 114, 118n24 Keltner, S. K., 94n39 Keyser, Elizabeth Lennox, 143n46 Kilgour, Maggie, 75 Kincaid, James R., 34, 36, 37, 42n35 Kingsley, Charles, 14, 21–43, 152, 157 Kipling, Rudyard, 89, 90 188 INDEX Knoepflmacher, U. C., 147, 150, 161, 170n18, 171n31 Kristeva, Julia, 2, 3, 6–15, 18n24, 18n28, 21–3, 25, 27–30, 32, 36, 40n11, 41n16, 46, 47, 50, 52, 54–57, 59, 61, 66–71, 73, 77–9, 82, 86, 90, 92, 95n54, 98, 99, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 114, 115, 121, 122, 124, 128, 130, 133–7, 145–50, 154, 157, 158, 164, 168, 169, 173–5 L Lacan, Jacque, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 67, 98 Lechte, John, 20n84, 68 Lesnik-Obserstein, Karin, 41n13 Little Princess, A (1911), 1, 15, 48, 54–62 Looking Glass, Through the (1871), 33, 36–9, 159, 160 love, maternal dynamic, 13, 133–7, 138, 145, 167–9 transference, 13, 168 Lurie, Alison, 34 M MacDonald, George, 1, 14, 21–43, 149 Maladies of the Soul, 7, 73, 92 Mann, David D., 64n26 Margaroni, Maria, 20n84 Marquis, Claudia, 127, 138n1, 142n42 McBratney, John, 89, 90 McGillis, Roderick, 41n20, 146, 147, 149, 150, 163, 170n27, 171n34, 172n51 McMilan, Margaret, 140n10 Midttun, Birgitte Huitfeldt, 95n54 Mitch, David, 17n2 Moi, Toril, 95n57 Moore, Grace, 71, 75, 76, 94n24 Moran, Mary Jeanette, 138n1, 142n42 moratorium, psychic, 7, 10, 11, 15, 48, 51, 52, 54 Morgenstern, John, 100, 117n16 Moss, Anita, 95n50 mother-father conglomerate, 13, 157 motherhood as ethics, 86, 95n54, 133, 134 as mental, 95n54, 134, 142n42 “Motherhood Today,” 95n52 Murray, Heather, 139n2, 143n46 N Nadel, Ira Bruce, 123 narrative, 1–3, 5, 6, 10–16, 25–7, 29, 34, 36, 39, 40n11, 45–9, 51–7, 60–2, 63n1, 64n26, 65, 67–9, 70–3, 78, 79, 80, 82–4, 86, 88–93, 95n58, 96n67, 97–100, 102, 104, 105, 107–11, 113–16, 119–21, 124, 125, 138, 139n1, 141n12, 150–3, 156, 161, 163, 170n27, 172n53, 173, 175 See also discourse; scripts narrative-I, 67–9, 111 Nesbit, Edith, 15, 65, 69, 82, 83, 90, 91, 95n50, 96n67 New Maladies of the Soul, Nowak, Magdalena, 110 Nyman, Jopi, 89 O Oliver, Kelly, 110, 115, 146, 169, 174 Olson, Marilynn Strasser, 141n13 Other, absolute, 7, 16 INDEX P Padley, Jonathan, 41n13 Parsons, Linda T., 139n2 phenotext, 32, 130, 136 Phillips, Jerry, 140n10, 140n12 Powers of Horror, an Essay on Abjection, 22, 46, 124 Pratt, Mary Louise, 72 Price, Danielle E., 139n1, 142n42, 142n45 Pricket, Stephen, 41n20, 42n27 Princess and Curdie, The (1882), 22, 28–33, 36 Princess and the Goblin, The (1872), 22, 28, 31–3, 36 psychic, splitting, 13, 59, 66–7 psychic structure, open, 6–8, 10, 11, 40n11, 47, 50, 52, 65, 68, 90, 97, 108, 148, 173 psychoanalysis as parallel to narrative, 5, 11, 46 R Ramblings of a Rat (1857), 2, 100–7, 119 Reimer, Mavis, 90 Reineke, Martha, 93n2 Revolution in Poetic Language, 19n35 Reynolds, Kimberley, 45 Rhedding-Jones, Jeanette, 5, 13, 67 Robinson, Jenny, 19n41 Rose, Jaqueline, 5, 117n16 Rossetti, Christina, 16, 138, 145–72 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 146 Rossetti, William Michael, 146 Roudiez, Leon, 19n36, 20n77 Ruskin, John, 121, 122, 146, 147 S Salerno, Allen, 171n31 scripts See also discourse; narrative as-if, 11, 83, 84, 90, 91, 93 as-if-I, 14, 54, 69–75 98, 173 189 as-if-other, 16, 97–9, 108, 173, 175 normative, Secret Garden, The (1911), 16, 116, 119–43, 145 Sedding, John, 122 self See also subject formation construction of, 3–5, 7, 10, 15, 48, 65–116 emergent, 66–7, 82, 103, 174 identity, 55 self-story, 3, 55, 62, 69, 110 Semiotic chora, 8, 59, 66, 68, 74, 80, 105, 159 Senior, Claire, 166, 167, 169n3, 171n31, 172n53 Sewell, Anna, 1, 16, 97, 107, 108, 111–15, 117n16 Sickbert, Virginia, 150, 151, 156, 157 signifying process, 8–9, 71, 78 dynamic, 6, Silver, Anna Krugovoy, 142n42, 171n31, 172n53 Sing-Song, 146, 150, 151, 156, 157 Smith, Sidonie, 17n4 Söderback, Fanny, 86 Sökefeld, Martin, Soto, Fernando, 41n20 Speaking Likenesses (1875), 2, 138, 145–69 Spencer, Herbert, 122–24, 138 splitting, psychic See also subjects-in-process literacy’s affect on, mirror state, 59, 66 castration in relationship to, 78 primary, 5, 66, 67 secondary, 5, 67 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 48, 63n26, 69 Story of the Treasure Seekers, The (1889), 1, 15, 65, 66, 69, 82–92 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 107 Straley, Jessica, 41n13 Strangers to Ourselves, 158 190 INDEX Stringer, Sharon A., 54, 92 subject consolidation, subject formation, 5, 6, 86, 148 subjectivity, multivalent, subjects-in-process, 10, 15, 65, 87, 92, 98 See also psychic, splitting sublimation, 9, 56, 71, 89, 121, 146, 175 symbolic, 5, 6, 8–13, 15, 16, 21–39, 40n11, 41n16, 42n35, 47, 49, 50, 52–8, 60, 61, 65–88, 90–3, 95n54, 97–101, 103–9, 111–14, 119, 122, 124, 127–33, 134–8, 142n45, 145, 146, 148–50, 157, 159, 162, 168, 169, 172n53, 174, 175 T Tales of Love, 10, 79, 99, 175 Taylor, R. Loring, 146 Thacker, Deborah, 4, 42n25, 45 thetic as filter boundary, as, 10, 29, 36, 70, 103 phase, 8, 30, 32, 78 recalibrated, 32 rupture, as, 29 Tom Brown’s School Days, 123 Tompkins, Jane, 107 transference analytical, 10, 173 imaginative, 10–12, 47–8, 81–6 literary, 12, 16, 46, 62, 148, 158, 168 love, 10, 13, 79 See also as-if-I, as-if-other transposition, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 39, 78, 86, 102, 103, 112, 133 Treasure Island (1883), 1, 15, 40, 48–54 Tucker, Charlotte Maria (A.L.O.E.), 16, 97, 100–2, 105, 106, 111, 162 Turley, Hans, 77 W Warner, Marina, 141n14 Water-Babies, The (1863), 1, 22, 23–8, 29, 32, 37, 40n13 Watson, Julia, 17n4 Webb, Jessica, 74, 78 Westwater, Martha, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18n18, 18n24, 46, 61, 67 Wilkie-Stibbs, Christine, 12, 46, 148 Williams, Todd O., 169n3 Winnicott, D. W., Wood, Naomi, 41n13 Z Zornado, Joseph L., 42n34 ... in literature written for children and adolescents, and that such literature from the Victorian era, children’s literature s “golden age,” is particularly rich with instances of abjection Victorian. .. written for Victorian children At the heart of this study is this question: What is the relationship between Victorian children’s literature, its readers, and their psychic development? The Victorian. .. this in mind, children’s literature may provide a unique opportunity to examine the tensions between culture’s normalizing discourses and those offered in response Victorian children’s literature