The US Commitment to NATO in the Post-Cold War Period Yanan Yanan Song Song The US Commitment to NATO in the Post-Cold War Period Yanan Song The US Commitment to NATO in the Post-Cold War Period Yanan Song Durham University United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-33547-6 ISBN 978-3-319-33548-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33548-3 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016940529 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover illustration: Tom Tracy Photography / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book represents the culmination of my doctoral research and thus owes a huge debt of gratitude to my two PhD supervisors at Durham University, Professor John Dumbrell and Dr Christian Schweiger Their constant advice, help, and encouragement were instrumental, and it was a privilege to work alongside them I thank the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham, especially Dr Lorraine Holmes, for providing me with guidance and support to carry out research in Washington, DC. Those I interviewed provided me with valuable original material, and their openness, honesty, and personal insights were much appreciated I am also deeply grateful to Professor George Joffe for reviewing and providing indispensable comments on the manuscript Finally, I could not have completed the work without the steadfast support of those to whom it is dedicated—my husband, Shenghui, and my family Yanan Song v CONTENTS Introduction The Purpose of the Transatlantic Community A New Framework: Two Levels of Analysis 27 The Clinton Administration’s Recommitment to NATO 63 NATO’s Engagement in Kosovo 93 NATO’s Ongoing Engagement after Kosovo 123 NATO’s Engagement in Libya 159 Libya: The US Policy-Making Process 185 vii viii CONTENTS Conclusion 227 Appendix 251 Index 255 LIST ACTORD ACTWARN AFRICOM ANSF Av-Det CJTF CPG CSCE DCI ESDP EU FPA GCC HATs ICC ICISS ISAF KLA KPJ KVM LCY LDK LIFG LNC MAP NACC NATO OF ABBREVIATIONS Activation Order Activation Warning US Africa Command Afghan National Security Force Air Force Aviation Detachment Combined Joint Task Forces Comprehensive Political Guidance Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Defence Capabilities Initiative European Security and Defence Policy European Union Foreign Policy Analysis Gulf Cooperation Council Humanitarian Assessment Teams International Criminal Court International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty International Security Assistance Force Kosovo Liberation Army Communist Party of Yugoslavia Kosovo Verifying Mission League of Communist Democratic League of Kosovo Libyan Islamic Fighting Group National Liberation Movement Membership Action Plan North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ix CONCLUSION 247 10 Martin Butora, et al (2014) “Collective Defence and Common Security: Twin Pillars of the Atlantic Alliance”, Chatham House Report, 10 June 11 Security Council 6528th Meeting, May 2011 12 Dmitry Shlapentokh (2012) “Russia and the War on Terror: The Multiplicity of Roles”, International Policy Digest, January 13 David Andelman (2014) “Russia’s War on Terror is Cold: Column”, US Today, 28 January 14 Patricia Weitsman (2014) Waging War: Alliances, Coalitions, and Institutions of Interstate Violence, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 190 15 Rebecca Cruise (2009) “NATO and Collective Security in Europe” in Isaiah Wilson and James Forest (ed.) Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives, London: Routledge, pp. 88–102 16 President Obama (2011) Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament, 17 November 17 Mark Webber, Ellen Hallams and Martin Smith (2014) “Repairing NATO’s Motors”, International Affairs, Vol 90, No 4, p. 783 18 Mark Webber et al (2014) 19 Gareth Evans (2011) “Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility to Protect Balance Sheet After Libya”, 31 July 20 Andrew Dugan (2013) “US Support for Action in Syria Is Low vs Past Conflicts”, Gallup Politics, 06 September 21 Nathalie Tocci (2014) “On Power and Norms: Libya, Syria and the Responsibility to Protect”, 2013–2014 Paper Series, No 2, Washington: Transatlantic Academy, p. 5 22 Ben Hoyle (2014) “Putin Halts Break-Up Poll to Haul Ukraine Back from Civil War”, The Times, May 23 Nathalie Tocci (2014) p. 11 24 James Goldgeier (2014) “US-Russia Relations”, The State of the Transatlantic World 2014, Washington: Transatlantic Academy, p. 27 25 “NATO Scrambles to Reassure and Protect Its Eastern Allies from Russia”, The Economist, May 2014 26 George Friedman (2014) “US Defence Policy in the Wake of the Ukrainian Affair”, STRATFOR Global Intelligence, April 27 Kateryna Pishchikova (2014) “Ukraine and Transatlantic Relations”, The State of the Transatlantic World 2014, Washington: Transatlantic Academy, p. 31 28 Steven Erlanger (2014) “Russian Aggression Puts NATO in Spotlight”, The New York Times, 18 March “NATO Scrambles to Reassure and Protect Its Eastern Allies from Russia”, May 2014 29 David Reynolds (ed.) (1994) The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 13 248 Y SONG 30 Steven Erlanger (2014) 31 Ben Hoyle and Lettice Crawley Peck (2014) “Nostalgia Trip—Putin Taps Soviet Mood to Tighten Rule”, The Times, May 32 Rebecca Riffkin (2014) “Half of Americans Say US Headed Back to Cold War”, Gallup Politics, 27 March 33 Kateryna Pishchikova (2014) p. 31 34 “NATO Scrambles to Reassure and Protect Its Eastern Allies from Russia”, May 2014 35 President Obama (2014) Statement by the President on Ukraine, 17 March 36 Steven Erlanger (2014) 37 “NATO Scrambles to Reassure and Protect Its Eastern Allies from Russia”, May 2014 38 NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen (2014) “Acceptance Remarks”, GLOBSEC, 14 May 39 “G7 Leaders Statement”, The White House, March 2014 40 Robert Kagan (2003) Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, New York: Random House Large Print 41 “G7 Leaders Statement”, March 2014 42 Jordan Becker and Edmund Malesky (2014) “The Continent or the Grand Large? Atlanticism, Europeanism, and Transatlantic Burden Sharing” 43 “NATO Announces Progress in Missile Shield, Smart Defence”, Xinhua News, 21 May 2012 44 “Smart Defence”, NATO, 26 April 2012 45 Thom Shanker (2011) “Defence Secretary Warns NATO of ‘Dim’ Future”, The New York Times, 10 June “Smart Defence and the Future of NATO: Can the Alliance Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century”, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 28–30 March 2012, p v 46 Barry Pavel and Jeff Lightfoot (2012) “The Transatlantic Bargain after Gates”, Smart Defence and the Future of NATO: Can the Alliance Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century?, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 28–30 March p. 67 Doug Stokes and Richard Whitman (2013) “Transatlantic Triage? European and UK’s Grand Strategy after the US Rebalance to Asia”, International Affairs, Vol 89, No 5, pp. 1087–107 47 Barry Pavel and Jeff Lightfoot (2012), pp. 67–70 48 Jordan Becker and Edmund Malesky believed NATO’s “Smart Defence” was well suited to capitalise on increasing near-term consensus on fiscal constraints, as well as the long-term convergence in strategic policy orientation Thus, there was less cause to panic about burden-sharing issues than often perceived and NATO might flourish during lean times But their analysis was mainly based on the assumption that “the European share of operational expenditures is actually increasing” and that “the United States begins CONCLUSION 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 249 shifting expenditures away from defence in general,” which was not the case See Jordan Becker and Edmund Malesky (2014) “NATO’s Sea of Troubles”, The Economist, 31 March 2012 Rem Kortewer (2013) “Europe Cannot Make Up Its Mind about the US Pivot”, Centre for European Reform, 27 September Christina Lin (2014) “Cooperative Security with China and the Post-Arab Spring Mediterranean Security Architecture”, Liberal Order in a PostWestern World, Washington: Transatlantic Academy, p. 123 President Obama (2012) Remarks by the President on the Defence Strategic Review, January Freddy Gray (2013) “The Pacific President”, The Spectator, 19 January Josef Braml (2012) “NATO’s Inward Outlook: Global Burden Shifting”, Smart Defence and the Future of NATO: Can the Alliance Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century?, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 28–30 March, p. 19 Hillary Clinton (2011) “America’s Pacific Century”, Foreign Policy, 11 October Trine Flockhart (2014) pp. 144–5 Trine Flockhart (2014) p. 145 Tom Cohen, Jim Acosta and Kevin Liptak (2014) “Obama Outlines Foreign Policy Vision of ‘Might and Right’”, CNN, 29 May Ian Traynor (2014) “Obama Pledges $1bn to Boost Military in Europe in Wake of Ukraine Crisis”, The Guardian, June “US Forces in Poland Strengthen NATO Partnerships During Aviation Rotation”, Spangdahlem Air Base, June 2014 “Poland and America: Troops In”, The Economist, June 2014 Mark Webber, Ellen Hallams and Martin Smith (2014) pp. 773–93 Andrew Dorman (2012) “NATO’s 2012 Chicago Summit: A Chance to Ignore the Issues Once Again?”, International Affairs, Vol 88, No 2, p. 311 David Yost (2009) “Assurance and US Extended Deterrence in NATO”, International Affairs, Vol 85, No 4, pp. 755–80 David Yost (2009) German decision-makers have grown increasingly reluctant to antagonise the country that provides them with energy See Luca Ratti (2009) p. 418 Mark Webber, Ellen Hallams and Martin Smith (2014) pp. 792–3 Martin Butora et al (2014) “NATO’s Sea of Troubles” APPENDIX Others, 107856, 10% France, 53441, 5% Germany, 48140, 5% Italy, 30223, 3% United States, 739218, 71% United Kingdom, 62852, 6% Fig 2011 Defence expenditures of NATO countries (million US dollars) Others, 102751, 10% France, 50245, 5% Germany, 46470, 4% Italy, 26468, 3% United States, 735574, 72% United Kingdom, 58016, 6% Fig 2012 Defence expenditures of NATO countries (million US dollars) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 Y Song, The US Commitment to NATO in the Post-Cold War Period, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33548-3 251 252 APPENDIX Others, 101740, 10% France, 52250, 5% Germany, 48718, 5% Italy, 25173, 2% United Kingdom, 60283, 6% United States, 735154, 72% Fig 2013 Defence expenditures of NATO countries (million US dollars) 1000000 750000 500000 250000 l To at – St TO d Un NA ite – TO NA ta es pe m ro ng Ki d ite 2012 Eu Sp Un ur la er th Ne 2011 n s No rw ay 2013 nd g ly bo Ita m xe Lu y Gr ee ce ce an an rm Fr Ge Be lgi um De nm ar k Fig Defence expenditures of NATO countries (million US dollars) 3600 3000 2400 1800 1200 600 2010 ta l – TO NA d St To at ro te Un i – TO 2013 Fig Armed forces—Annual strength military (thousands) es pe m Eu ng Ki d 2012 NA ite Un 2011 n th Ne m xe Lu 2009 Sp c) er la nd s No rw ay g( ly bo ur Ita Be lgi um De nm ar k Fr an ce Ge rm an y Gr ee ce (c ) lgi ba ni a 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ki n n gd om Sp – Eu ro Un pe ite d St at es NA TO – To ta l NA TO Un i te d Ita Lu ly xe m bo ur g Ne th er la nd s No rw ay an ce Ge rm an y Gr ee ce Fr um De nm ar k Be Al APPENDIX 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Fig Defence expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product 2013 253 INDEX A action-channels, 52, 53 action games, 53 ad hoc coalition, 3, 6, 20, 44, 123, 124, 127–9, 131, 140, 141, 148, 229 Afghan National Security Force, 130 Albright, Madeleine Kosovo, 10, 236 NATO expansion, 10, 236 Russia, 10, 100 Allen, John Afghanistan, 135, 139 ISAF, 135, 139 Al-Qaeda, 125, 126, 133, 135, 170, 172, 178, 179, 203 American exceptionalism, 39 American imperialism, 20 American principles, 37, 38 Annan, Kofi Kosovo, 18, 101, 185 Arab League, 193, 199, 201, 204, 210 Libya, 193, 199, 201, 204, 210 Arab Spring, 199, 200, 209 Article Five, 17, 19, 35, 39, 44, 67, 76, 124, 140, 142, 229 Asmus, Ronald, 10, 73, 85 Atlanticist, 46, 194 B balance of interests, 31 balance of power, 28–31, 39, 142, 210 balance of threat, 28, 29, 31 balancing and bandwagoning, 29 Balkan Three, 144 Beijing model, 45 Belgium ISAF, 134 Libya, 213 Biden, Joe Afghanistan, 137 Bin Laden, Osama, 135, 137, 138 Bonn Peace Agreement, 126 Bosnia, 2, 17, 18, 21, 43, 44, 47, 64, 67–9, 75, 81, 84–6, 93–5, 98–100, 106, 107, 111, 130, 140, 145, 150, 187, 188, 196, 198, 228, 234 Bretton Woods system, 41 Brussels Summit, 143 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 Y Song, The US Commitment to NATO in the Post-Cold War Period, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33548-3 255 256 INDEX Brzezinski, Zbigniew NATO expansion, 76, 78, 83, 87 Bucharest Summit, 144, 150, 229 burden-sharing problem, 15, 16, 215, 217 Bureaucratic Politics Model Allison, Graham, 49–54, 61 Freedman, Lawrence, 52, 61 Halperin, Morton, 51, 61 Rhodes, Edward, 61 Burns, Nicholas NATO expansion, 71, 74 Russia, 71 Bush administration Afghanistan, 3, 6, 10, 11, 44, 130 NATO, 3, 6, 10, 11, 44, 70, 123, 124, 127, 130, 140–2, 145, 148, 212, 229 C Canada Afghanistan, 126, 131, 135 ISAF, 126, 131, 135 Libya, 46 OEF, 126 Ukraine, 241 Carney, Jay Afghanistan, 139 Central and Eastern European countries, 17, 66, 67, 72, 94 Chechnya, 67, 80 Chernomyrdin, Viktor Kosovo, 111 US–Russian relationship, 68, 71, 84 Chicago Summit, 243 China Afghanistan, 193 Kosovo, 96, 102, 105, 109, 185, 193, 206 Libya, 45, 193 R2P, 186, 193, 206 Christmas Warning, 98 Christopher, Warren NATO expansion, 71, 76 PfP, 76 Russia, 71, 76 Clark, Wesley Kosovo, 103 Clinton administration Bosnia, 2, 17, 64, 69, 75, 81, 86, 187 ESDP, 116 Kosovo, 3, 5, 6, 10, 16, 21, 43, 64, 95, 99, 101, 106, 228 NATO expansion, 5, 65, 71, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86, 87 Russia, 6, 16, 34, 69, 71, 81, 86, 87 Clinton, Hillary Libya, 12, 160–2, 170, 172, 173, 183n61, 200, 201, 203 “Pivot to Asia”, 244 R2P, 170 TNC, 172, 173 Cohen, William Kosovo, 101, 110 Combined Joint Task Forces, 74 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 94 Communist-led National Liberation Movement, 96 Comprehensive Political Guidance, 20 Congress Afghanistan, 137, 176, 236 Kosovo, 47, 64, 112, 228 Libya, 164–7, 174–6, 218, 235, 236 NATO expansion, 65, 79, 87 TNC, 174 Contract with America, 64, 79 Cook, Robin Kosovo, 100 INDEX Cote d’Ivoire, 163 cyber security, 13, 152 D Daalder, Ivo Libya, 196, 213, 214 NATO, 144, 196, 213, 214 NATO expansion, 144, 196 Dayton Accords, 81, 82 Defence Capabilities Initiative, 116 defensive realism, 40 De Gaulle, Charles, 15 Democratic League of Kosovo, 97 Democrats Afghanistan, 137, 138, 176, 244 Libya, 175, 176 “Pivot to Asia”, 244 Russia, 244 Denmark Libya, 201, 217 NATO expansion, 29, 126, 151, 217 OEF, 126 Determined Falcon, 101 Dole, Robert NATO expansion, 16, 41, 82, 87, 236 Donilon, Thomas Libya, 202, 236 PfP, 76 Dumbrell, John, 65 E Eagleburger, Lawrence Kosovo, 98 Emanuel, Rahm Afghanistan, 136 Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement, 138 257 Ethnic communities, 16, 65, 69, 83, 84, 87 European Union Cologne Summit, 115 Eurocorps, European Security and Defence Policy, 115 Kosovo, 99 Libya, 162, 193, 207 rapid reaction force, 128 EU Three, 44 Executive Order 13566, 162 F Foreign Policy Analysis Hill, Christopher, 48 Rosenau, James, 48 Snyder, Richard, 48 Sprout, Harold, 48 fourteen points, 37 France Kosovo, 21, 100, 103, 104, 108, 191, 201 Libya, 21, 46, 163, 170, 172, 178, 191, 197, 198, 201, 206, 207, 217 NATO expansion, 85 NRF, 128 OEF, 126 R2P, 170, 198, 206 Russia, 100, 146, 150, 206, 241, 246 Russo-Georgian war, 150, 151 Ukraine, 150, 241, 246 “War on Terror”, 44, 146, 163 G G8, 110, 111, 241 Gaddafi, Muammar, 159, 165, 210 Gallup poll, 212, 238 258 INDEX Gates, Robert Afghanistan, 161, 170, 190, 199, 202, 236 Iraq, 131, 134, 161, 170, 190, 199, 202, 213 Libya, 2, 12, 21, 45, 161, 165, 167, 170, 190, 199, 200, 202, 211, 213, 236 NATO, 2, 11, 12, 16, 82, 87 Gelbard, Robert Kosovo, 101 Geopolitics Mackinder, Halford, 30 German problem, 14, 70 Germany Afghanistan, 11, 44, 46, 126, 135, 151 ISAF, 126, 131, 135 Kosovo, 44, 100, 102, 108, 110, 113 Libya, 46, 172, 207, 210, 223n82, 224n86 NATO expansion, 71 OEF, 126 Russia, 11, 14, 71, 100, 102, 110 Russo-Georgian war, 146, 150, 151, 246 “Smart Defence”, 243, 246 Ukraine, 150, 240, 241, 246 “War on Terror”, 44, 146 Global policeman, 18, 63, 117, 161, 214 Goldgeier, James, 9, 10, 144 Gore, Albert NATO expansion, 68, 85, 101, 109, 111 US–Russian relationship, 68 Greece Kosovo, 104 grey zone of Europe, 142, 143 H Hallams, Ellen, 10, 19, 44, 93, 106, 112 Heisbourg, Francois, 5, 12, 243 Hill, Christopher Kosovo, 104 Holbrooke, Richard Afghanistan, 136, 236 Kosovo, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 236 NATO expansion, 78, 236 Holocaust Dedication, 75 Humanitarian intervention, 18, 21, 106, 115, 163, 185, 186, 204 I Iceland ISAF, 134 Institutionalist theory Keohane, Robert, 35 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 238 International Criminal Court, 160 International Security Assistance Force, 126 Interview Bensahel, Nora, 179, 189, 191, 197, 208, 213 Chivvis, Christopher, 192, 199, 205 Flanagan, Stephen, 196, 200 Heydemann, Steven, 188, 190, 192, 196 Kroenig, Matthew, 191, 197, 205 Kupchan, Charles, 193, 194, 198, 206 Lieber, Robert, 188 Lindsay, James, 200, 201, 212 Litwak, Robert, 190 Mezran, Karim, 192, 207 Newberg, Paula, 213 Stephens, Kathleen, 190, 193, 196 Winters, Francis, 194 INDEX Iraq, 10, 20, 128, 130, 131, 134, 137, 147, 159, 161, 163, 166, 170, 176, 190–2, 194, 195, 198, 199, 202, 204, 206, 208, 212, 213, 230, 233, 244 Iron Curtain, 19 Ismay, Hastings, 14 Isolationism, 36, 38, 41, 44 Istanbul Summit, 143, 229 Italy Kosovo, 100, 113, 201 Libya, 173, 177, 201, 207 NATO expansion, 29, 85, 146, 151, 177, 207 Russo-Georgian war, 150, 151 Ukraine, 150, 241 “War on Terror”, 146 Ivanov, Igor Kosovo, 102, 105, 110 J Joffe, George, 196, 215 K Kennan, George NATO expansion, 39 Ki-moon, Ban Libya, 160 Kissinger, Henry NATO expansion, 41, 76 Kohl, Helmut, 1, 14 Komer, Robert burden-sharing, 16 Kosovo crisis, 100, 101, 107, 113 NATO, 18, 20, 93–117, 123–52 Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission, 101 Kosovo Force, 104 Kosovo Liberation Army, 99 259 Kosovo Verifying Mission, 103 Kouchner, Bernard Kosovo, 111 L Lagadec, Erwan, 11 Lake, Anthony NATO expansion, 76, 77, 83, 86, 236 PfP, 76, 77 League of Communist, 97 Liberal internationalism Ikenberry, John, 43 Keohane, Robert, 43, 47 Nye, Joseph, 43 Lisbon Summit, 12, 152, 229 London Summit, 72 M Madrid Summit, 94 Mann, James, 5, 12, 205, 209 Mansfield, Michael burden-sharing, 15 McChrystal, Stanley Afghanistan, 133 Membership Action Plan, 143 Military Concept for Defence against Terrorism, 146, 234 Milosevic, Slobodan, 97 Misperception, 76 Munich Conference, 133 N NATO expansion Dole, Robert, 82 first round, 17, 82, 84, 85, 143, 175, 193 second round, 87, 175 third round, 143 260 INDEX NATO membership, 66, 69–71, 85, 234 NATO Response Force, 127, 128, 134 NATO–Russia Charter, 81, 82 NATO’s Military Committee, 64 NATO’s 50th anniversary, 83 NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan, 130 Naumann, Klaus Kosovo, 103 Neorealist theory Liska, George, 28 Mearsheimer, John, 31 Morgenthau, Hans, 28, 32 Schroeder, Paul, 28 Schweller, Rondall, 31 Snyder, Glenn, 28 Walt, Stephen, 29 Waltz, Kenneth, 28, 31 Netherlands Afghanistan, 126, 131, 134, 151 ISAF, 126, 131, 134 Libya, 213 NATO expansion, 29, 126, 131, 134, 151 New Strategic Concept 1999, 116, 125 2010, 152, 229 New World Order, Non-entanglement, 13, 36–8, 44, 232, 234 North Atlantic Cooperation Council, 72 North Atlantic Council, 124 North Korean, 44 Norway ISAF, 126, 134 Libya, 201, 217 OEF, 126 O Obama administration “Libyan model”, 214 R2P, 170 Offensive realism, 40, 41 Operation Allied Force (OAF), 18, 112 Operation Enduring Freedom, 20 Operation Odyssey Dawn (OOD), 167 Operation Unified Protector (OUP), 167 Organisational Process Model, 50 Organisational theory, 32–6 McCalla, Robert, 33, 34 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 82, 241 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 119 P Panetta, Leon, 46 “Pivot to Asia”, 47 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 34 pax Americana, 242 Pelosi, Nancy, 164 Libya, 164 Pentagon Afghanistan, 140, 147 CJTF, 74 Kosovo, 18, 140, 147, 228 Libya, 167, 218, 235 NATO, 16–17, 65, 73–9, 85, 86, 167, 168, 218, 228, 235 NATO expansion, 16–17, 65, 74–9, 85, 86 PfP, 73, 74, 76–8 “War on Terror”, 147 Perry, William NATO expansion, 76, 78, 86 PfP, 76, 78 INDEX Petraeus, David, 137 Afghanistan, 137 Poland Libya, 210 Russo-Georgian war, 150 Power, Samantha, 200, 203, 204, 209, 222 Libya, 200, 203, 204, 209, 222 Prague Summit, 10, 20, 44, 127, 128, 143, 146 President Bush multilateralism, 234 NATO membership, 234 unilateralism, 234 President Clinton, 16, 41, 44, 47, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, 84, 101, 104, 107, 111, 113, 142, 188, 212, 234 President George H.W. Bush, 1, 41, 64, 98, 186, 193 President Jacques Chirac, 102 Kosovo, 102 President Jefferson, 37 President Kennedy, 39 President McKinley, 37 President Nicolas Sarkozy, 172 Libya, 172 President Obama Afghanistan, 11, 21, 46, 133, 135, 138, 139, 194, 203, 208, 212, 236, 244 Libya, 21, 45, 46, 161, 162, 164, 165, 169, 173, 175, 177, 178, 191, 194, 198, 201, 203, 204, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218, 236, 239 NATO, 11, 21, 22, 161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 177, 178, 180, 181n20, 191, 194 Obama doctrine, 47, 218 Pivot to Asia, 47, 244 261 Syria, 208, 239 Ukraine, 239, 241 President Putin Russo-Georgian war Ukraine, 239, 241 President Reagan, 32 President Roosevelt, 37, 38, 39 President Truman, 38, 39 President Wilson, 37, 38, 39 President Yeltsin Bosnia, 75, 81, 84, 106 Kosovo, 105, 106, 109 NATO expansion, 71, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84 PfP, 73, 80 US–Russian relationship, 71 Primakov, Yevgeny Kosovo, 81, 105, 106 Prime Minister Tony Blair Kosovo, 103, 112 OAF, 112 Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), 131 Q Quadrennial Defence Review (QDR), 147 R Rambouillet peace talk, 103, 104, 236 RAND study, 18 Rational Actor Model, 49, 50, 52, 54 Neustadt, Richard, 49 Republicans Afghanistan, 136, 138, 176, 244 Libya, 175, 176 Rice, Susan Iraq, 163, 204 Riga Summit, 20 Robertson, George, 24, 100 262 INDEX Romney, Mitt, 138, 177 Libya, 177 Ruehe, Volker, 71 NATO expansion, 71 Rugova, Ibrahim, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104 Rumsfeld, Donald, 147 Afghanistan, 147 Russia Afghanistan, 2, 6, 10, 23, 125, 142, 149, 158, 193, 220, 227, 233 Kosovo, 2, 6, 10, 17, 100, 102, 105, 106, 109, 185, 187, 193, 206, 227, 232, 233 Libya, 2, 4, 6, 10, 185–219, 239 NATO, 2–3, 10, 17, 66–72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 142–4, 187, 188, 193, 206, 227, 232–3, 239, 240, 241, 246 NATO expansion, 66–72, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88 R2P, 186, 187, 193, 206 Syria, 4, 6, 227, 239, 240 Russia and NATO Primakov, Yevgeny, 81, 105, 106 Russo-Georgian war, 150, 151 Rwanda, 21, 64, 185, 187, 190, 191, 202–5 S Schake, Kori, 210, 214, 217 Seleznev, Gennadi, 105 Kosovo, 105 Solana, Javier, 95, 108 Kosovo, 95, 108 Spain Libya, 201 “War on Terror”, 146 Spanish–American War Standard operating procedures, 50 START III treaty, 82 START II treaty, 105 State Department, Afghanistan, NATO expansion, PfP Afghanistan NATO expansion, 16, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86 PfP, 76, 77, 78, 79 Strategic vacuum, 17, 69 Syria, 4, 6, 194, 205, 208, 227, 238–42, 245 T Talbott, Strobe, NATO expansion, Russia NATO expansion, 71, 236 Russia, 10, 71 Taliban regime, 125, 126, 191 Tardelli, Luca, 5, 199 three nos, 81 Tito, 95, 96, 98 Transitional National Council, 165, 173 Two-tiered alliance, 2, 21, 121, 124, 141, 147, 235 Two-track approach, 78, 79, 83 U UK Afghanistan, 126 ISAF, 126 Kosovo, 100, 103, 106, 108 Libya, 173, 207, 208, 210, 217 NATO expansion, 126 OEF, 126 R2P, 206 Ukraine, 150, 227, 233, 234, 238–41, 246 “War on Terror”, 146 Ukraine, 6, 150, 227, 233, 234 238–41, 245, 246 INDEX United Nations Afghanistan, Human Rights Council, 160 Kosovo, Kuwait, 187 Resolution 678, 187 Resolution 1160, 101 Resolution 1199, 102 Resolution 1244, 111 Resolution 1510, 129 Resolution 1970, 160, 194 Resolution 1973, 164, 165 US Africa Command, 167 US Force Afghanistan, 132 US leadership, 17, 18, 22, 64, 67, 69, 77, 106, 107, 114, 116, 134 US National Security Strategy, 2002, 44 US–Philippine alliance, 30 263 V Valasek, Tomas, 215 Vedrine, Hubert, Kosovo Kosovo, 105 Vedrine, Hubert, 105 Vershbow, Alexander, Russia Vershbow, Alexander, 79 Vilnius group, 143 W Warsaw Pact, 1, 14, 19, 64, 65, 66, 73, 93, 142, 143 Webber, Mark, 10, 121n102, 245 Western European Union, 74 West Point speech, 135, 137 Wilsonianism, 39 Woodward, Bob, 11 World Trade Organisation, 82 WWII, 14, 48, 95, 96, 148 .. .The US Commitment to NATO in the Post- Cold War Period Yanan Song The US Commitment to NATO in the Post- Cold War Period Yanan Song Durham University United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-33547-6... ORGANISATION This book mainly seeks to explain the continuing US commitment to NATO in the post- Cold War era The initial focus is on the recommitment decisions of the Clinton administration It also... making it hard to conclude whether the US will remain committed to NATO in the future Therefore, this book aims to complete the whole story of US attitudes to NATO in the post- Cold War era by extensively