Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies Citizenship studies is at a crucial moment of globalizing as a field What used to be mainly a European, North American, and Australian field has now expanded to major contributions featuring scholarship from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East The Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies takes into account this globalizing moment At the same time, it considers how the global perspective exposes the strains and discords in the concept of ‘citizenship’ as it is understood today With over fifty contributions from international, interdisciplinary experts, the Handbook features state-of-the-art analyses of the practices and enactments of citizenship across broad continental regions (Africas, Americas, Asias, and Europes) as well as deterritorialized forms of citizenship (Diasporicity and Indigeneity) Through these analyses, it provides a deeper understanding of citizenship in both empirical and theoretical terms This volume sets a new agenda for scholarly investigations of citizenship Its wide-ranging contributions and clear, accessible style make it essential reading for students and scholars working on citizenship issues across the humanities and social sciences Engin F Isin is Professor of Citizenship in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the Open University, UK He currently serves as Co-Chief Editor of Citizenship Studies, and is widely published within the field itself Peter Nyers is Associate Professor of the Politics of Citizenship and Intercultural Relations in the Department of Political Science at McMaster University, Canada He is Co-Chief Editor of Citizenship Studies, and has made many other contributions to the field of citizenship studies This page intentionally left blank Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies Edited by Engin F Isin and Peter Nyers First published 2014 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 selection and editorial material Engin F Isin and Peter Nyers; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the contributors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Routledge handbook of global citizenship studies / edited by Engin Isin and Peter Nyers p cm Includes bibliographical references and index World citizenship Citizenship I Isin, Engin F (Engin Fahri), 1959- II Nyers, Peter JZ1320.4.R68 2014 323.6–dc23 2013043537 ISBN: 978-0-415-51972-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-10201-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Cenveo Publisher Services Contents Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction: Globalizing citizenship studies Engin F Isin and Peter Nyers Navigating global citizenship studies Jack Harrington xi xxii 12 PART I Struggles for citizenship 21 Contested citizenship of the Arab Spring and beyond Gal Levy 23 Genealogies of autonomous mobility Martina Martignoni and Dimitris Papadopoulos 38 Global citizenship in an insurrectional era Nevzat Soguk 49 In life through death: transgressive citizenship at the border Kim Rygiel 62 PART II Positioning citizenships 73 75 Decolonizing global citizenship Charles T Lee v Contents Practising citizenship from the ordinary to the activist Catherine Neveu 86 Sexual citizenship and cultural imperialism Leticia Sabsay 96 Topologies of citizenship Kate Hepworth 110 Citizenship beyond state sovereignty Aoileann Ní Mhurchú 119 10 A post-Marshallian conception of global social citizenship Hartley Dean 128 11 Can there be a global historiography of citizenship? Kathryn L Wegner 139 12 Regimes of citizenship Xavier Guillaume 150 PART III Africas 159 13 Citizenship in Africa: the politics of belonging Sara Rich Dorman 161 14 Trends in citizenship law and politics in Africa since the colonial era Bronwen Manby 172 15 Activist citizens and the politics of mobility in Osire Refugee Camp Suzan Ilcan 186 16 Struggles of citizenship in Sudan Munzoul A M Assal 196 17 Transformations of nationality legislation in North Africa Laura van Waas and Zahra Albarazi 205 vi Contents 18 Conviviality and negotiations with belonging in urban Africa Francis B Nyamnjoh and Ingrid Brudvig 217 19 Citizenship struggles in the Maghreb Delphine Perrin 230 20 Struggles for citizenship in South Africa Daniel Conway 240 PART IV Americas 251 21 Transformations in imaginings and practices of citizenship in Latin America Judy Meltzer and Cristina Rojas 253 22 Ecological citizenship in Latin America Alex Latta and Hannah Wittman 265 23 Citizenship and foreignness in Canada Yasmeen Abu-Laban 274 24 Performances of citizenship in the Caribbean Mimi Sheller 284 25 Non-citizen citizenship in Canada and the United States Thomas Swerts 295 PART V Asias 305 26 Emerging forms of citizenship in the Arab world Dina Kiwan 307 27 The invention of citizenship in Palestine Lauren E Banko 317 28 Orientalism and the construction of the apolitical Buddhist subject Ian Anthony Morrison 325 vii Contents 29 Citizenship in Central Asia Vanessa Ruget 335 30 Gender, religion and the politics of citizenship in modern Iran Shirin Saeidi 344 31 Trajectories of citizenship in South Korea Seungsook Moon 355 32 Translating Chinese citizenship Zhonghua Guo 366 33 The category mismatch and struggles over citizenship in Japan Reiko Shindo 376 34 Urbanizing India: contestations and citizenship in Indian cities Romola Sanyal 388 35 Indian citizenship: a century of disagreement Niraja Gopal Jayal 397 PART VI Europes 407 36 European Union citizenship in retrospect and prospect Willem Maas 409 37 Migration, security and European citizenship Elspeth Guild 418 38 European Union citizenship rights and duties: civil, political, and social Dora Kostakopoulou 39 How European citizenship produces a differential political space Teresa Pullano viii 427 437 Contents 40 Experiences of EU citizenship at the sub-national level Katherine E Tonkiss 446 41 Contested citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina Elena Cirkovic 455 42 Citizenship and objection to military service in Turkey Hilâl Alkan and Sezai Ozan Zeybek 466 43 The Romani perspective: experiences and acts of citizenship across Europe Peter Vermeersch 477 PART VII Diasporicity 487 44 Post-territorial citizenship in post-communist Europe Francesco Ragazzi 489 45 Imperial citizenship in a British world Anne Spry Rush and Charles V Reed 498 46 Global gods and local rights:Venezuelan immigrants in Barcelona Roger Canals 508 47 Vietnamese diasporic citizenship Claire Sutherland 522 PART VIII Indigeneity 533 48 Beyond biopolitics? Ecologies of indigenous citizenship Sarah Marie Wiebe 535 49 African indigenous citizenship Noah Tamarkin and Rachel F Giraudo 545 ix Index Friedman, Milton 596 full-time employment 45 Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 480, 481 Gabon 179 Gaddafi, Muammar el- 182, 234, 307 Gagnon, Alain-G 279 Gambia 179, 181 Gandhi, Mohandas 402, 501 Gao Yihan 371 Garcés-Mascareñas, Blanca 297 Gardner, Martha 142 gay people 10, 15, 96–8, 99–100, 107n11, 143; Caribbean 285, 286–7, 290–1; gender script 81–2; Latin America 255; same-sex marriage 97, 101–3, 246, 584, 589, 591; South Africa 246–7; Tea Party opposition to 591; see also homosexuality GDC see group-differentiated citizenship gender 18, 19, 120, 124, 584; Africa 161, 166, 176, 177–8, 234–5; Arab world 311–12; Barbie doll 80–1; bodies 289–90; cultural scripts 81; discrimination in Latin America 260; discrimination in North Africa 205–16, 238n6; Eastern Europe 145; feminist perspectives 284–5, 289; Great Britain 144; hierarchies 226; India 389, 392–3; Iran 344, 346–9, 351–2; Korea 360; ‘lowly’ people 54; Maghreb countries 233; performativity 286, 287, 288; power relations 440; sexual citizenship 101; South Africa 242–5, 247; see also feminism; women Georgia 490–1 Germany 3; demographic changes 587; employment issues 590; EU citizenship 410, 411, 412, 414, 420, 423, 424; historiography of citizenship 144, 145; jus sanguinis 152; legal cases 433; Muslims in 590; return of ethnic Germans to 525; reunification of 414, 523; Roma in 480; Turks in 139;Vietnamese diaspora 522; Welcome to Europe network 69 Gerstle, Gary 140, 142 Geuss, Raymond 31 Ghana 3, 163, 175, 179, 181 Gheissari, Ali 345 Ghertner, Asher 391 Ghonim, Wael 312 Gibbs, Pearl 578n2 Giddens, Anthony 130 Gilbert, Kevin 576, 578n11 Gillard, Julia 562, 563, 565 Gilroy, Paul 50, 53–4, 516 Giraudo, Rachel 15, 545–56 Glissant, Édouard 50, 52 global citizenship 49–61, 120, 153, 451–2; decolonization of 75–85; definition of 519n8; regimes of citizenship 154; social 128–38 globalization 5, 12, 150, 321, 355, 584, 593; juridical 592; Korea 360–1, 363; Latin America 267, 272; non-citizens 296; relations of interdependence 133; sexual citizenship 99, 100, 101, 103; social citizenship 132; social justice movements 120 Goldring, Luin 276, 298–9 Goldstein, Daniel M 256 gongmin 374 Gonzales, R 296 Goodall, Heather 573 Goodwin-Gill, Guy 143–4 Gordon, Linda 142, 146n2 Gorman, Daniel 144 governance: Africa 163; environmental 271–2; global 75, 596; international regimes of 154 governmentality 50–1, 154, 425n4, 538–9, 541; diaspora policies 494; international 50; neoliberal 30; postmodernism 59 Gramsci, Antonio 59, 134 Grant, Stefanie 62, 65, 66–7 Great Britain 2, 3, 16, 140, 286, 586; border controls 453n2; colonization of Canada 274, 275, 276; EU citizenship 410, 411, 412–13, 414, 419–20, 421, 424; EU migrants 446, 448–50, 453n5, 480; gendered colonial nationality frameworks 210; historiography of citizenship 139, 143–4; imperial citizenship 498–507; jus soli 176–7; nationality 178; overseas territories 285; Palestine 318, 319, 320, 321, 323; policy revolution 595; Roma 480; same-sex marriage 97; South Africa 241; Thatcherism 585, 594–5, 596;Vietnamese diaspora 522 Greece: ancient 14, 27, 132, 134, 140, 366, 468, 583, 584; border controls 62, 425n8; diaspora 528; economic collapse in 51; employment rights 415; EU citizenship 411, 412, 413, 414, 424; migrant deaths 65, 68–9 Greene, Jack 500 Grewal, Inderpal 77, 79, 80–1, 82 Grillo, Beppe 590, 595 group-differentiated citizenship (GDC) 401–3 Groves, Bert 571, 578n6 Guatemala 268, 269 Guattari, Felix 26, 377 Guild, Elspeth 14, 19, 418–26 Guillaume, Xavier 14, 16, 150–8 Guinea 163 Guinea-Bissau 169, 173 Gulf region 210, 211, 214n25, 307, 312 Guo, Zhonghua 13, 366–75 guomin 367–8, 369, 370–1, 372–4 Gutierrez, David G 317 Guyana 285, 287 gypsies 449, 477, 480; see also Roma Habermas, Jurgen 134, 140, 290, 438 habits of survival 135 Hadjimichalis, Costis 441 Hager, Sandy Brian 439–40 607 Index Hague Congress (1948) 410 Haiti 285 Hallstein, Walter 410, 415 Hamaguchi, Kaneko 386n17 Hamilton, Peter 558 Hanafi, Sari 308 Hansen, Peo 439–40 Hansen, Randall 144 Hardt, Michael 505 Harper, Stephen 277, 282 Harrington, Jack 12–20 Harris, Stewart 576 Hartman, Saidiya 285 Hasluck, Paul 569 Hassim, Shireen 242, 244, 247 Hawaii 558 Hayek, Freiedrich A 596 Heater, Derek 140, 143 hegemony 56, 134; sexual citizenship 101, 106; Western 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84 Held, David 49 Helman, Sara 472 Henkin, Louis 592 Henry, Paget 290 Hepworth, Kate 13, 14, 17, 19, 110–18 Herbst, Jeffrey 163 Herskovits, Melville J 508–9 Herzfeld, Michael 91 heterosexism 96, 104 heterosexuality 99, 107n10, 288, 290 Higuchi, Naoto 381 Hindus 17, 392, 398, 399, 402, 590 Hirschmann, Ursula 410 historiography of citizenship 139–49 Hoang, Kimberly K 83 Hobbes, Thomas 143, 265 Hobsbawm, Eric 23 Hofmeyr, Isabel 318 Hokowhitu, Brendan 558 Holder, Cindy 558 Holston, James 88, 136, 145, 257–8, 389 homeland 524, 525 homophobia 99, 102, 247, 248, 290–1 homosexuality 96–8, 99–100, 103, 107n9; Caribbean 286–7, 288, 290–1; conscientious objection in Turkey 473; same-sex marriage 97, 101–3, 246, 584, 589, 591; South Africa 246–7; Tea Party opposition to 591; see also gay people Hong Kong 587 Horner, Jack 570 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix 164 Howard, John 562, 564, 577 Howell, Edwina 15, 19, 568–80 Hu Shi 370, 371 Hughes, Caroline 525 human rights 14, 31, 284, 455, 558; Africa 183; Arab Charter on 212; Bosnia and Herzegovina 608 17, 457, 461, 463; British imperial citizenship 498, 499; Canada 276, 278, 282, 301; conscientious objection in Turkey 467–8; deprivation of 64; diasporas 491; European Union 414, 418, 422; gender discrimination 209, 211; international law 455–6, 459, 592; Korea 361, 364; Latin America 255, 260, 270; legal pluralism 593; post-territorial citizenship 496; Roma 483, 484; sexual citizenship 100, 101, 106; South Africa 240; trainees and interns 383; Western orientation 84n2; see also rights Human Rights Watch 213n19, 312 humanitarian government 186, 187, 188–9, 190, 192, 193 humanity, common 121 Humphrey, John 278 Hun Sen 525–6 Hungarians 480, 482 Hungary 3, 416, 424, 425n8, 442; kin-state policies 490, 491; nationalism 493; Roma 482, 483; Status Law 494 Hunt, Ralph 574 Iacovino, Raffaele 279 Iceland 453n2 ICRC see International Committee of the Red Cross identity: Africa 161; Arab 311–13; biological citizenship 537; Bosnia and Herzegovina 463; British imperial 499–500, 504, 506n2; Central Asia 341; China 373; civic 318; collective 154, 156; critical citizenship studies 124; diasporas 342n5; ethnic 17, 463, 512; European Union 414, 423, 424, 439, 446, 448; India 401–3, 404; indigenous 538, 545; Maghreb countries 230, 231, 233, 234; migrant deaths 66–7; mobile encounters 219; multiple identities 16, 133; Palestinians 319, 320, 321, 322; patrilineal branding of 207; political 120, 121–2, 125–6; post-territorial citizenship 492; refugees 190; religious 175; Roma 478, 482, 483; sexual 103, 105, 108n17; South Africa 219; transnational networks 41; urban Africa 218–19; see also national identity identity politics 28, 108n16, 161, 391–2 ideological assemblages 26 ideology 56, 526 Ilcan, Suzan 19, 186–95 illegal immigrants 13, 42, 110–11, 377, 378, 593–4; European Union 442; India 397; Italy 114; Japan 379–80; transgressive citizenship 13–14; see also ‘irregularity’ immigrants: Africa 179; Canada 276, 281, 282; ‘documentary citizenship’ 146; France 155; Japan 376–82; Maghreb countries 238; noncitizens 64; Quebec 279; South Africa 240, 247; struggles of 59; United States 142;Venezuelan Index immigrants in Barcelona 508–21; see also migrants; refugees immigration: Africa 167; Canada 274, 276, 280; European Union 441; Great Britain 144, 503–4, 505; Italian politics 110; Japan 376–82; regimes of citizenship 156; Russia 339; sexual citizenship 100; United States 91, 585 imperialism 59, 79, 284; British imperial citizenship 498–507; cultural 99, 104, 105, 106, 401–2; US 77–8, 80; see also colonialism inclusion 13, 122, 296; biological citizenship 537; critical citizenship studies 124; differential 113; European Union 18, 440, 441, 442; global sex workers 83; irregular migrants 122, 123; Latin America 258, 267; liminal spaces 82; noncitizens 299; post-territorial citizenship 492–3; Roma 484; sexual citizenship 101; urban Africa 219–20, 222 India 3, 15, 17, 319, 397–405, 584; American way of life 80; British imperial citizenship 500, 501, 503; cities 366, 388–96; citizenship as identity 401–3; citizenship as legal status 397–9; citizenship as rights 399–401; ethnoreligious tensions 590; illegal immigration 593; nationalists 501; postcolonial 145; rise of 7; voting 93 indigeneity: Africa 166, 167, 170, 545–7, 548, 551, 552–3, 554–5; Australia 557–67 indigenous peoples 9, 15–16, 17, 284, 401; Africa 545–56; Australia 557–67, 568–80; Canada 16, 274, 275, 278, 281–2, 535–44; Latin America 254–61, 265, 268, 272; Maya 52; North America 274; resource extraction 268; struggles of 59 Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) 548, 550 indignados 26, 57 individualism 308, 309; China 368, 369–72, 373; EU citizenship 430; liberal 140; neoliberalism 558, 596; ‘race bind’ 565; United States 585 Indonesia 53 inequalities 4, 53–4, 77, 400; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 557, 564, 565; decolonization of global citizenship 80; European Union 434, 439, 440; gender 18, 19; India 389, 393, 404; Latin America 253; Roma 481, 484; social rights 132; Sudan 202, 203; tribes 197–8; urban Africa 219; women 393 informal citizenship 75, 297, 310 insider/outsider dichotomy 13, 39, 42, 123, 152; Africa 161, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, 226; refugees 379 institutions 14, 63, 152–3; Africa 161, 162; cultural scripts 81; European Union 427, 431; formal political 170; global citizenship 75; regimes of citizenship 151 insurgent citizenship 43, 136, 145, 257 integration 17, 42, 153; Australian Aboriginal people 571, 578n6; European Union 414, 416, 427, 450; France 150, 155; undocumented migrants 296 interculturalism 279 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 67, 186–7, 307 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 422 international law 420, 455–6, 458, 459–60, 461, 463, 592 International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWIGA) 547, 550 Internet 309, 310; see also social media interns 382–4, 385n16 intimate foreigners 113–15 intimate strangers 217, 223, 225, 226 IPACC see Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee Iran 19, 344–54, 380 Iraq 15, 77, 186, 209, 210, 214n25, 323 Irazábal, Clara 258 Ireland 411, 414, 421, 424, 448, 453n2 ‘irregularity’ 111, 113, 116, 122–4, 192, 377; see also illegal immigrants; undocumented workers Ishikawa, Noburu 523–4, 525 Isin, Engin F 1–11, 100, 120, 124–5, 139, 154, 389, 478; active citizenship 30, 88–9; acts of citizenship 64, 92, 94n5, 153, 191, 259, 261n1, 298, 345, 470, 517; alterity 121–2, 125; becoming political 28–9, 33, 112; citizens without frontiers 70; citizens without nations 418; critical citizenship studies 385n2; events 32; global citizenship 49; globalization 321; making of citizens 317, 318; Occident 326; orientalism 314, 325, 327, 333; Others 63; political subjects 378, 380; rights 31; social citizenship 132 Islam 13, 589–90; Central Asia 336, 337; conscientious objection in Turkey 467; Covenant on the Rights of the Child 211; Iran 349–52; Maghreb countries 231, 234; Middle East 313, 328; orientalism 325, 326, 327, 328; South Sudan 202; see also Muslims Islamophobia 96–7, 104, 105 Israel 3, 23, 29, 30, 32–4, 321–2, 588, 594 Italy 110, 111, 231, 595; border controls 425n8; EU citizenship 410, 411, 412, 414, 420, 424; expulsion of Romanian Roma from 115–16, 422, 480; intimate foreigners 114; migrant deaths 65, 66; Movimento Federalista Europeo 410; populist politics 590 IWIGA see International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Jackson, Robert H 163 Jacobs, Meg 143 Jaffe, Rivke 256 Jalili, Saeed 352 Jamaica 41, 256, 285, 287, 501, 502–3 Jameson, Fredric 50, 55–6, 57, 59, 60n4 609 Index Japan 145, 376–87, 595; colonial rule in Korea 356–7, 363; demographic changes 587; employment issues 590; Meiji Restoration 367, 593; right-wing protests 590; sexual experimentation in 591; tsunami crisis 593 Jayal, Niraja Gopal 397–405 Jayyusi, May 25 Jellema, Kate 522, 524 Jensen, Jane 280 Jews: France 141; Great Britain 500; Israel 29, 33, 588; Lemba links with 554; Maghreb countries 180, 231, 233; Palestine 318–19, 320; Sejdic and Finci v Bosnia-Herzegovina 456 Johnson, Paul C 510, 520n11 Jones, Peter 314 Jordan 205, 207, 214n25, 307, 312 Joseph, Isaac - 90 Joseph, Suad 206 Judt, Tony 594 jus sanguinis 143, 152, 213n5; Africa 165, 176–7, 183n8; gender discrimination 207–8, 209, 213n10, 233, 234; India 17, 398, 399; Mauritania 237; Palestinians 322, 323 jus soli 143, 152, 213n5; Africa 174, 175, 176–7, 179, 183n8, 183n9; Canada 276; India 17, 397–8; Mauritania 232, 237; Morocco 231, 232, 238n4 justice 350 Kacarska, Simonida 479 Kajita, T 381, 385n13 Kang Youwei 367 Karatani, Rieko 143, 144 Kashani-Sabet, F 347 Kattan,Victor 323 Kaunda, Kenneth 165, 181 Kazakhstan 335–6, 339, 342n11 Kelsen, Hans 593 Kenya 167, 168, 177, 181; colonialism 183n3; dual citizenship 179; expulsion of migrants from 163; indigenous rights 548; IWIGA 550; kombis 220; refugee camps 188 Kerber, Linda 142, 143 Kernerman, Gerald 278 Kerrigan, Dylan 287 Keynes, John Maynard 585 Khagram, Sanjeev 510 Khalil, Asem 323 Khama, Seretse 551 Khatami, Sayyid Mohammad 351 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 344, 350 Kim Dae Jung 359, 364n4 Kim Young Sam 359 King, Desmond 142 King, Martin Luther 10 kin-state policies 489, 490–1, 492, 494–5 Kiwan, Dina 19, 307–16 610 Klein, Alice 535 Knafo,Vicki 29 Kohl, Helmut 414 kombis 220–2, 223–4, 225, 226 Korea 15, 355–65, 381, 385n9, 587 Kosovo 186 Kostakopoulou, Dora 18, 20, 427–36 Kovats, Martin 484 Kristeva, Julia 542n6 Kurds 68, 379, 471, 472 Kuwait 207, 208, 214n25, 214n27, 312, 589 Kwon, Heonik 523, 527, 528, 529 Kymlicka, Will 140, 278, 279, 280 Kyrgyzstan 335–8, 340–1, 342n4, 342n6, 342n8, 342n11, 342n12 Labelle, Micheline 279 Laborde, Cécile 327 labour 39–40, 43–5, 590; Africa 163–4, 170; Canada 276; changes in work patterns 591; equal treatment in the EU 430, 447; Korea 361; South Africa 243; training and internships 382–4 Lacey, Tom 570 Lake, Marilyn 578n4 land reform 268–70 land rights 568, 571–4, 576, 577, 578n7, 578n10 Landolt, Patricia 298–9 Langdridge, Darren 101 Langton, Marcia 563 language: Arabization policies 238n14; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 563; Canada 278; Central Asia 337, 341n1; Mauritania 237, 238n16; Sudan 197; transatlantic slave trade 40 Latin America: ecological citizenship in 265–73; homosexuality 97, 99; Palestinians in 321; transformations in citizenship 253–64; see also South America Latour, Bruno 221 Latta, Alex 13, 17, 18, 265–73 Latvia 416, 442, 490 law 14, 27, 130; Africa 172, 173–4, 175–7, 179–81, 182; Australia 559–60, 562–3, 565, 569, 577; Canada 275–6, 542n5; conscientious objection in Turkey 467, 470; deportation of Roma from Italy 116; DREAM Act 300; due process protections 180–1; France 156; gender discrimination in North Africa 205–16; Great Britain 143, 502, 503, 504, 505; homosexuality 286–7, 288; India 398, 400; international 420, 455–6, 458, 459–60, 461, 463, 592; Iran 349; Israel 321–2; Japan 376–7, 381, 385n10; kin-state policies 490–1, 494, 495; Korea 358, 364n6; Latin America 257; legal pluralism 593; Maghreb countries 233, 234–5, 237; migrant deaths 66–7; North Africa 205–16, Index 230, 231–2; Palestine 322; Pass Laws in South Africa 243; Sudan 196, 198–9, 200, 203–4; Zimbabwe 165; see also jus sanguinis; jus soli; legal cases Lazar, Sian 257, 260 Lebanon: education 310; gender discrimination 207, 208, 211, 212, 213n4, 214n31; law reforms 210, 214n26, 323; Levant region 214n25; refugees in 307, 313 Lee, Charles T 13, 14, 15, 19, 75–85 Lee Myong Bak 362 Lefebvre, Henry 32, 389 the Left 4, 6, 28 Lega Nord 110 legal cases 177–8, 231; Bosnia and Herzegovina 455, 456, 458, 460–1, 463; conscientious objection in Turkey 467, 469–70; European Union 421, 423, 424–5, 425n5, 428, 433 legal citizenship 3, 5, 202, 317; Canada 274, 275–6; India 397–9 legal pluralism 593 Lemba 554 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) 96–8, 102, 103, 106, 108n17; Caribbean 285, 287, 290–1; South Africa 241, 246–7; see also gay people; homosexuality lesbians 10, 96–8, 143; Caribbean 285; gender script 81–2; Latin America 255; same-sex marriage 589; South Africa 246–7 Leshkowich, Anne-Marie 526 Lesotho 177, 183n9 Levant region 210, 211, 214n25, 317, 318, 319, 320–1, 323 Levinas, Emanuel 59 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 469, 509 Levitt, Peggy 510 Levy, Gal 16, 19, 23–37 LGBT see Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Li Yimin 371 Liang Qichao 367–8, 369, 371 liberal democracy 7–8, 24, 76, 132; Iran 344, 345; Japan 357; Korea 358, 363; Palestine 320; sexual citizenship 100, 106; South Africa 241–2; transitology 308; Western hegemony 81 liberal empire 77–8, 79 liberal individualism 140 liberal pluralism 108n16 liberalism 129–30, 309; active liberal citizenship 452; Canada 278–9; global liberal order 152–3; historiography of citizenship 146; Korea 355–6; sexual citizenship 104–5, 106, 107; United States 142, 585;Vietnam 526 liberalization 164, 267, 268, 390, 399 Liberia 179, 181 Libya 232, 233, 309; Berbers 234, 236–7; denationalization 181; economic situation in 312; gender discrimination 207, 212n1, 234, 235; Islam 313; Italian colonialism 231; law reforms 209, 230, 234–5; refugees 190; religious discrimination 180; residency requirement 238n9; uprising in 7, 307, 312; women in politics 312; youth in 311 life script 82 liminality 296, 297–8 Linebaugh, Peter 40 Linklater, Andrew 75, 491 Lippmann, Walter 142 Lipset, Seymour M 585 Lister, Ruth 128 Lithuania 416, 442, 490 local communities 450–1, 452 Locke, John 143, 265 Lockwood, David 132 Logan, Carolyn 170 Long-Term Residents 376, 377, 381–2 Lonsdale, John 168 ‘lowly’ people 54–5, 56, 75 loyalty 168, 175, 281; homeland 525; Korea 356, 357, 363; national 446, 449, 452; oaths of 525 Lu Xun 371 Lucassen, Jan 472 Lucassen, Leo 480 Lugones, Maria 99 Lury, Celia 112 Luxembourg 411, 412, 413, 414 Lyons, Joseph 560 Maalouf, Amin 461 Maas, Willem 17, 409–17 Maasai 548–9, 553 Maastricht Treaty (TEU, 1992) 276–7, 409, 413, 414–15, 419, 428, 431–2, 437, 447 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 500 Macedonia 479, 490–1, 493, 494, 495 Machel, Samora 243 Macmillan, Harold 410 Madariaga, Salvador de 410 Maduro, Nicolás 514 Maghreb 197, 230–9; see also North Africa Mahila Milan 393 Mahmood, Saba 108n19, 325 Malawi 179, 182 Malaysia 593 Mali 180, 181, 232, 234, 587 Mallon, Florencia 255 Malta 416 Malthus, Thomas 584 Maluku Islands 590 Mamdani, Mahmood 163, 167, 170 Manby, Bronwen 14–15, 19, 166, 172–85, 197, 198, 202 Mandela, Nelson 505 Mansell, Michael 579n13 Mao Zedong 371–2 611 Index marginalization 151, 191, 193, 401–2; Africa 555; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 557; indigenous peoples 546, 547; Roma 477, 480, 481–2, 484; Sudan 202 María Lionza 514–16, 518, 519n3, 519n5 Mariot, Nicolas 87, 88, 94n5 Markell, Patchen 106 market citizenship 428, 430, 594 markets 131, 132, 256, 586, 596 Markus, Andrew 561 marriage 591; Africa 178, 184n11; growth in international marriages 588–9; Iran 349; Korea 361–2; Maghreb countries 233, 235; MENA region 206; registration of 594; see also same-sex marriage Marshall, T H 5, 16, 27, 140–1, 146n2, 153, 274–5, 277, 280–1, 286, 400, 433, 539, 558, 584–5, 591 Marshall-Fratani, Ruth 164–5 Martignoni, Martina 17, 19, 38–48 Marx, Karl 44, 129, 133, 584 Marxism 372, 374 Marzouki, Moncef 236 masculinity 290, 588 Massad, Joseph 99 Mattel Corporation 80–1 Mauritania 230–1, 232, 233; Arabization 237; dual citizenship 235–6; gender discrimination 207, 234, 235; law reforms 230, 237, 238n9; residency requirement 238n9 Maya 52 Maynard, Fred 570 Maza, Bob 571, 576 Mbeki, Thabo 246 McAllister, Patrick 524 McCauley, Patrick 564 McCormack, Matthew 144 McGregor, Russell 569 McGuinness, Bruce 571, 576, 578n7 McMahon, William 572, 573 McNevin, Anne 122–3, 191, 192, 298, 378 media 209, 595 Meir, Golda 33 Meltzer, Judy 14, 253–64 MENA see Middle East and North Africa Mendes, Chico 271 Mendlovitz, Saul 120 Mercosur 17, 409 methodologies 12–14 Mexico: conditional cash transfer programmes 256; Mexican nationals in the US 420; migrants 51; NAFTA 17, 277, 409; nationalism 255; natural resources 267; transatlantic slave trade 41; US border with 42, 594; Zapatistas 51–2, 259, 265, 266–7 Mezzadra, Sandro 42, 112, 124 microcredit programmes 257 Middle Ages 44, 326 612 middle classes 27–8, 30; Africa 167; colonial subjects 499, 500–1, 502; India 80, 390, 393; Israel 29, 32, 33; Korea 359, 360; Middle East 311, 312; South Africa 219 Middle East 15, 51, 57, 77, 205–16, 307–16, 328; see also Arab Spring; North Africa Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 205–16, 312 Mignolo, Walter 261 migrants 18–19, 38–48, 55, 139, 284, 510–11; Africa 163–4, 167, 168, 170, 172, 179, 219, 221, 222; anti-migration protests 590; border controls 62; Cameroon 552–3; Canada 276; Central Asia 335, 336, 338–41, 342n12; death of 62, 63, 64, 65–70; deportation of 193; European Union 415, 416, 446, 447, 448–50, 452, 453n5; France 155, 156; India 397, 398, 399; indigenous peoples 546; informal citizenship 75; ‘intimate foreigners’ 113–15; ‘irregularity’ 111, 122–4, 192; Korea 361, 362, 363–4, 364n8; labour 43–5; non-citizens 295–303; ‘paper citizenship’ 594; ‘place-shaping’ activities 451; Roma 479–81; South Sudan 203; Sudan 198; Tea Party opposition to 591; transversality 51;Vietnam 529; Western liberal citizenship 76; women 589; Zimbabwe 165–6; see also diasporas; immigrants; mobility; refugees Mijovic, Ljiljana 461 military service see conscription Mill, John Stuart 129, 143, 584 minorities 16, 401, 451; Africa 162, 167, 168–9; Cameroon 552; Canada 279, 281–2; Central Asia 337; Roma 482–3, 484; United States 585 Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 350 missing persons 67, 70 Mitterand, Franỗois 410, 414 Moaddel, M 312 Moallem, Minoo 79 mobility 38–48, 125; barriers to 5; boundaries 377; European citizenship 440; free movement in the EU 410–11, 413–16, 419–20, 428–30, 433–4, 439, 441–2, 447, 449; refugee camps 187–8; rights 18; Roma 479–81; slave trade 40–1; urban Africa 217, 218, 219–25, 226; see also migrants modernity 4, 103, 152, 372; European capitalist 81, 82; Indian cities 390; indigenous people in Latin America 258, 259–60; regimes of citizenship 151; ‘translated’ 373, 374–5; Western 326 Mohanty, Chandra Talpade 77, 78, 79 Moldova 490–1 monarchy 143, 499, 500 Mongolia 361 Montenegro 479 Moon, Seungsook 19, 355–65 Moore, Barrington 134 Moore, Jason 266 Morales, Evo 257 Moreton-Robinson, Aileen 579n13 Index Morocco: Berbers 236–7; colonialism 173, 230–1; dual citizenship 232, 236; economic situation in 312; gender discrimination 205, 210, 214n24, 234, 235; immigrants in 238; Islam 313; law reforms 209, 213n16, 230, 234–5, 238n4; protests in 307; relations with Algeria 233–4; religious discrimination 180; residency requirement 238n9 Morosanu, Laura 480 Morrison, Ian Anthony 13, 325–34 motherism 244–5 Mouffe, Chantal 34, 76–7 Mozambique 169, 173, 175, 179 Mubarak, Hosni 307, 312 Mugabe, Robert 166, 168 Mujkic, Asim 460 Mulderig, M Chloe 311 multiculturalism 106, 155, 493, 513, 590; Africa 549–50; Canada 274, 278, 279, 280; India 403; Korea 362 Murdoch, Lydia 144 Muslims 17, 96, 589–90; Algeria 173, 174, 175, 177; Asia 594; Canada 281; Egypt 589; France 150, 155, 156; India 392, 402, 590; Iran 344, 345–6, 347, 349–52; Israel 588; migrant deaths 68; Morocco 231, 232; North Africa 180, 182, 230, 233, 234; orientalism 325, 327; Tea Party opposition to 591; see also Islam Mutongi, Kenda 220 Myanmar (Burma) 327–8, 332, 380 NAFTA see North American Free Trade Agreement Najmabadi, Afsaneh 345, 346, 348 Namatjira, Albert 577n1 Namibia 183n7, 245; Osire Refugee Camp 186, 188–94; San Bushmen 548, 549–50 Naoroji, Dadabhai 501 narrative fiction 217–18, 222–5, 226 national identity 423, 452, 511; Central Asia 336, 337; France 154–5; Great Britain 499; Sudan 199–200; Turkey 468–9, 470; United States 142; see also identity national registration systems 199–200, 204, 593–4 national security 2, national social compromise of full-time employment 45 nationalism 56, 123, 512; Arab 321; colonial 502–3; critical citizenship studies 124; Eastern Europe 493; ethnic 361, 364n5, 459; homeland concept 525; India 80, 403; Korea 356, 361, 363; Latin America 255; long-distance 495, 526; Middle East 309; post-territorial citizenship 493–4; right-wing 489; undermining of 491–2; United States 142;Venezuelan 514–15;Vietnam 527 nationality 120, 318, 455; Africa 173, 174–5, 176–7, 178–80, 181, 183; Arab world 311; Bosnia and Herzegovina 460; British 144, 503; Central Asia 336, 337; China 372; common 121; European Union 441, 443; feminist perspectives 284; gender discrimination 178, 205–16; Korea 364n6, 364n7; Maghreb countries 232; Palestinians 318, 319, 320, 321, 322–3; South Sudan 202; Sudan 196, 198–9, 200, 204; Vietnam 522; see also citizenship nation-building 16, 525, 593; Africa 172, 551; Cameroon 552; Central Asia 337; China 372, 373, 374; Latin America 253;Vietnam 523 nationhood 17, 50–1, 152 natural disasters 592–3 natural resources 266, 267–8, 269 naturalization 155, 174, 175; Algeria 177; Central Asia 336, 339–40, 341, 342n6; Congo 179–80; due process protections 181; Maghreb countries 233, 235; Sudan 198–9, 203 Nedelsky, Jennifer 133 needs 129, 130, 131, 132, 133–4, 136 negotiation 128, 130, 131, 133–5, 136 Negri, Antonio 505 Neilson, Brett 42, 112 neocolonialism 54, 83, 104, 291 neoliberalism 5, 30–1, 34, 594, 596; academic citizenship 78; Arab Spring 24; Caribbean 291; decolonization of global citizenship 80, 81; depoliticization of citizenship 26; diasporas 494; erosion of social-democratic norms 12; European Union 440; India 393, 394, 400; Latin America 256, 257; Mexico 52; neoliberal constitution of the self 33; non-citizens 298; politics of recognition 108n16; race bind 558–9; resistance to 28; US liberal empire 77;Vietnam 526 Netherlands 410, 411, 412, 414, 421, 424, 433 networks: political movements 59; transnational 41, 69, 550–1; transversal 52 Neveu, Catherine 14, 86–95, 222 New Cultural Movement 369–70 New Public Management 401 New Right doctrines 596 New Social Movements (NSMs) 24, 27–8, 34, 81, 154 New Zealand 503, 558, 591 Newfong, John 574 Newfoundland 503 Newman, Janet 87, 93n5, 94n6 Ngai, Mae 142 NGOs see non-governmental organizations Ní Mhurchú, Aoileann 13, 14, 17, 119–27 Nicol, Andrew 144 Nielsen, Greg M 28, 64, 88, 259, 261n1, 385n2, 517 Niger 181, 234, 550 Nigeria 163, 179, 180 Nkiwane, Tandeka 166 Nkoli, Simon 246 613 Index No One Is Illegal (NOII) movement 300–1 NOII see No One Is Illegal movement nomadism 110, 113, 115–16 non-citizens 4, 64, 111–12, 117, 121, 152, 295–303, 380; Canada 280; Central Asia 339; definition of 295; European Union 420; Palestine 319; regimes of citizenship 151;Vietnam 529 non-discrimination 276, 430, 433, 439, 443 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 28, 271, 393; indigenous rights 545–6, 548, 549, 550; refugees 188, 189 non-racialism 240, 241–2, 246, 247 Non-Resident Indian (NRI) 80 non-sexism 240, 241, 242 Noonuccal, Oodjeroo 570, 571, 577 norms 107n12 North Africa 15, 46n1, 57, 182, 205–16; citizenship struggles in 230–9; French colonialism 173; gender equality 176; nationality legislation in 205–16; religious discrimination 180; see also Maghreb; Middle East North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 2, 17, 267, 277, 409 North Korea 357, 361, 362 Norway 3, 453n2, 590 NRI see Non-Resident Indian NSMs see New Social Movements Nubians 167, 168, 177 Nyamnjoh, Francis B 13, 15, 17, 217–29 Nyers, Peter 1–11, 115, 191, 193, 301, 378, 380, 418 OAS see Organization of African States Obama, Barack 300, 591 Occidentalism 314, 325, 326 Occupy Movement 23, 25, 32, 51, 57, 59 O’Donnell, Guillermo 169 OIC see Organization of Islamic Cooperation Oldfield, Adrian 140 Oman 207, 214n25 Ong, Aihwa 516, 522, 528 Oranto 65 ordinariness 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 91, 92–3 Organization of African States (OAS) 172, 182 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 211 orientalism 7–8, 13, 14, 59, 104, 313, 314, 325–34, 372 Osire Refugee Camp 186, 188–94 the other 17, 42, 122, 325–6, 450, 452 Ottoman Empire 145, 206, 317, 318, 319, 366, 469, 493 Ouattara, Alassane 181 Overney, - 91, 92 Oxfam 186–7 Paidar, Parvin 347 Pakistan 3, 17, 398, 402; British imperial citizenship 503; illegal immigration 593; women 392, 393 614 Palach, Jan 25 Palestine 317–24 Palestinians 209, 210, 233, 234, 313, 317–24, 588 Papadopoulos, Dimitris 17, 19, 38–48 paper citizenship 594 Paraguay 266, 594 Parisi, Luciana 112 Park Chung Hee 358–9, 364n4 Parker, Owen 443 Parkipuny, Moringe ole 548 Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar 114 Parsons, Talcott 585–6 participation 2, 92–3, 134, 140, 431–2, 434; see also active citizenship particularism 120, 122, 124, 314, 463 Pass Laws (South Africa) 243 passive citizenship passports 182, 204, 322, 337 patriarchy 206, 288, 289, 350, 361–2, 388 peasants 43–4, 266, 269–70, 284, 355 pedagogical state 311, 313 Perera, Suvendrini 110 performance 2, 3–4, 5, 13, 64, 285–8, 289 performativity 5, 10, 286–8 Perkins, Charles 561 Perrin, Delphine 16–17, 19, 230–9 Peru 254–5, 258, 266, 267, 270 Petryna, Adriana 537, 541 Peutz, Nathalie 193 Pfizer 554 Philippines 361, 380, 528 Pickus, Noah 140, 142 Pieterse, Edgar 217 Pitkin, Hannah 151 Pittock, Barrie 571 place 535, 537, 538, 539, 541 Plain, David 539 pluralization 154 plurinationality 259 Pocock, John G A 27, 140, 468 Poland 3, 416, 420, 442; EU citizenship 424; kin-state policies 491, 495; legal cases 433 polis 583 political rights 2–3; American minorities 586; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 560, 561; Bosnia and Herzegovina 459; British imperial citizenship 500, 502; Canada 280; cultural politics 511; European Union 414, 431–2, 433, 434, 447–8, 450; India 399, 400; Korea 357, 358, 359, 360, 363; Latin America 253, 254, 260; Marshall on 5, 16, 140, 277, 558; Marx on 584; migrants 43, 192; Palestine 320, 321, 323; see also voting political subjectivity 5, 6, 10, 13, 63; enactment of 191; European Union 441, 444; Latin America 265; non-citizens 111–12; orientalism 326, 328, 332; protests 25, 33; reflexive individualism Index 308; sexual citizenship 13; topological approach 112–13, 116–17; see also subjectivity political subjects 1–2, 4, 6, 8, 64–5; active citizenship 89; categorization by the state 377–8; emerging 380; migrants 67; non-citizens 296, 298; topological approach 112–13, 117; transgressive citizenship 70 politics 39, 46, 53, 63, 309; active citizenship 86, 87, 88; Africa 161, 162, 164–5, 167; Australia 563–5, 576; Buddhism 330–2; of categories 378; Central Asia 340–1; cities 389, 391, 394; cultural scripts 81; culturalization of 103–4; of demand 133, 136; environmental 266; European Union 438, 443–4; France 156; India 399–400; Iran 348, 351; Israel 32, 33–4, 35n7; Italy 110; Latin America 257; migrant deaths 67–8, 69, 70; of needs 133–4; North Africa 210–11; ordinariness 89–90, 92; populist 590; of recognition 101–3, 106, 108n16, 134; refugees 190; regimes of citizenship 151, 154; sexual 98–9, 101–3, 105, 106–7, 108n16, 288; ‘small’ 92; social citizenship 133; South Africa 241; state sovereignty 120; Third Way 29, 31, 595; transgressive citizenship 69–70; see also democracy; elections; voting polities 1, 2, 4, 8–9 Popper, Karl 596 populist politics 590 Portugal 173–4, 175, 176; employment rights 415; EU citizenship 411, 412, 414, 420 positive discrimination 402, 403 postcolonialism 14–15, 152, 284, 314; Africa 162, 163, 167–8, 546–7, 551, 554, 555; France 150; historiography of citizenship 145; Latin America 265, 267; regimes of citizenship 151, 154 post-development theorists 133 Postero, Nancy G 257 postmodern revolution 51–2 postmodernity 55–6, 58, 59 postmodernization postnational citizenship 484 post-territorial citizenship 489, 490, 492–6 poverty: European Union 434, 435n22; global 77; India 393, 399, 403, 404; Latin America 253, 256, 260; Roma 481, 484; Tajikistan 340 Povinelli, Elizabeth 287 power: Africa 162; autonomy of migration approach 38; Butler on 107n12; Canada 274; capitalist 9; conviviality 226; decolonization of global citizenship 79, 80, 83; disciplinary 44, 286; European Union 440; Foucault on 102; governmentality 538–9; ordinary people 90; sexual citizenship 101; urban Africa 219–20; zone of indistinction 52–3 practices 122, 153, 317, 539; active citizenship 88; citizenship as practice 451–2; indigenous 546; non-citizens 299; ordinary 90, 91, 92–3; regimes of citizenship 151, 154; sexual citizenship 100 pragmatism 94n12 Prague 25 Price, Ricard 41 privatization 32, 78–9, 267, 589, 595, 596 Progressive Era 142, 143 property 540 protests 18, 19, 23–37, 46n3, 123–4; anti-migration 590; Buddhist countries 327–8, 332; Central Asia 340; European Union 440; indigenous peoples 536; Japan 378, 379–80, 384, 385n5; Korea 356–7, 359, 361, 363; Latin America 255, 258; non-citizens 299–301; refugees 190, 192–3; right-wing 590; see also activism; resistance; social struggles public spaces 258 Pullano, Teresa 13, 14, 16, 18, 437–45 Purcell, Mark 34 Pussy Riot 96, 100 Putin,Vladimir 340 Pykett, Jessica 311, 313 Qatar 207, 214n25, 312 Qing Dynasty 367–9, 370, 372, 373, 374–5 Quebec 2, 278, 279–80, 281 queer theory 291 Rabinow, Paul 536 race 14, 120, 124; Africa 161, 167; Australia 557; Barbie doll 80; bodies 289–90; British imperial citizenship 501, 504, 505; compared with ethnicity 511–12; EU migrants in the UK 449; feminist perspectives 284, 285, 289; globalization 360; hierarchies 54, 226, 551; India 397; Latin America 254; ‘lowly’ people 54; migrants 51, 511; performativity 286, 287, 288; postmodern condition 55–6; power relations 440; sex workers 82–3; sexual citizenship 290–1; South Africa 241, 242, 244, 245; transatlantic slave trade 40; United States 585; see also ethnicity; racialization; racism race bind 557, 558–9, 562–3, 564, 565 racial discrimination 179–80, 193 racialization 81, 105, 291; Africa 161, 168; Canada 274, 281, 282; feminist perspectives 289; Roma 480; sex workers 82–3 racism: academic citizenship 78; Africa 175; Australia 561, 562, 563, 564, 578n5; Maghreb countries 238; Roma 477; South Africa 247; Sudan 199, 201; Tea Party 591; United States 586; see also xenophobia Ragazzi, Francesco 17, 489–97 Rancière, Jacques 63–4, 67, 259 Rasmussen, C 28 Rawls, John 140 Razack, Sherene 543n11 Reagan, Ronald 585, 594 recognition, politics of 101–3, 106, 108n16, 134 REDD see Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Rediker, Marcus 40 615 Index Reding,Viviane 443, 481 Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) 261, 271 Reed, Charles V 498–507 Reeves, Madaleine 335 reflexive individualism 308 refugees 17, 186–95, 284, 295, 377; Africa 170; Arab world 313; India 398; informal citizenship 75; Japan 376, 379; Osire Refugee Camp 186, 188–94; Palestinians 321; sanctuary cities 9; Sudan 198; Syrian 307; Tanzania 183n9; Uganda 180;Vietnam 529; Western liberal citizenship 76; see also migrants regimes of citizenship 14, 150–8, 280, 284, 286, 301 registration systems 199–200, 204, 593–4 religion 54, 154, 156, 193; Africa 180; AfroAmerican cults 508–9, 515, 517, 519n2; Algeria 175; Arab world 311; diasporas 511, 515–16, 517, 518, 519, 520n11; France 150, 155; India 391, 392, 397; Iran 344, 345–6, 347, 351; migrants 51, 511; orientalism 327; postmodern condition 55–6; power relations 440; religious freedom 108n19; transatlantic slave trade 40, 41; United States 585;Vietnam 526–7; see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Jews remittances 528 representation, politics of 134 republican citizenship 452 resettlement 390–1, 393 residency 376, 381–2, 430, 433 resistance 14, 17, 24, 27–9, 64, 135, 496; to categories 377–80, 384–5; conscientious objection in Turkey 472, 473; decolonization of global citizenship 81, 84; Japan 377; migrants 76; state sovereignty 120; Western hegemony 82; see also activism; protests; social struggles responsibilities 75, 170, 451, 499 responsible citizenship revolutions 141 Reza Shah 348–9 Rhee Syngman 358 Rhodes, Cecil 501 Rich, Paul 501 the Right 4, 28, 31, 590, 596 rights 2–3, 4, 5, 13, 43, 64; active liberal citizenship 452; Africa 173, 183; Arab Spring 234; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 560, 561–2, 564, 565, 568, 572–3; Bosnia and Herzegovina 458; British imperial citizenship 499, 500–2, 504–5; Canada 275, 279, 280, 282; Central Asia 335, 339–40; China 370, 372, 374; citizenship as practice 451; colonialism 319–20; contributory 588, 589, 591; decolonization of global citizenship 83; definitions of citizenship 1, 140; democratic rights culture 80; differentiated 62; disaggregation of 16; environmental 591–2; 616 European Union 411, 414, 418–19, 421–5, 427–36, 446, 447–8, 450; formal political institutions 170; global citizenship 75; group rights 274, 275, 278; inclusion and exclusion 122; India 389, 390, 391, 399–401, 403; indigenous 257, 258–9, 545–8, 550–1, 553, 558, 565, 572–3; Iran 345, 347, 350–1; Japan 379; Korea 356, 363; Latin America 254–5; law reforms 209–10; Levinas on 59; liminal spaces 82; Maghreb countries 237–8; Marshall on 274–5, 277, 558; migrant deaths 67, 69, 70; Morocco 236; national social compromise of full-time employment 45; needs-rights nexus 129, 130, 131; non-citizens 295, 296, 301; ordinary acts 88; Palestine 319, 323; political subjects 64–5; post-territorial citizenship 496; refugees 186; right to have rights 14, 17, 31, 64, 66, 70, 100, 153, 300, 345; sanctuary cities 9; sex workers 83; sexual 2–3, 96–8, 99, 100, 101, 106; social construction of 128; social protest 24, 29–31, 33; social struggles 8, 10; South Africa 240, 241, 242, 247; Sudan 196, 202, 203–4; undocumented workers 19; universal 120, 509; women 19, 27, 63, 207, 211, 212, 234–5, 242–4, 350; see also civil rights; human rights; political rights; social rights Rigo, Enrica 42, 124, 125, 441–2 riots 443 rituals:Venezuelans in Barcelona 508, 512–13, 514–16, 517–18, 519n2;Vietnamese 524, 527, 529 Rivera Cusicanqui, S 257, 258–9 Rivetti, Paola 344 Roberts, Frank 576 Robinson, Colin 287, 290 Robinson, Tracy 288 Roh Moo Hyun 362 Roh Tae Woo 359 Rohani, Hasan 352 Rojas, Cristina 14, 253–64 Roma 19, 113, 115–16, 416, 442, 443, 456, 477–86 Roman Catholic Church 97, 100, 107n11 Romania 416, 420, 425n8, 442, 453n2; kin-state policies 490, 491, 495; nationalism 493 Romanians 116, 422–3, 443, 453n5, 480 Rome, ancient 14, 27, 134, 140, 468, 583 Roosevelt, Theodore 142 Rosberg, Carl G 163 Rose, Nikolas 31, 536, 537, 541 Rose, Sonya 144, 248 Ross, Darryl 277 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 265, 403 Roy, Ananya 391 Roy, Arundhati 23 Roy, Olivier 308, 336 Rudd, Kevin 577 Ruget,Vanessa 14, 17, 335–43 rural areas 168, 258, 268–70, 349 Index Rush, Anne Spry 498–507 Russia 145, 336, 338–9, 342n2, 361, 420; demographic changes 588; employment issues 590; kin-state policies 490, 491; rise of 7; Russian Revolution 357 Rwanda 169, 179, 181, 186, 188, 550 Rygiel, Kim 13–14, 17, 19, 62–72, 190, 191, 385n2 Sabsay, Leticia 13, 15, 96–109 SADC see Southern African Development Community Sadiq, Kamal 146, 398, 593, 594 Saeidi, Shirin 19, 344–54 Sagan, Eli 141 Saïd, Edward 13, 99, 308, 325, 326, 328, 372, 463 Said Pasha 469 salvation 329, 330 same-sex marriage 97, 101–3, 246, 584, 589, 591 San Bushmen 548–50, 551–2, 553, 555n1 sanctuary cities 9, 300 Sandoval, Chela 55 Sandri, Lionello Levi 410–11 sans-papiers movement 43, 123, 156, 378, 380 Sanyal, Romola 15, 17, 388–96 São Tomé and Príncipe 173, 179 Sarkozy, Nicolas 443, 480 Sassen, Saskia 26, 297 Saudi Arabia 207, 208, 211, 213n18, 214n25, 214n29, 594 Savio, Mario 10 Saward, Michael 439 Schaap, Andrew 15, 19, 568–80 Schama, Simon 141 Schengen Agreement (1985) 412, 448, 453n2, 479 Schopenhauer, Arthur 217, 225 Schrire, Robert 248 Schuman, Robert 410 Schwenkel, Christina 526 Sciortino, G 111 Scotland Scott, Craig 133 Scott, James 136, 472, 473, 525 secularism 151, 152, 309, 313, 332; France 150, 154; India 393; Turkey 471; United States 583 securitization 5, 187, 188, 277 Sejdic and Finci v Bosnia-Herzegovina (2009) 455, 456, 458, 460–1, 463 self-determination 124, 319, 459; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 561, 568, 571, 573, 574–5, 576, 577; transatlantic slave trade 40 Semaganis, Helen 275, 281 Senegal 174, 179, 183n4 Serbia 479, 491, 493 sex workers 82–3 sexism 45, 78, 104, 247 sexual citizenship 13, 96–109, 584, 589; Caribbean 285, 289–91; South Africa 241, 246–7 sexual violence 240, 247, 290, 388, 392, 393, 404 sexuality 284–5, 584, 589; bodies 289–90; performativity 286–7, 288; power relations 440; see also heterosexuality; homosexuality Seychelles 181 SFRY see Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Shachar, Ayelet 120 Shack/Slum Dwellers International 394 Shafir, Gershon 140 Shattle, Hans 49 Sheller, Mimi 16, 19, 284–94 Shinawatra, Thaksin 595 Shindo, Reiko 376–87 Shklar, Judith 585, 586 Sicily 65 Sierra Leone 163, 179 Sikhs 392 Silva, Enrique 270 Singapore 587–8, 590, 591 Single European Act (SEA, 1987) 411, 413 Sinti 115–16 Skinner, Quentin 140 slavery 40–1, 284, 288, 585, 586 Slovakia 416, 482, 490, 491, 495 Slovenia 416, 442, 490, 491, 495 slums 390–1, 393, 394, 481 Smith, Shirley 578n4 Smith-Carrier, Tracy 301 Snow, David A 482 Snowden, Edward 10 social citizenship 128–38, 140–1, 585; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 561; Canada 279, 280; European Union 432–4; India 400, 401; see also social rights social cohesion 413 social justice 18, 120, 134; climate change 272; decolonization of global citizenship 83; European Union 434; Latin America 266, 270; Tents Protest 32 social Keynesianism 585 social media 26–7, 33, 134, 209, 309, 310 social protest 23, 24, 29–34, 440; see also protests social rights 2–3, 18, 43, 128, 132–4; American minorities 586; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 560, 561; Canada 280; Central Asia 335; cultural politics 511; European Union 414, 415–16, 433, 434, 447, 450; global citizenship 77, 79; Great Britain 500, 502, 586; India 399, 400, 401; Korea 357, 360; Latin America 253, 260, 270; Marshall on 5, 16, 140–1, 277, 558; Marx on 584; needs-rights nexus 129, 131; Palestine 320; refugees 186; sanctuary cities 9; see also social citizenship social struggles 3, 4, 8–9, 10, 18–19, 56, 59; decolonization of global citizenship 83; European Union 439, 440; indigenous peoples 259–60; Maghreb 230–9; non-citizens 299–301; 617 Index refugees 190; Roma 482, 484–5; sites of 133; see also activism; protests; resistance social welfare: curbing of 594; European Union 415–16, 420–1, 433; Great Britain 449; India 400, 401; see also welfare state socialism 34, 357, 363, 400–1, 494, 528, 585 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) 455, 459, 460, 461 sociality 128, 129–30, 131, 132–3, 135, 136, 429, 430 Soguk, Nevzat 14, 18, 19, 49–61, 69 solidarity: European Union 416, 421, 423, 433, 434, 437; India 404; Parsons on 585–6;Vietnam 527–8 Somalia 163, 179, 180 Somers, Margaret 286, 287, 592 Soper, Kate 133 South Africa 15, 145, 161, 163–4, 167, 183n7, 503; British imperial citizenship 501–2, 505; children 177; colonialism 183n3; dual citizenship 179; due process protections 181; gendered citizenship 242–5; Lemba 554; San Bushmen 548, 549–50; social rights 399; struggles for citizenship 240–9; urban areas 219–22; white citizenship 245–6 South America 18, 145, 515; see also Latin America South Korea 15, 355–65, 381, 385n9, 587 South Sudan 179, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202–3 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 182 Southern Rhodesia 503 sovereignty 9, 119–21, 377, 464n16, 489, 593; autonomy of migration approach 38, 39, 40; Bosnia and Herzegovina 460; diasporas 491; financialization of 596; indigeneity and 551, 552; international law 455–6; Italian politics 110; popular 321; sexual citizenship 106; shared 2; territorial 15 Soviet Union, former 336–7, 342n5, 493 Soysal,Yasemin Nuhoølu 151, 152–3, 154 Spain: anti-abortion campaign 96; colonialism in Africa 230–1; economic collapse in 51; employment rights 415; EU citizenship 411, 412, 414, 420; gender discrimination 238n6; Network of Muslim Women 104; non-citizens 64; protests in 19, 23, 25, 26, 32;Venezuelan immigrants in Barcelona 508–21 spatiality 50, 57–8, 119, 120–1, 122, 125–6; European Union 125; non-citizens 297; regimes of citizenship 151; topological approach 112, 117 Spence, Theresa 15, 535, 536, 542n9 Spinelli, Altiero 410, 412 Squire,Vicki 111, 120, 121, 125 Sri Lanka 590 Staeheli, Lynn 90, 92, 93 stakeholder citizenship 495 Stasiulis, Daiva 277 618 state 1, 5, 8, 593; Africa 162, 164; categorization by the 377; China 144–5, 372, 374; guomin 368, 370; India 403; international law 459, 461; legitimacy 456, 528, 595; neoliberal 31, 34; relationship to the individual 443; social rights 133; sovereignty 119–21; state formation 12, 15; transpoliticization of the 57–8;Vietnamese diaspora 524; see also nation-building statelessness 321, 425n5, 456; Central Asia 337–8, 341; definition of 213n12; India 399; Kuwait 214n27; North Africa 205–6, 207–8, 212, 213n3, 213n14 statism 6, 55, 56, 59, 126; boundaries 377, 380, 385; China 369, 372, 373 status 151–2, 439, 451 Stepan, Nancy 289 Stierl, Maurice 301 Stoler, Ann 318 Stonewall 10 Streeck, W 28 students 413–14 subjectification 88–9 subjectivity 9, 55, 57, 126, 541; performativity 286; postmodern condition 56; sexual citizenship 104–5, 106–7; transpoliticization 58; see also political subjectivity subsidiarity 424 substantive citizenship 274, 275, 277–8, 281, 296, 298, 389 Sudan 179, 196–204 Summer, Lawrence 53–4 Sutherland, Claire 17, 522–31 Süver, ùnan 466 Suzuki, David 538 Swaziland 180, 181 Sweden 416, 448, 480 Swerts, Thomas 13, 14, 19, 295–303 Swistun, D A 270 Switzerland 453n2 Sykes, Roberta 574 syncretism 508–9, 510 Syria 190, 210, 309, 320; Arab League 214n33; gender discrimination 207, 208; Levant region 214n25; Ottoman 318; partition of 323; refugees from 186, 313; uprising in 7, 307, 312; women in politics 312; youth in 311 Szilassy, E 480 Tabatabai, Seyyed Mohammad 346 Taiwan 587 Tajikistan 335–41, 342n2, 342n12 Tamarkin, Noah 15, 545–56 Tanno, Kiyoto 381 Tanzania 162, 168, 177, 183n9; dual citizenship 179; indigenous rights 548; IWIGA 550; refugee camps 188 taxation 2, Index taxis 220–2, 223–4, 225 Taylor, Charles 278 Taylor, Lucy 89, 90, 261 Taylor, Philip 526 Tea Party 586, 590, 591 Tebbit, Norman 585 technology 134–5; Middle East 309; protest movements 25, 26–7; registration of refugees 189–90 temporality 6, 113, 117, 119, 120–1, 122, 125–6 Tents Protest 23, 29, 32–4 Terranova, Tiziana 112 territoriality 31, 49–51, 59, 491–2 territorialization 524, 539 TEU see Maastricht Treaty TFEU see Treaty on the Functioning of the EU Thailand 327–8, 332, 361, 590 Thatcher, Margaret 26, 413, 585, 594–5, 596 Third Way politics 29, 31, 595 Thomas, Deborah 505 Thompson, Elizabeth 319–20 Thornberry, Patrick 562 Thorp, Leila 450 Tibet 328 Tocqueville, Alexis de 142, 584, 586 Togo 181 Tohidi, Nayereh 349 Tomuschat, Christian 592 Tonkiens, E 87, 93n5, 94n6 Tonkiss, Katherine E 18, 19, 446–54 topological approach 13–14, 110, 112–13, 116–17 Torres Strait Islanders 557–65, 570 total fertility rates (TFRs) 587–8, 589 trade unions 31, 87, 384, 386n24 trainees 376, 382–4, 385n16 transgender people 96–8, 285; see also Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender transgressive citizenship 13–14, 63, 68–70 transitology 308 transnational citizenship 120, 446–7, 450–2, 547–51, 553 transnationalism 492, 510–11 transpoliticization 57–8 transport 217, 219, 220–2, 223–5, 226 transversality 51, 52, 70 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU, 2008) 428, 431, 433, 434, 450 tribes 197–8 Trinidad and Tobago 285, 286–7, 288, 290 Tully, James 23, 30, 34, 278, 538, 558 Tunisia: Amina Tyler controversy 96, 104; colonialism 173, 231; dual citizenship 235–6; economic situation in 312; education 310; gender discrimination 205, 208, 213n19, 234; immigrants in 238; Islam 313; jus soli 232; law reforms 209, 210, 213n16, 230, 234–5; migrant deaths 66; nationalism 309; refugees 190; residency requirement 238n9; uprising in 7, 24–5, 307, 312; women in politics 312 Turkey 7, 320, 593; border controls 62; conscientious objection 466–76; employment rights 415; EU accession 448–9; migrant deaths 65, 68–9; refugees 190 Turkmenistan 335–7, 342n2 Turner, Bryan S 16, 286, 321, 325, 378, 478, 558, 583–98 Turner,Victor W 513, 517 Twitto, Israel 29 Tyler, Amina 96–7, 104 UAE see United Arab Emirates Uganda 163, 168, 172, 179, 180, 190 Ukraine 96, 145, 490, 491, 537 Ülke, Osman Murat 467, 468 UN see United Nations UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 549, 552 UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) 546, 548, 549, 553 undocumented workers 19, 75, 113–15, 260, 295–303; see also illegal immigrants; irregularity UNDRIP see UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples unemployment 312 UNHCR see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Arab Emirates (UAE) 207, 208, 211, 213n18, 214n25, 312 United Kingdom see Great Britain United Nations (UN) 1, 153, 461–2; Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 181; environmental governance 271, 272; indigenous rights 546, 554; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 422; migrant deaths 66; transnational citizenship 547, 553 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 181, 187, 188, 189, 191–2, 193; gender discrimination 205, 206, 207, 214n20, 214n35; non-citizens 295 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRAA) 186–7 United States (US) 3, 10, 285, 585–6; American Revolution 141–2, 500, 583, 584; black power movement 19; borders 42, 594; citizenship education 310; employment issues 590; fertility rate 587; historiography of citizenship 139, 141–3, 145–6; indigenous peoples 558; invasion of Iraq 15; in Korea 357–8, 363; liberal empire 77–8; marches against immigration reform 43, 91, 123, 299–300; María Lionza cult 515; Mexican nationals 420; migrants 43, 45, 51, 55, 123–4; multiculturalism 493; NAFTA 17, 277, 409; 619 Index natural disasters 592; neoliberalism 80; noncitizens 295, 299–300; Occupy Movement 51, 57; policy revolution 595; Reaganomics 594; same-sex marriage 102–3, 591; sexual diversity 97–8; Tea Party 586, 590, 591; transatlantic slave trade 40–1; undocumented aliens 398; Vietnamese diaspora 522 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 207, 278, 455 universalism 76, 120, 122, 289, 401; critical citizenship studies 124; India 402; postcolonial critique 314; social democracy 136 UNPFII see UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues UNRAA see United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration urban areas: Africa 168–9, 217–29; India 388–96; Latin America 257–8, 270–1 urbanization 150, 154, 393, 394 Uruguay 524 utilitarianism 135, 371–2, 373 Uzbekistan 335–41, 361 vagabondage 43, 44 values 105 Van Waas, Laura 19, 205–16 Vanhoenacker, M 91 veil, wearing of the 150, 156, 348 Venezuela 41, 52, 266, 267, 268, 270 Venezuelans 19, 508–21 Vermeersch, Peter 477–86 Vertovec, S 510–11 Vienna 46n3 Vietnam 17, 83, 361, 522–31 vigilance 91–2, 93 violence 62, 65, 69; against Australian Aboriginal people 559, 575, 576; India 392; Latin America 260; lynchings 256; racial 504; sexual 240, 247, 290, 388, 392, 393, 404; xenophobic 161, 166, 248 Virilio, Paul 50, 54, 55, 57–8, 59, 60n6 visibility 90 voting 5; Africa 168–9; Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 560, 562, 563, 569; Cameroon 552–3; Central Asia 339–40, 342n8; EU citizenship 414–15, 419, 420, 431, 435n14, 447; France 93n2; India 93; Iran 346; kin-state policies 490–1; Korea 356, 358; Morocco 236; non-citizens 295; Palestinians 322; South Africa 240; see also elections Wade, Peter 511–12, 519n9 Walker, Kath 570 Walker, Rob B J 120 Walter, Maggie 557–67 Walters, William 16, 153 Walzer, Michael 28 620 Weber, Max 10, 326–7, 328–32, 366, 418, 593 Weeks, Jeffrey 101 Wegner, Kathryn L 139–49 Welcome to Europe network 69 welfare state 33, 34, 35n5, 135, 595; active citizenship 87; Canada 278, 279, 280; Europe 586; Great Britain 144; Keynesian 277, 585; social rights 128 Werbner, Pnina 241 West Indians 499, 502, 503–4 Western Sahara 231 Westphalian system the West/Westerness 55, 76, 82, 139, 266, 366; China’s translation of Western citizenship 367, 370, 372, 373, 374; classical legacy 583; crisis in 57; demographic changes 589; East/West dichotomy 7, 326, 371, 584, 586; employment issues 590; historiography of citizenship 141, 145, 146; homosexuality 591; human rights 84n2; individualism 370; neoliberalism 558–9; orientalism 314; postcolonial critique 314; sexual citizenship 98–9, 104, 106 whiteness 76, 80, 81, 82; Canada 274, 275–6; South Africa 245–6 Whitlam, Gough 573, 576, 578n10, 579n12 Wiebe, Sarah Marie 13, 15, 17, 535–44 Wilentz, Sean 594 Willems, Wim 480 Williams, Bert 573 Williams, John 49, 519n8 Williams, Melissa 133 Wilson, Fiona 89, 90, 254 WIMSA see Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa Windschuttle, Keith 564 Withington, Phil 143 Wittman, Hannah 13, 17, 18, 265–73 women 10, 63, 590–1; active citizenship 87; Africa 166, 173, 176; Arab world 234, 311–12; British Empire 144; Caribbean 284–5, 288; China 369; conscientious objection in Turkey 471; exclusion of 288; feminization of the workforce 589; gender discrimination in North Africa 205–16, 233, 234–5, 238n6; India 388, 391, 392–3, 402; inequalities 18, 19; Iran 344, 345, 346–9, 350, 351–2; Korea 360, 361–2; Maghreb countries 234–5, 237–8; motherism 244–5; refugees 191–2; rising status of 588, 589; sex workers 82–3; South Africa 15, 240, 242–5, 247; Sudan 198–9, 203; suffragists 27; United States 143; see also feminism; gender; sexism Wong, R Bin 144–5 Wood, Patricia K 49, 154 workhouses 44 working classes 27, 400, 584, 586; Israel 29; Korea 360; labour protection 45 Index Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) 547–8, 550, 554 World Heritage Sites 554, 555n2 World Vision 186–7 World War I 482, 502, 560, 586 World War II 186–7, 275, 281, 322, 351, 357, 409–10, 443, 502–3, 525 xenophobia: Africa 161, 166, 167; Russia 339; South Africa 247, 248; see also racism Xenos, Nicholas 595 Yan Fu 373 Yashar, Deborah 286 Yemen 206, 209, 309, 312 Yi, Jasmin 362 Yiftachel, Oren 391 Young, Iris Marion 26, 401–2 youth: Aboriginal people 571, 572; Middle East 309–10, 311, 312, 314; undocumented 300 Yu Xuheng 367 Yugoslavia, former 455, 459, 460, 461, 493 Yuval-Davis, Nira 132 Zaman, Mohammad 313 Zambia 161, 166, 170, 201; denationalization 181; elections 165; expulsion of migrants from 163; marriage 184n11; San Bushmen 548 Zanzibar 161 Zapatistas 51–2, 259, 265, 266–7 Zarrow, Peter 144 Zeybek, Sezai Ozan 14, 466–76 Zhou Zuoren 371 Zimbabwe 161, 163–4, 168, 172, 183n7; dual citizenship 165–6, 179; marriage 184n11; San Bushmen 548 Zionism 181, 318–19 Žižek, S 468 zone of indistinction 52–3 Zou Rong 368, 369 Zulawski, A 254 Zürcher, E J 472 621 ... Co-Chief Editor of Citizenship Studies, and has made many other contributions to the field of citizenship studies This page intentionally left blank Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies. . .Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies Citizenship studies is at a crucial moment of globalizing as a field What used to be mainly a... Introduction: Globalizing citizenship studies Engin F Isin and Peter Nyers Navigating global citizenship studies Jack Harrington xi xxii 12 PART I Struggles for citizenship 21 Contested citizenship of the