Sixth Edition Quick Reference Dictionary for Occupational Therapy Sixth Edition Quick Reference Dictionary for Occupational Therapy Edited by Karen Jacobs, EdD, OTR/L, CPE, FAOTA Clinical Professor Program Director Online Post-Professional Doctorate in Occupational Therapy Program Boston University Boston, Massachusetts Laela Simon, OTR/L School-Based Occupational Therapist Middletown, Connecticut www.Healio.com/books Copyright © 2015 by SLACK Incorporated Dr Karen Jacobs and Laela Simon have no financial or proprietary interest in the materials presented herein All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews The procedures and practices described in this publication should be implemented in a manner consistent with the professional standards set for the circumstances that apply in each specific situation Every effort has been made to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to correctly relate generally accepted practices The authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions or for the outcome of the material presented herein There is no expressed or implied warranty of this book or information imparted by it Care has been taken to ensure that drug selection and dosages are in accordance with currently accepted/ recommended practice Off-label uses of drugs may be discussed Due to continuing research, changes in government policy and regulations, and various effects of drug reactions and interactions, it is recommended that the reader carefully review all materials and literature provided for each drug, especially those that are new or not frequently used Some drugs or devices in this publication have clearance for use in a restricted research setting by the Food and Drug and Administration or FDA Each professional should determine the FDA status of any drug or device prior to use in their practice Any review or mention of specific companies or products is not intended as an endorsement by the author or publisher SLACK Incorporated uses a review process to evaluate submitted material Prior to publication, educators or clinicians provide important feedback on the content that we publish We welcome feedback on this work Published by: SLACK Incorporated 6900 Grove Road Thorofare, NJ 08086 USA Telephone: 856-848-1000 Fax: 856-848-6091 www.Healio.com/books Contact SLACK Incorporated for more information about other books in this field or about the availability of our books from distributors outside the United States Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quick reference dictionary for occupational therapy / edited by Karen Jacobs, Laela Simon Sixth edition p ; cm Includes bibliographical references I Jacobs, Karen, 1951- editor II Simon, Laela, editor [DNLM: Occupational Therapy Dictionary English Occupational Therapy-Terminology English WB 15] RM735 615.8'51503 dc23 2014017037 For permission to reprint material in another publication, contact SLACK Incorporated Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or academic use is granted by SLACK Incorporated provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center Prior to photocopying items, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; phone: 978-750-8400; website: www.copyright.com; email: info@copyright.com To Sophie, Zachary, Liberty, and Zane Dedication v Acknowledgments xi About the Editors .xiii Introduction xv Dictionary of Terms References 323 List of Appendices 333 Appendix Acronyms and Abbreviations: General 336 Appendix Acronyms: Evaluations 360 Appendix Acronyms: Organizational 367 Appendix Adaptive Nutrition 378 Appendix American Occupational Therapy Association Core Values and Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Practice 389 Appendix American Occupational Therapy Association’s Past Presidents 395 Appendix American Occupational Therapy Association Statements 397 Appendix Basic Signs and Tips for Communicating With Individuals With Hearing Impairments 398 Appendix Bones of the Body 403 Appendix 10 Braille Alphabet 404 Appendix 11 Brunnstrom’s Stages of Recovery 405 Appendix 12 Burn Chart—Rule of Nines 407 Appendix 13 Classifications of Seizures and Epilepsy 408 Appendix 14 Cranial Nerves 412 Appendix 15 Dermatomes 416 Appendix 16 Descriptions of Occupational Therapy 417 viii Contents Appendix 17 Diseases, Pathologies, and Syndromes Defined 430 Appendix 18 Energy Conservation Techniques 490 Appendix 19 Evidence-Based Practice, Levels of Evidence, and Qualitative Research 493 Appendix 20 Frames of Reference Used in Occupational Therapy 499 Appendix 21 Functional Abilities by Spinal Cord Injury Level 507 Appendix 22 Glasgow Coma Scale 517 Appendix 23 Glossary and Definitions of Terms Used in the Initial Health Assessment/ Refugee Health Assessment 521 Appendix 24 Grading Edema 529 Appendix 25 Grading for Balance: Graded Posture Movement Ability of Individual 531 Appendix 26 Grasp and Pinch Averages 534 Appendix 27 Grip Development and Stages of Writing 536 Appendix 28 Growth and Development in Early Childhood 539 Appendix 29 Guidelines for Blood Pressure Management in Adults and Target Heart Rate 542 Appendix 30 Health Literacy 543 Appendix 31 International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health 546 Appendix 32 Laboratory Values 547 Appendix 33 Legislation and Policy Decisions Affecting Rehabilitation 559 Appendix 34 Levels of Assistance 567 Appendix 35 Manual Muscle Testing 568 Appendix 36 Measures and Weights 570 Appendix 37 Medical Roots Terminology 572 Contents ix Appendix 38 Metabolic Equivalent (MET) Values for Activity and Exercise 594 Appendix 39 Metric and English Conversion 601 Appendix 40 Metric System 603 Appendix 41 Muscles of the Body 605 Appendix 42 Muscles: Origin/Insertion/ Action—Innervation—Blood Supply 609 Appendix 43 Nutrition 635 Appendix 44 Pharmacology 639 Appendix 45 Positive Language 650 Appendix 46 Rancho Los Amigos Scales of Cognitive Functioning 652 Appendix 47 Range of Motion 660 Appendix 48 Range of Motion: Illustrations 663 Appendix 49 Reflex/Reaction 668 Appendix 50 Safe Patient Handling and Movement Skills for Occupational Therapy Practitioners and Students 675 Appendix 51 Splints 680 Appendix 52 Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease 682 Appendix 53 Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease: Seven Stages From the Alzheimer’s Foundation 684 Appendix 54 Stages of Decubitus Ulcers 688 Appendix 55 Statistics: Basic 691 Appendix 56 Symbols 697 Appendix 57 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 699 Appendix 58 Total Hip Precautions 703 Appendix 59 Useful Spanish Phrases 705 Appendix 60 Useful Spanish Words 708 Appendix 61 Visual Impairment 712 Appendix 62 Wheelchair Measurement Procedures 719 Appendix 63 Workstation Checklist 721 Additional appendices are located at www.healio.com/books/qrdappendices6th 714 Appendix 61 Assessment and Specific Interventions for the General Occupational Therapy Visual Impairment Practitioner* Visual Impairment Contrast sensitivity impair- Assessments: ment caused by such condi- Pelli-Robson tions as cataracts and dia- Mars Lea symbols charts betic retinopathy Specific Interventions: See Common Interventions chart Glare and photophobia caused by such conditions as cataracts and diabetic retinopathy Assessments: Glare test/Brightness Acuity Tester (BAT) Functional assessment/client report of complaints Compare results of testing (i.e., VA testing) with and without glare source Specific Interventions: Optical remediation (i.e., filters) Diplopia (double vision) Assessments (Gillen, 2009; Zoltan, 2007): Test monocularly and binocularly Test at distance and at near Test in all positions of gaze Ocular motility Ocular alignment Specific Interventions (Gillen, 2009): Binasal taping Prisms (fresnel and drilled) Eye exercises Vision therapy Patching Visual Impairment Visual Impairment Visuospatial deficits 715 Assessment and Specific Interventions for the General Occupational Therapy Visual Impairment Practitioner* Assessments (Gillen, 2009; Zoltan, 2007): Ocular motility Pursuits Saccades Convergence/divergence Assessment tools such as biVABA, MVPT, figure drawing or line bisection, and AMPS Specific Interventions (Gillen, 2009): Eye exercises Vision therapy Functional activities Cueing strategies *Optimal practice is to collaborate with the OD/MD before initiation of intervention strategies Many recommendations are made with this assumed Common Interventions to Support Occupational Performance of Clients With Low Vision Magnification Minification Nonoptical or large-print items (i.e., large-button telephone, clock, address book) to support decline in visual acuity or central vision loss Optical devices (i.e., prescribed magnifier) are utilized to enlarge the image, allowing the individual to more easily perceive a word or item Use of reverse telescope or minus lens can help individuals with reduced or constricted peripheral visual fields Minimizing the size of an object in the distance creates greater available visual field 716 Appendix 61 Scanning Organized viewing strategy to improve awareness of the environment (i.e., for reading tasks begin at top left of page, orient to general layout and then to left column) Contrast Improve visibility of items by increasing contrast enhancements of objects and their backgrounds Black and white is optimal for contrast sensitivity impairment (i.e., place high-contrast tape on edge of stairs, lip of tub, grab bars, bath bench; use 20/20 pens and signature guides) Organizational Develop organizational system to compensate strategies for vision loss (i.e., place all articles of clothing for an outfit together, keep magnifier in designated reading area) Lighting Increase ambient (overhead) and task lighting Use gooseneck table and floor lamps to best direct light at or near (to reduce glare) the task Minimum suggested light level (using light meter) is 300 lux for ambient and 1000 lux for task (Figueiro, 2001) Glare For all clients, especially with photophobia or problems with glare, use sheer curtains or shades to filter natural light while decreasing glare Use glare screens on computer monitors Wear hat and sunglasses outside Cover exposed light bulbs Filters Clients wear filters over glasses For contrast sensitivity impairment, try yellow filters when indoors to improve perception of contrast To minimize glare or for photophobia, try dark amber or Polaroid gray filters when outdoors Tactile For all clients, try tactile strategies to help comstrategies pensate for vision loss (i.e., bump dots on common buttons of stove or telephone, non-rust safety pins in navy vs black clothes) Visual Impairment Auditory strategies Client education 717 For all clients, try auditory strategies to help compensate for vision loss (i.e., talking products such as watches, Say-when device for pouring hot liquids) Share information on eye conditions, normative aging changes, resources for services, role of the environment in supporting vision loss, and genetic and modifiable risk factors for eye disease Educate on importance of maintaining overall health to support vision (i.e., maintaining blood sugar levels helps protect individual with diabetes from developing eye disease) Optimal Practice Model in Low Vision Rehabilitation Developed by the A-Team: A Coalition of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired, American Academy of Optometry Study Group, and American Optometric Association Reprinted with permission from the American Occupational Therapy Association 718 Appendix 61 Functional Diagnostic Codes: Codes Specific to Low Vision Rehabilitation Total Near Total Profound Severe Total Near Total Profound Moderate 369.1 369.03 369.06 369.12 369.16 369.04 369.07 369.13 369.17 369.14 369.18 369.22 369.24 369.08 Severe Moderate 369.25 Homonymous bilateral field defect Heteronymous bilateral field defect Central scotoma 368.46 368.47 368.41 Total impairment=NLP, near total impairment=