Pica in individuals with developmental disabilities

Autism and Child Psychopathology Series Series Editor: Johnny L Matson Peter Sturmey Don E. Williams Pica in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities Autism and Child Psychopathology Series Series editor Johnny L Matson, Baton Rouge, LA, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8665 Peter Sturmey Don E Williams • Pica in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 123 Peter Sturmey Queens College City University of New York Flushing, NY USA Don E Williams Williams Behavioral Consulting Greenville, TX USA ISSN 2192-922X ISSN 2192-9238 (electronic) Autism and Child Psychopathology Series ISBN 978-3-319-30796-1 ISBN 978-3-319-30798-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30798-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932858 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland To individuals with pica and their families When we first observed people with pica, we could find little research to guide us in assessing and treating you It took us a long time to provide what you needed Some died prematurely perhaps, and we know you have suffered We apologize for our shortcomings This book represents our latest attempt to improve your clinical treatment and your movement to a safe, humane life Chapter recounts a program for people with pica established over 25 years ago at one facility Although an article was published in 2009 describing the program for people with pica, this article has been ignored by some, and criticized by some, but we launched the program for you and your families and we think you benefited We did not plan the program for research, but now we think parents and staff have the right to know what we have done We are sure more criticism will come, but that should not cause you to suffer We hope you and your parents will know the difference between those who acted and those who did not After all, it was B.F Skinner who said “caring is…a matter of action.” Foreword One of the most severely challenging aspects of raising an individual with autism is discovering the limited number of people who know how to effectively help your child The professionals, including pediatricians and doctors, that a parent typically turns to for support in a crisis are often ill-equipped to address the deficits of autism and chart a clear path for the parent who is asking: “What we next?” Due to an increased national focus on autism, however, there has been a corresponding expansion of dedicated research toward treatment and etiology There is now a strong body of scientific research supporting improved outcomes through evidence-based treatment utilizing applied behavior analysis (ABA) Nevertheless, for individuals with autism who experience severe behavior problems, including aggression and self-injury, parents may find themselves overwhelmed by the risk of injury to themselves, siblings, or the child with problem behaviors Ingesting items of little or no-obvious nutritional value is among the most serious self-injurious behaviors with consequences including infections, choking, intestinal blockage, and possibly death In the presence of low-incidence behaviors that pose a high risk to the client or staff, parents frequently find the door to help closed with the prospect of placement outside the home looming large The possibility of finding an effective treatment for autism and other developmental disabilities is more real today than ever—thanks to practitioners of behavior analysis who continue to undertake the work of isolating and documenting techniques that are effective when applied consistently by trained educators and parents Much of the field’s work in the past 20 years has focused on documenting and disseminating basic treatment information to ameliorate the key symptoms of autism seen across a broad swath of the spectrum, including deficits in language, social interaction, self-care, and academics Major cities typically have at least a half-dozen or more site-based treatment programs as well as practitioners consulting with families and school districts to provide treatment that is increasingly subsidized by insurance or public funding As a result, many families today have access to professionals who are familiar with the basic methods of treating the most common deficits Nevertheless, the number of behavior analysts with a depth of vii viii Foreword experience treating pica is small, and with the closure of institutional settings, the responsibility for addressing severe problem behaviors today falls ever more squarely on families This work by Sturmey and Williams is among those that represent the next step in the behavior analytic treatment literature for autism: works that shed light on how the field can better address problem behaviors, like pica, that lie at the extremes of the spectrum The authors gather what is known about past successes and failures in the treatment of pica and provide direction for researchers and practitioners who must start on the same page in order to collaborate to effectively treat behavior that poses severe, often life-threatening danger to clients’ physical and emotional safety An effective treatment of all problem behaviors, including pica, requires consistency across environments with participation by family members and professionals Because of the limited number of pica cases in most treatment locations, it is essential that behavior analysts in geographically dispersed locales have a common base of knowledge so that they may jointly move the treatment forward and collaborate with families for consistency The authors have laid the groundwork for that collaboration They begin with descriptive information on pica and follow up with a comprehensive review of the existing literature on studies of pica in autism, many of them single-subject design They also review several meta-analyses of the literature This informs the assessment of the function of most pica as automatic positive reinforcement as well as a hierarchy of the efficacy of treatment protocols As parents of individuals with autism, we have identified ABA as the field offering the greatest promise for treating our children with autism We have also spent inordinate amounts of time learning the concepts and language of ABA to more effectively implement recommended procedures Nevertheless, ours are like most families that remain heavily reliant on public schools, therapists, and day programs to carry out treatment protocols We are acutely aware of the issues that most programs face, including lack of training resources, high client-to-staff ratios, and inadequate supervision by board-certified behavior analysts, all of which combine to slow or eliminate our children’s progress—whether as students or adults In addition to recommendations for designing and conducting a treatment program, the authors acknowledge and provide guidance on some of the practical issues surrounding staffing, staff training, and creating pica-safe environments in a section of the book that describes a 12-year-long pica program with 41 clients in an institutional setting The information is highly useful for professionals as well as families evaluating and executing programs for a child or an adult with pica Over the past 20 years, much scientific research has emphasized the importance of early intervention for ASD As with all facets of behavioral treatment of autism, early identification and intervention in the treatment of pica behaviors should enhance long-term outcomes Unfortunately, the existence of pica behaviors is not always acknowledged or addressed before it becomes a life-threatening or an endemic issue that isolates the child from environments that support integrated learning experiences, according to the authors Amidst a range of deficits, parents and professionals are not attuned to pica as a problem until health suffers or a child Foreword ix is hospitalized for swallowing a dangerous object Laying a foundation for treating pica behaviors and teaching safe adaptive behaviors early and in the context of community and family settings is a significant need highlighted by this volume The more rapidly research is advanced and disseminated, the quicker targeted treatment protocols will be widely available to families and service providers We believe, as the authors of this book, that a solid foundation exists for researching and disseminating the best treatment protocols for pica This volume will be an outstanding resource in moving those efforts forward Lisa Hill Sostack, MBA, Co-founder Amy M Wood, Pharm.D., President Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT)—Houston 168 References Decker, C J (1993) Pica in the mentally handicapped: A 15-year surgical perspective Canadian Journal of Surgery, 36, 551–554 DeLeon, I G., & Iwata, B A (1996) Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format forassessing reinforcer preferences Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 519–533 Donnelly, D R., & Olczak, P V (1990) The effect of differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) on pica for cigarettes in persons with intellectual disability Behavior Modification, 14, 81–96 Duker, P C., & Nielen, M (1993) The use of negative practice for the control of pica behavior Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 249–253 Dumaguing, N I., Singh, I., Sethi, M., & Devanand, D P (2003) Pica in the geriatric mentally ill: Unrelenting and potentially fatal Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 16, 189–191 Durand, V M., & Crimmins, D B (1992) The motivation assessment scale (MAS) administration guide Topeka: Monaco and Associates Dykens, E M (2007) Psychiatric and behavioral disorders in persons with Down syndrome Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 272–278 Dumaguing, N I., Singh, I., Sethi, M., & Devanand, D P (2003) Pica in the geriatric mentally ill: Unrelenting and potentially fatal Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 16, 189–191 Eells, T D (Ed.) (2010) Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (2nd ed.) London: Guilford Press Ellis, C.R., Singh, N N., Crews, W D., Bonaventura, S H., Gehin, J M., & Ricketts, R W (1997) N N Singh (Ed.), Prevention and treatment of severe behavior problems Pacific Grove: Brooks-Cole Publishing Company Estrine, K (2013) Neonatal plumbism secondary to maternal chronic lead poisoning and pica: A case report Internal Medicine, S 12, 002 Evans, M (1989) Pica of cigarette ends causing nicotine toxicity Journal of the British Institute of Mental Handicap (APEX), 17, 171–172 Falcomata, T S., Roane, H S., & Pabico, R R (2007) Unintentional stimuluscontrol during the treatment of pica displayed by a young man with autism Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1, 350–359 Favell, J E., McGimsey, J F., & Schell, R M (1982) Treatment of self-injury by providing alternate sensory activities Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 83–104 Feldman, M D (1986) Pica: Current perspectives Psychosomatics, 519–523 Ferreri, S J., Tamm, L., & Wier, K G (2006) Using food aversion to decrease severe pica by a child with autism Behavior Modification, 30, 456–471 Finney, J W., Russo, D C., & Cataldo, M F (1982) Reduction of pica in young children with lead poisoning Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 7, 197–207 Fisher, W., Piazza, C C., Bowman, L G., Hagopian, L P., & Langdon, N A (1994a) Empirically derived consequences: A data-based method for prescribing treatments for destructive behavior Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 133–149 Fisher, W W., Piazza, C C., Bowman, L G., Kurtz, P F., Sherer, M R., & Lachman, S R (1994b) A preliminary evaluation of empirically derived consequences for the treatment of pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 447–457 Foxx, R M (1990) “Harry”: A ten year follow-up of the successful treatment of a self-injurious man Research in Developmental Disabilities, 11, 67–76 Foxx, R M., & Azrin, N H (1973) The elimination of autistic self-stimulatory behavior by overcorrection Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 1–14 Foxx, R M., & Livesay, J (1984) Maintenance of response suppression following overcorrection: A 10-year retrospective examination of eight cases Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 4, 65–70 Foxx, R M., & Martin, E D (1975) Treatment of scavenging behavior (coprophagy and pica) by overcorrection Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 13, 153–162 References 169 Friedin, B H., & Johnson, H K (1979) Treatment of a retarded child's feces smearing and coprophagic behaviour Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 23, 55–61 Fuller, P R (1949) Operant conditioning of a vegetative human organism The American Journal of Psychology, 587-590 Ginsberg, D L (2006) Bupropion SR for nicotine-craving Pica in a developmentally disabled adult Primary Psychiatry, 13, 28–30 Gogte, S T., Basu, N., Sinclair, S., Ghai, O P., & Bhide, N K (1991) Blood lead levels of children with pica and surma use The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 58, 513–519 Goh, H L., Iwata, B A., & Kahng, S (1999) Multicomponent assessment and treatment of pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32, 297–316 Goh, H L., Iwata, B A., Shore, B A., DeLeon, I G., Lerman, D C., Ulrich, S M., & Smith, R G (1995) An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 269–283 Gowda, M., Patel, B M., Preeti, S., & Chandrasekar, M (2014) An unusual case of xylophagia (paper-eating) Indian Psychiatry Journal, 23, 65 Gravestock, S (2000) Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 625–637 Green, A H (1962) Self-mutilation in schizophrenic children Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 233–244 Greenberg, M., Jacobziner, H., McLaughlin, M C., Fuerst, H T., & Pellitteri, O (1958) A study of pica in relation to lead poisoning Pediatrics, 22, 756–760 Griffin, J C., Ricketts, R W., & Williams, D E (1986) Reaction to Richmond et al propriety of mechanical restraint and protective devices as tertiary techniques In K D Gadow (Ed.), Advances in Learning Disabilities (pp 109-116) Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press Inc Griffin, J C., Williams, D E., Stark, M Y., Altmeyer, M K., & Mason, M (1984) Self- injurious behavior: A state-wide prevalence survey, assessment of severe cases, and follow-up of aversive treatment In J C Griffin, M T Stark, D E Williams, B K Altmeyer, H K Griffin (Eds.), Advances in the treatment of self-injurious behavior (pp 1–25) Austin, TX: Texas Department of Health and Human Services, Texas Planning Council for Developmental Disabilities Griffin, J C., Williams, D E., Stark, M T., Altmeyer, B K., & Mason, M (1986) Self-injurious behavior: A state-wide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstances Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 7, 109–116 Gulia, J., Yadav, S., Rattan, K., & Hooda, A (2007) Complications of Pica: Case Report and Review of Literature The Internet Journal of Head and Neck Surgery, 2(2) Gundogar, D., Demir, S B., & Eren, I (2003) Is pica in the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorders? General Hospital Psychiatry, 25, 293–294 Gutelius, M F., Millican, F K., Layman, E M., Cohen, G J., & Dublin, C C (1962) Nutritional studies of children with pica I Controlled study evaluating nutritional status II Treatment of pica with iron given intramuscularly Pediatrics, 29, 1012–1023 Hagopian, L P., & Adelinis, J D (2001) Response blocking with and without redirection for the treatment of pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 527–530 Hagopian, L P., Rolider, N L., & Rooker, G W (2012) Behavioral assessment and treatment of pica In J K Luiselli (Ed.), Handbook of high-risk challenging behaviors in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp 161–176) Baltimore: Paul Brooks Publishing Co Hagopian, L P., Rooker, G W., & Rolider, N U (2011) Identifying empirically supported treatments for pica in individuals with intellectual disabilities Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2114–2120 Halleran, D R., Karjoo, M., Beg, M B B., & Seeherunvong, T (2015) Unrecognized foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract of developmentally delayed children: A case series Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports, 3, 127–130 170 References Hamilton, S., Rothenberg, S J., Khan, F A., Manalo, M., & Norris, K C (2001) Neonatal lead poisoning from maternal pica behavior during pregnancy Journal of the National Medical Association, 93, 317–319 Hambidge, K M., & Silverman, A (1973) Pica with rapid improvement after dietary zinc supplementation Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 567–578 Hanley, G P., Iwata, B A., & McCord, B E (2003) Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 147–185 Hardan, A & Sahl, R (1997) Psychopathology in children and adolescents with developmental disorders Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 369 Hartmann, A S., Becker, A E., Hampton, C., & Bryant-Waugh, R (2012) Pica and rumination disorder in DSM-5 Psychiatric Annals, 42, 426–430 Hergüner, S., & Hergüner, A S (2010) Pica in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and successful treatment with methylphenidate Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 34, 1155–1156 Hergüner, S., Özyıldırım, İ., & Tanıdır, C (2008) Is Pica an eating disorder or an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32, 2010–2011 Horner, R D (1980) The effects of an environmental “enrichment” program on the behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded children Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 473–491 Hove, O., & Bodfish, J (2004) Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with mental retardation living in the community American Journal on MentalRetardation, 109, 501–506 Hsueh, C W., Chen, H S., Li, C H., & Chen, Y W (2013) Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in an adolescent with mental retardation and pica disorder Pediatrics & Neonatology, 54, 56–59 Ing, A D., Roane, H S., & Veestra, R A (2011) Functional analysis and treatment of coprophagia Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 151–155 Ivascu, N S., Sarnaik, S., McCrae, J., Whitten-Shurney, W., Thomas, R., & Bond, S (2001) Characterization of pica prevalence among patients with sickle cell disease Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 1243–1247 Iwata, B A., & DeLeon, I G (1995) The functional analysis screening tool (FAST) (Unpublished manuscript, University of Florida) Iwata, B A., Dorsey, M F., Slifer, K J., Bauman, K E., & Richman, G S (1982–1994) Toward a functional analysis of self-injury Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197–209 (Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3–20 doi:10 1901/jaba/1994.27.197-209 Iwata, B A., Pace, G M., Dorsey, M F., Zarcone, J R., Vollmer, T R., Smith, R G., et al (1994) The functions of self-injurious behavior: An experimental-epidemiological analysis Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 215–240 Jacobson, J W (1982a) Problem behavior and psychiatric impairment within adevelopmentally disabled population I: Behavior frequency Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 3, 121–139 Jacobson, J W (1982b) Problem behavior and psychiatric impairment within a developmentally disabled population II: Behavior severity Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 3, 369–381 Jancar, J., & Speller, C J (1994) Fatal intestinal obstruction in the mentally handicapped Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 413–422 Jawed, S H., Krishnan, V H., Prasher, V P., & Corbett, J A (1993) Worsening of pica as a symptom of depressive illness in a person with severe mental handicap British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 835–837 Johnson, C R., & Hassenfeldt, T A (2013) Pica In Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (pp 2250-2255) New York: Springer Johnson, C R., Hunt, F M., & Siebert, M J (1994) Discrimination training in the treatment of pica and food scavenging Behavior Modification, 18, 214–229 References 171 Kahng, S., Iwata, B A., & Lewin, A B (2002) Behavioral treatment of self-injury, 1964 to 2000 American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 107, 212–221 Kamal, I., Thompson, J., & Paquette, D M (1999) The hazards of vinyl glove ingestion in the mentally retarded patient with pica: New implications for surgical management Canadian Journal of Surgery, 42, 201 Kennedy, C H (2002) Evolution of stereotypy into self-injury In S E.Schroeder, M L Oster-Granite, & T Thompson (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior Gene-brain-behavior relationships (pp 133-144) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Kern, L., Starosta, K., & Adelman, B E (2006) Reducing pica by teaching children to exchange inedible items for edibles Behavior Modification, 30, 135–158 Kettaneh, A., Eclache, V., Fain, O., et al (2005) Pica and food craving in patients with iron-deficiency anemia: A case-control study in France American Journal of Medicine, 118, 185–188 Khalid, K., & Al-Salamah, S M (2006) Spectrum of general surgical problems in the developmentally disabled adults Saudi Medical Journal, 27, 70–75 Kinnell, H G (1985) Pica as a feature of autism The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 80–82 Kimmell, C M (1998) Contingent restraint and positive procedures to eliminate life-threatening self-abuse and aggression: A 49 month evaluation Behavioral Interventions, 12, 173–181 Kravtitz, H., & Boehm, J J (1962) Rhythmic patterns in infancy: Their sequenceage of onset, and frequency Child Development, 33, 43–56 Kupiec, T C., Goldenring, J M., & Raj, V (2004) A non-fatal case of sodium toxicity Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 28, 526–528 Lacey, E P (1990) Broadening the perspective of pica: Literature review Public Health Reports, 105, 29–35 LeBlanc, L A., Piazza, C., & Krug, M A (1997) Comparing methods for maintaining the safety of a child with pica Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 215–220 Leon, Y., Lazarchick, W N., Rooker, G W., & DeLeon, I G (2013) Assessment of problembehavior evoked by disruption of ritualistic toy arrangements in a child with autism Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46, 507–511 Lerman, D C., & Iwata, B A (1996) A methodology for distinguishing between extinction and punishment effects associated with response blocking Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 231–233 Lemanek, K L., Brown, R T., Armstrong, F D., Hood, C., Pegelow, C., & Woods, G (2002) Dysfunctional eating patterns and symptoms of pica in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease Clinical Pediatrics, 41, 493–500 Lerner, A J (2007) Treatment of pica behavior with olanzapine CNS spectrums, 13(01), 19 Lewander, W., Wine, H., Carnevale, R., Lindenmayer, J., Harvey, E., Hallwalker, C., et al (1997) Ingestion of cigarettes and cigarette butts by children-Rhode Island, January 1994-July 1996 JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(10), 785–786 (Reprinted from MMWR, 46, 125–128, 1997) Lindberg, J S., Iwata, B A., Roscoe, E M., Worsdell, A S., & Hanley, G P (2003) Treatment efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement during brief and extended application Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 1–19 Lingeswaran, A., & Vinayak Vijayakumar, J D (2009) Entomophagy and coprophagy in undifferentiated schizophrenia Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 31, 52 Lofts, R H., Schroeder, S R., & Maier, R H (1990) Effects of serum zincsupplementation on pica behavior of persons with mental retardation American Journal of Mental Retardation, 95, 103–109 Lohiya, G S., Crinella, F M., Figueroa, L T., Caires, S., & Widman, R (1996) Lead exposure of people with developmental disabilities: Success of control measures Mental Retardation, 34, 215–219 172 References Lohiya, G S., Tan-Figueroa, L., Crinella, F M., & Lohiya, S (2000) Epidemiology and controlof enterobiasis in a developmental center Western Journal of Medicine, 172, 305 Lourie, R S (1961) The role of rhythmic patterns in childhood American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 653–660 Lourie, R S., Layman, E M., Sokoloff, B., & Takahashi, L Y (1958) A studyof the etiology of pica in young children, an early pattern of addiction P.Hoch, J Zubin (Eds.), Problems of Addiction and Habituation (pp 74-86) New York: Grune & Stratton Lourie, R S., & Wehrle, P F (1971) Prevention of lead paint—or prevention of Pica? Pediatrics, 48, 490–491 Lovaas, O I., Berberich, J P., Perloff, B F., & Schaeffer, B (1966) Acquisition of imitative speech by schizophrenic children Science, 151(3711), 705–707 LoVullo, S V., & Matson, J L (2009) Comorbid psychopathology in adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1288–1296 Luiselli, J K (1996) Pica as obsessive-compulsive disorder Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 195–196 Lundervold, D., & Bourland, G (1988) Quantitative analysis of aggression, self-injury, and property destruction Behavior Modification, 12, 590–617 Lyberger, W (undated) Developmentally-disabled-adult-wrongful-death-pica-disorder-choking http://www.experts.com/Articles/Developmentally-Disabled-Adult-Wrongful-Death-PICADisorder-Choking-By-William-Lybarger Downloaded November 20 2015 Mace, F C., & Knight, D (1986) Functional analysis and treatment of severe pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 411–416 Madden, N A., Russo, D C., & Cataldo, M F (1980) Environmental influences on mouthing in children with lead intoxication Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 5, 207–216 Madden, N A., Russo, D C., & Cataldo, M F (1981) Behavioral treatment of pica in children with lead poisoning Child Behavior Therapy, 2, 67–81 Mascitelli, A N., Rojahn, J., Nicolaides, V C., Moore, L., Hastings, R P., & Christian-Jones, C (2015) The behaviour problems inventory‐short form:reliability and factorial validity in adults with intellectual disabilities Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Matson, J L., & Bamburg, J W (1999) A descriptive study of pica behavior in persons with mental retardation Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 11, 353–361 Matson, J L., Hattier, M A., & Turygin, N (2012) An evaluation of social skills in adults with pica, autism spectrum disorders, and intellectual disability Journal of Developmental andPhysical Disabilities, 24, 505–514 Matson, J L., Hattier, M A., Belva, B., & Matson, M L (2013) Pica in persons with developmental disabilities: Approaches to treatment Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 2564–2571 Matson, J L., Kuhn, D E., Dixon, D R., Mayville, S B., Laud, R B., Cooper, C L., et al (2003) The development and factor structure of the Functional Assessment for multiple CausaliTy (FACT) Research inDevelopmental Disabilities, 24, 485–495 Matson, J L., Stephens, R M., & Smith, C (1978) Treatment of self-injurious behaviour with overcorrection Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 22, 175–178 Matson, J L., & Vollmer, T R (1995) User’s guide: Questions about behavioral function (QABF) Baton Rouge, LA: Scientific Publishers McAdam, D B., Breibord, J., Levine, M., & Williams, D E (2012) Pica In P Sturmey & M Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology Vol Children and adolescent disorder (pp 303–321) New York: Wiley McAdam, D B., Sherman, J A., Sheldon, J B., & Napolitano, D A (2004) Behavioral interventions to reduce the pica of persons with developmental disabilities Behavior Modification, 28, 45–72 References 173 McAlpine, C., & Singh, N N (1986) Pica in institutionalized mentally retarded persons Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 30, 171–178 McCord, B E., Grosser, J W., Iwata, B A., & Powers, L A (2005) An analysisof response-blocking parameters in the prevention of pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 391–394 McLoughlin, I J (1988) Pica as a cause of death in three mentally handicapped men The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 842–845 Melville, C A., Cooper, S A., Morrison, J., Smiley, E., Allan, L., Jackson, A., et al (2008) The prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health in adults with autism and intellectual disabilities Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1676–1688 Miao, D., Young, S L., & Golden, C D (2015) A meta-analysis of pica and micronutrient status American Journal of Human Biology, 27, 84–93 Millican, F K., Layman, E M., Lourie, R S., & Takahashi, L Y (1968) Study of an oral fixation: Pica Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 7, 79–107 Millican, F K., Lourie, R S., & Layman, E M (1956) Emotional factors in the etiology and treatment of lead poisoning: A study of pica in children AMA Journal of Diseases of Children, 91, 144–149 Mitteer, D R., Romani, P W., Greer, B D., & Fisher, W W (2015) Assessment and treatment of pica and destruction of holiday decorations Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48, 912–917 Mitteer, D R., Romani, P W., Greer, B D., & Fisher, W W (2015) Assessment and treatment of pica and destruction of holiday decorations Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46, 47–60 Miyakawa, K., Ito, M., Hatta, K., Eto, K., & Arai, H (2011) Recurrent cholecystitis in an elderly mentally retarded patient with pica Psychogeriatrics, 11, 244–246 Morrison, P J., O’Neill, T., Hardy, R., Shepherd, C W., & Donnelly, D E (2015) The prevalence of pica in tuberous sclerosis complex SpringerPlus, 4(1), 1–2 Moore, J (1981) On mentalism, methodological behaviorism, and radical behaviorism Behaviorism, 55-77 Mulick, J A., Barbour, R., Schroeder, S R., & Rojahn, J (1981) Overcorrection of pica in two profoundly retarded adults: Analysis of setting effects, stimulus, and response generalization Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 1, 241–252 Myles, B S., & Hirsch, N (1996) The use of a pica box in reducing pica behavior in a student with autism Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 11, 222–225 Nash, D L., Broome, J., & Stone, S (1987) Behavior modification of pica in a geriatric patient Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 79–80 Nash, G., Evans, R., & Cohen, R (2003) Jumperphagia: A woolly diagnosis Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 571–572 New York State Education Department (2012) Decision #12-051;https://www.google.com/?gws_ rd=ssl#q=New+York+State+Education+Department%2C+2012%2C+Decision++%2312-051 Downloaded November 20, 2015, O'Callaghan, E T., & Gold, J I (2012) Pica in children with sickle cell disease: two case reports Journal of pediatric nursing 27, e65–e70 Oliver, B E., & O'Gorman, G (1966) Pica and blood lead in psychotic children Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 8, 704–707 O'Neill, R., Horner, R., Albin, R., Sprague, J., Storey, K., & Newton, J (1997) Functional assessment and programme development for problem behaviour: A practical handbook Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ColePublishing Company Paisey, T J., & Whitney, R B (1989) A long-term case study of analysis, response suppression, and treatment maintenance involving life-threatening pica Behavioral Interventions, 4, 191–211 Pace, G M., & Toyer, E A (2000) The effects of a vitamin supplement on the pica of a childwith severe mental retardation Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 619–622 Paniagua, F A., Braverman, C., & Capriotti, R M (1986) Use of a treatment package in the management of a profoundly mentally retarded girl's pica and self-stimulation American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 550–557 174 References Parent on behalf of student v Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District (2012) http://www documents.dgs.ca.gov/oah/seho_decisions/2011091066.2012021053.pdf Petscher, E S., Rey, C., & Bailey, J S (2009) A review of empirical support for differential reinforcement of alternative behavior Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 409–425 Piazza, C C., Fisher, W W., Hanley, G P., LeBlanc, L A., Worsdell, A S., Lindauer, S E., & Keeney, K M (1998) Treatment of pica through multiple analyses of its reinforcing functions Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 165–189 Piazza, C C., Hanley, G P., Blakey-Smith, A B., & Kinsman, A M (2000) Effects of search skills training on the pica of a blind boy Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 12, 5–41 Piazza, C C., Hanley, G P., & Fisher, W W (1996) Functional analysis and treatment of cigarette pica Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 437–450 Piazza, C C., Roane, H S., Keeney, K M., Boney, B R., & Abt, K A (2002) Varying response effort in the treatment of pica maintained by automatic reinforcement Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 233–246 Pipkin, C S P., Vollmer, T R., & Sloman, K N (2010) Effects of treatment integrity failures duringdifferential reinforcement of alternative behavior: A translational model Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 47–70 Poling, A., & Ryan, C (1982) Differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedules therapeutic applications Behavior Modification, 6, 3–21 Querim, A C., Iwata, B A., Roscoe, E M., Schlichenmeyer, K J., Ortega, J V., & Hurl, K E (2013) Functional analysis screening for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46, 47–60 Rao, V., & Lyketsos, C (2000) Neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury Psychosomatics, 41, 95–103 Rapp, J T., Dozier, C L., & Carr, J E (2001) Functional assessment and treatment of pica: A single-case experiment Behavioral Interventions, 16, 111–125 Rashid, F., Davies, L., & Iftikhar, S Y (2010) Magnetised intragastric foreign body collection and Autism An advice for carers and literature review Autism, 14, 139–145 Razran, G H (1933) Conditioned responses in children Archives of Psychology, 148, 120 Rescorla, R A (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures Psychological Review, 74, 71–80 Ricciardi, J N., Luiselli, J K., Terrill, S., & Reardon, K (2003) Alternative response training with contingent practice as intervention for pica in a school setting Behavioral Interventions, 18, 219–226 Riva, M A., Lafranconi, A., D’orso, M L., & Cesana, G (2012) Lead poisoning: Historical aspects of a paradigmatic “occupational and environmental disease” Safety and Health at Work, 3, 11–16 Roane, H S., Lerman, D C., & Vorndran, C M (2001) Assessing reinforcers under progressive schedule requirements Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 145–166 Roberts-Harewood, M., & Davies, S C (2001) Pica in sickle cell disease: “She ate the headboard” Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 510–510 Rodgman, C., & Winstead, D K (2013) Cases that test your skills Current psychiatry http://www.obgynnews.com/view-pdf.html?file=fileadmin/cp_archive/pdf/1203/1203CP_ Cases_Rodgman Downlosded September 23, 2015 Rojahn, J., Matson, J L., Lott, D., Esbensen, A J., & Smalls, Y (2001) The Behavior Problems Inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 577–588 Rojahn, J., McGonigle, J J., Curcio, C., & Dixon, M J (1987) Suppression of pica by water mist and aromatic ammonia: A comparative analysis Behavior Modification, 11, 65–74 References 175 Rojahn, J., Rowe, E W., Sharber, A C., Hastings, R., Matson, J L., Didden, R., et al (2012) The behavior problems inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part I: Development and provisional clinical reference data Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 527–545 Rojahn, J., Schroeder, S R., & Hoch, T A (2008) Self-injurious behavior in intellectual disabilities Amsterdam: Elsevier Rojahn, J., Schroeder, S R., & Mulick, J A (1980) Ecological assessment of self-protective devices in three profoundly retarded adults Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 59–66 Ruddock, J C (1924) Lead poisoning in children: With special reference to pica Journal of theAmerican Medical Association, 82, 1682–1684 Saddichha, S., Vibha, P., & Vishnuvardhan, G (2012) Sapophagia (compulsive soap eating) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a child responsive to clonidine Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 32, 291 Sarakoff, R A., & Sturmey, P (2004) The effects of behavioral skills training on staff implementation of discrete-trial teaching Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 535–538 Sayetta, R B (1986) Pica: An overview American Family Physician, 33, 181–185 Schaefer, H H (1970) Self-injurious behavior: Shaping “head banging” in monkeys Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 111–116 Schroeder, S R., Marquis, J., Reese, R M., Richman, D M., Mayo-Ortega, L., Oyama-Ganiko, R., LeBlanc, J., Brady, N., Buatler, M G., Johnson, T., & Lawrence, L (2014) Risk factors for self-injury, aggression, and stereotyped behavior among young children at risk for intellectual and developmental disabilities American Journal on Intellectual Disabilities, 119, 351–370 Schroeder, S R., Shreeder, C S., Smith, B., & Dalldorf, J (1978) Prevalence of self-injury in a large state facility for the retarded: A three year follow-up study Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 261–269 Scotti, J R., Evans, I M., Meyer, L H., & Walker, P (1991) A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behavior: Treatment validity and standards of practice American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96, 233–256 Scruggs, T E., Mastropieri, M A., & Casto, G (1987) The quantitative synthesis of single-subject research methodology and validation Remedial and Special education, 8, 24–33 Singh, N N (Ed.) (1997) Prevention and treatment of severe behavior problems: Models and methods in developmental disabilities Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Singh, N N., & Bakker, L W (1984) Suppression of pica by overcorrection and physical restraint: A comparative analysis Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 331– 341 Singh, N N., Ellis, C R., Crews, W D., Jr., & Singh, Y N (1994) Does diminished dopaminergic neurotransmission increase pica? Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4, 93–99 Singh, N N., & Winton, A S (1984) Effects of a screening procedure on pica and collateral behaviors Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 15, 59–65 Singh, N N., & Winton, A S (1985) Controlling pica by components of an overcorrection procedure American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 40–45 Skinner, B F (1953) Science and human behavior Simon and Schuster Skinner, B F (1972) Beyond freedom and dignity New York: Bantam Books Smith, H D., Baehner, R L., Carney, T., & Majors, W J (1963) The sequelae of pica with and without lead poisoning: A comparison of the sequelae five or more years later: Clinical and laboratory observations AmericanJournal of Diseases of Children, 105, 609–616 Smith, M D (1987) Treatment of pica in an adult disabled by autism by differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 18, 285–288 Smith, R G (1995) An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 269–283 176 References Smith, S., Branford, D., Collacott, R A., Cooper, S A., & McGrother, C (1996) Prevalence and cluster typology of maladaptive behaviors in a geographically defined population of adults with learning disabilities The British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 219–227 Stanley, A E., & Glenn, K (1989) An integrated treatment approach to pica: A case report Journal of the Multihandicapped Person, 2, 155–165 Stawar, T L (1977) The modification of coprophagic behavior in a 1-month-old boy using errorless discrimination learning Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 373–376 Stiegler, L N (2005) Understanding pica behavior: A review for clinical and education professionals Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 27–38 Stokes, T F., & Baer, D M (1977) An implicit technology of generalization Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 349 Stomach content removed from patient in 1929 http://i.imgur.com/XCRCTsG.jpg Downloaded May 2015 from http://imgur.com/3st13MZ Stone, J., Griffiths, T D., Rastogi, S., Perry, R H., & Cleland, P G (2003) Non-Picks frontotemporal dementia imitating schizophrenia in a 22-year-old man Journal of Neurology, 250, 369–370 Sturmey, P (1996) Functional analysis in clinical psychology London: Wiley Sturmey, P (2004) Ethical dilemmas In Jacobson, J & Mulick, J A & Foxx, (2004) Controversial therapies for developmental disabilities: Fad, fashion and science in professional practice Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Sturmey, P (Ed.) (2007) Functional analysis in clinical treatment New York: Academic Press Sturmey, P (2008) Behavioral case formulation and intervention A functional analytic approach Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell Sturmey, P (2015) Reducing restraint and restrictive behavior management practices Berlin: Springer Sturmey, P (2016) Ethics, Controversial Treatments and Applied Behavior Analysis In R M Foxx & J Mulick (Eds.), Controversial therapies for autism and intellectual disabilities: Fad, fashion, and science in professional practice (pp 235–250) News York: Routledge, NY Sturmey, P., & Didden, R (Eds.) (2014) Evidence-based practice and intellectual disabilities Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell Sturmey, P., Fink, C., & Sevin, J A (1993) The Behavior Problem Inventory: A replication and extension of its psychometric properties Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 5, 327–336 Sturmey, P., Laud, R B., Cooper, C L., Matson, J L., & Fodstad, J C (2010a) Challenging behaviors should not be considered depressive equivalents in individuals with intellectual disabilities II A replication study Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1002–1007 Sturmey, P., Laud, R B., Cooper, C L., Matson, J L., & Fodstad, J C (2010b) Mania and behavioral equivalents: A preliminary study Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1008–1014 Sturmey, P., Sevin, J., & Williams, D E (1995) The Behavior Problem Inventory: A further replication of its factor structure Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 39, 353–356 Swift, I., Paquette, D., Davison, K., & Saeed, H (1999) Pica and trace metal deficiencies in adults with developmental disabilities The British Journal of Development Disabilities, 45, 111–117 There's Nothing He Wouldn't Eat (2012) http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/oct/24/ healthandwellbeing.health2 Tewari, S., Krishnan, V H R., Valsalan, V C., & Roy, A (1995) Pica in a learning disability hospital: A clinical survey British Journal of Developmental Disability, 41, 13–22 Tracy, J I., de Leon, J., Qureshi, G., McCann, E M., McGrory, A., & Josiassen, R C (1996) Repetitive behaviors in schizophrenia: A single disturbance or discrete symptoms? Schizophrenia Research, 20, 221–229 Trivedi, T H., Daga, G L., & Yeolekar, M (2005) Geophagia leading to hypokalemic quadriparesis in a postpartum patient Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 53, 205–207 References 177 Turnbull, H R (2005) Individuals with disabilities education act reauthorization accountability and personal responsibility Remedial and Special Education, 26, 320–326 Uno, A., Takeda, N., Horii, A., Sakata, Y., Yamatodani, A., & Kubo, T (2000) Effects of amygdala or hippocampus lesion on hypergravity-induced motion sickness in rats Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 120, 860–865 Van Houten, R., Axelrod, S., Bailey, J S., Favell, J.S., Foxx, R M., Iwata, B.A., & Lovaas, O (1988) The right to effective behavioral treatment Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 381–384 Van Houten, R., Nau, P A., MacKenzie-Keating, S E., Sameoto, D., & Colavecchia, B (1982) An analysis of some variables influencing the effectiveness of reprimands Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 65–83 Verga, A (1849) Allotriophagia - mallattie alle quali si associa come causa o come effetto Gazetta Medica Lombarda, 2, 49-52 Vollmer, T R (1994) The concept of automatic reinforcement Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 187–207 Vollmer, T R., Hagopian, L P., Bailey, J S., Dorsey, M F., Hanley, G P., Lennox, D., et al (2011) The association for behavior analysis international position statement on restraint and seclusion The Behavior Analyst, 34, 103–110 Vollmer, T R., & Iwata, B A (1992) Differential reinforcement as treatment for behavior disorders: Procedural and functional variations Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13, 393–417 Vollmer, T R., Sloman, K N., & Pipkin, C S P (2008) Practical implications of data reliability and treatment integrity monitoring Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1, 4–11 Ward-Horner, J C., & Sturmey, P (2012) Component analysis of behavior skills training in functional analysis Behavioral Interventions, 27, 75–92 Wasano, L C., Borrero, J C., & Kohn, C S (2009) Brief report: A comparison of indirect versus experimental strategies for the assessment of pica Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1582–1586 Williams, D E (2010) Reducing and eliminating restraint of people with developmental disabilities and severe behavior disorders: An overview of recent research Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1142–1148 Williams, D E., & Grossett, D L (2011) Reducing restraint of people with intellectual disabilities: An organizational behavior management (OBM) approach Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2236–2239 Williams, D E., Kirkpatrick-Sanchez, S., Enzinna, C., Dunn, J., & Borden-Karasack, D (2009) The clinical management and prevention of Pica: A retrospective follow-up of 41 individuals with intellectual disabilities and pica Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22, 210–215 Williams, D E., Lee, G T., & Grossett, D L Prevention of severe problem behavior (in press) In N N Singh (Ed.), Clinical handbook of evidence-based practices in intellectual and developmental disabilities Berlin: Springer (in press) Williams, D E., & McAdam, D (2012) Assessment, behavioral treatment, and prevention of pica: Clinical guidelines and recommendations for practitioners Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 2050–2057 Williams, D E., & McAdam, D B Pica In N N Singh (Ed.), Clinical handbook of evidence-based practices in intellectual and developmental disabilities Berlin: Springer (in press) Williams, D E., & Sturmey, P (2016) Severity Index for Pica Unpublished document Winton, A S W., & Singh, N N (1983) Suppression of pica using brief-duration physical restraint Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 27, 93–103 Woods, D W., Miltenberger, R G., & Lumley, V A (1996) A simplified habit reversal treatment for pica-related chewing Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 257–262 Woods, D W., & Miltenberger, R G (1995) Habit reversal: A review of applications and variations Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 123–131 178 References Young, S L (2010) Pica in pregnancy: New ideas about an old condition Annual Review of Nutrition, 30, 403–422 Young, S L (2011) Craving earth Understanding pica The use to eat clay, starch, ice and chalk New York: Columbia University Press Young, S L., Wilson, M J., Miller, D., & Hillier, S (2008) Toward a comprehensive approach to the collection and analysis of pica substances, with emphasis on geophagic materials PLoS One, 3(9), e3147 Zaja, R H., Moore, L., Van Ingen, D J., & Rojahn, J (2011) Psychometric comparison of the functional assessment instruments QABF, FACT and FASTfor self-injurious, stereotypic and aggressive/destructive behaviour Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24, 18–28 Zeitlin, S B., & Polivy, J (1995) Coprophagia as a manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 57–63 Index A Abbreviated habit reversal, 94 Administrative priority requiring leadership, 126 Adult disability services, 154 Advice for families, 161 Aggression, 52 aggressive behavior, 60 Alternate behavior, 48 Antecedent-based procedures, 83 Applied behavior analysis (ABA), 146, 158 Autism, 4, 19, 24, 28 Autism spectrum disorders (ASP), 24 Automatic reinforcement, 50 Aversive stimuli, 61, 87 unpleasant odors and tastes, 87 water mist, 87 B Baited environments, 66, 71, 75 Behavioral assessment, 42, 45, 47, 145, 149 Behavioral equivalent, 36 Behavioral interventions, 49 Behavioral outcome, 49 Behavioral problems, 160 Behavioral research, 43 Behavioral skills, 152 Behavioral treatment, 51 case series, 103 environmental structuring, 104 staff training and monitoring, 104 Behavior analysis, 162 Behavior analyst, 153 Behavior analyst certification board (BACB), 46 Behaviorism, 41 Behavior management, 47 Behavior treatment, 149 Biomedical conditions, 143 Biomedical treatments nutritional interventions, 133 Brief contingent personal restraint, 57, 62 C Challenging behavior, 146 Change in behavior making, 147 Children with lead poisoning pica in, 27 Cigarette pica, 91 Client safety, 45 Clinical populations pica in, 11, 20 Code of professional conduct, 43 Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 112, 139 Community-based research, 144 Conceptual framework and technology, 43 Contemporary community services, 144 Continuous restraint, 117 plus one-to-one staffing, 118 Cooper’s history of pica, Coprophagia, 55, 62, 91 Counseling, 139 Crisis intervention, 115 Crit du chat syndrome, 19, 25 D Dangerous ingestions, 161 Delectavite, 136 Department of Justice (DOJ), 145 Depression hypothesis, 36 Developmental disabilities (DD), 20, 143 Diagnosis of pica, 6, Diagnostic criteria, 146 Differential reinforcement, 53 Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), 122 Differential reinforcement of alternate behavior (DRA), 53 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 P Sturmey and D.E Williams, Pica in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities, Autism and Child Psychopathology Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30798-5 179 180 Index Differential reinforcement of alternative responses (DRA), 50 Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior (DRH), 53 Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), 53 Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL), 53 Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), 53, 121, 122 Discrimination training, 56 Dopaminergic model, 32 Down syndrome (DS), 19, 24, 25 Function-based treatment, 78 Function-based treatment, pica of, 73 E Early development, 145 Early diagnosis, 146 Early intervention, 154 Effective behavior plan, 144 Effective treatment, 44 Empirically derived consequences (EDC), 61, 96 Empirically supported treatments (ESTs), 109 Environmental enrichment (EE), 52, 77 Environmental modifications, 125 Environmental systems management prevention by, 123 Epidemiological research, 145 Epidemiology, 19 Epidemiology of pica, 19 Ethical issue, 44 Ethical principles, 44 Ethics of pica, Ethics of treatment, 43 Etiology of pica, 29 Evidence-based practice, 162 Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), 41 Exposure therapy, 138 Extended restrictive management practices, 45 H Habit reversal, 59 Hand mouthing, 60, 146 Health outcomes, 147 Health-threatening events, 147 Hierarchical pica treatment program, 121 History of pica, Hunger hypothesis, 35 Hypothesis of depression, 36 F Families, advice for, 161 Food aversion, 99 Forms of pica, Functional analysis, pica of, 69, 76 Functional assessment, pica of, 65 Functional assessment/analysis, 47 Functional behavioral assessments (FBAs), 121, 149, 150 G Gastrointestinal distress, 148 Gastrointestinal obstructions, 160 Gastrointestinal protection hypothesis, 34 Generalization environment, 152 General population pica in, 19 Genetic models, 35 Genetics of pica, 35 I Idiosyncratic aversive stimuli, 96 Implications for contemporary services, 153 Individuals with ID/ASD, 143 Ineffective treatment, 44 Institutional environment, 144 Institutional settings pica in, 20 Integrating biomedical and behavioral research, 148 Integrating research across populations, 147 Intellectual disabilities (ID), 4, 51, 90 Iron level and pica, 135 L Lead poisoning, 19 Lead poisoning and pica, 27 Learning models of pica, 30 Life-threatening pica, 42 M Measurement of pica, 48, 123 pica severity, 49 Medical assessment, 154 Medical procedures, 50 Index Meta-analyses, 107 Meta-analysis of pica treatment, 84 Mineral deficiencies, 148 Motivation assessment scale, 93 N Negative practice, 59, 93 Neuroanatomical models, 32 Non-contingent food (NCF), 98 Non-contingent reinforcement (NCR), 50, 55, 121, 123 Non-function-based reinforcement-based procedures, 81 Non-humans, pica in, 15 Non-social reinforcement, 145 Non-specific gastrointestinal problems, 154 Non-training materials, 62, 124 Nutrient deficiency models, 33 Nutritional deficiencies, 143 Nutritional interventions, 133 Nutritional supplementation, 143 O Observational functional assessments, pica of, 66 Obsessive compulsive disorder, One-to-one staffing to temporarily prevent pica, 116 Oral hygiene procedures, 62 Organizational issues, 156 Other clinical populations of pica, 26 Overcorrection, 62, 90 Overcorrection procedures, 92 P Phenylketonuria, 25 Pica-safe observational checklist, 104 Plan of action, 155 Policies and procedures on pica safety, 126 Positive punishment, 67, 78, 85 Pregnancy, pica in, 10 Pregnant women, 148 Pretreatment functional analysis, 52 Prevention by environmental systems management, 123 Prevention by staff training, 125 Prevention of pica using crisis intervention, 115 Program methodology, 119 181 Proportion of non-overlapping data points (PND), 111 Psychiatric disorders, pica in, 14 Psychoanalytic theory, 37 Psychometric measures of function, 68 Psychopharmacological treatment, 153 Psychotropic medication, 136, 143 Punishment contingencies, 123 R Radical behaviorism, 41 Regional planning, 158 Regional technical support, 160 Reliability and validity, 146 Reprimands, 62, 95 Response blocking, 60 Response blocking parameters, 77 Response blocking procedure, 89 Response chain, 67, 76, 77 Response effort, 66, 69, 75, 76 Response interruption procedure, 89 Restitutional overcorrection, 90 Restraint to suppress pica, 88 Restrictive behavior management, 105 Right to effective treatment, 45 Risk determining, 130 Risk assessment of pica, 51 Risk of pica, 16, 23 S Safe training materials, 62, 124 Screening with modified alone conditions, 74 Seizure, 144 Self-injurious behavior (SIB), 97, 115 Sensory integration therapy (SIT), 112, 139 Severity of pica, 12 culturally normative forms of pica, definition, pica, developmental disabilities, 4, 11, 13, 14, 16 terms of pica, Sickle cell anemia, 26 Sickle cell disease, 19, 26, 27 Skills training, 52, 161 Social reinforcement, 52 Special education, 154 Staff assignment, 126 scheduling of, 126 182 Statewide planning, 158 Stimulus control, 77 Structured supervisory monitoring and feedback, 126 Survey and participants, 119 Survey form behavior plans, 121 client rights and protections, 121 T Thioridazine, 138 Total population samples, 22 Training materials, 62, 124 Treatment analysis, 56 Treatment efficacy, 44 Treatment goals, 50 Treatment hierarchy, 124 Treatment implications, 149 Index Treatment plan, 46 ideographic treatment plan, 152 Tuberous sclerosis, 19, 24 V Verbal reprimands, 57 Verbal warning, 57 Visual screening, 58, 94 brief contingent visual screening, 58 Vitamin deficiencies, 148 Vitamin deficiency models, 33 Y Young’s biocultural approach, 36 Z Zinc level and pica, 134 ... own clinical experience in treating pica Since the publication of Bicknell’s volume on pica in individuals with autism and intellectual disabilities, behavioral research has increased apace In the... stereotypical movement disorder Matson and Bamburg compared individuals with pica with individuals without pica on the MESSIER, a measure of social skills They found that individuals with pica had... all to see Such examples of pica are interesting © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 P Sturmey and D.E Williams, Pica in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities, Autism and